ISSN: 2347-7474 International Journal Advances in Social Science and Humanities Available Online at: www.ijassh.com

REVIEW ARTICLE

Roma Gypsies Today: The Rise of Roma Activism in

Dr. Sabale Santosh Dnyandev

Centre for Educational Studies, Indian Institute of Education, Kothrud, Pune.

Abstract

After the decades of state-funded service provisions through the non-governmental organizations in Spain, the development of the Roma Gypsies has remained static. In the name of intercultural and vocational training programmes, the ‘Spanish Model’ for Roma Inclusion has become a myth for the socio-economic development. The Roma organizations stand against discrimination and social exclusion which are faced by Roma people. In the context, the social inclusion of Spanish has been accompanied the intercultural education by government agencies in providing formal vocational training under Acceder and Workaló programmes since the 2000. The purpose of the article was to understand critical discourses of social inclusion by Spanish government for Roma gypsies and also understand the proactive role of Roma advocacy groups. Using the purposive sampling method, 52 Roma individuals engaged in informal and recycling sector were studied from Bilbao City of Basque region of Spain. The case studies of the Roma NGOs viz. -Dor-Kayiko Association and Fundación Secretariado Gitano were drawn to understand the standpoints of Romani activists in the inclusion process for Roma. In conclusion, the study argued the discourse of social inclusion seeks to debunk the idea that the poverty is due to cultural inadequacies of the poor and underlines economic, political, and cultural barriers, and discrimination faced by Roma in their routine labour activities. The review of ‘Spanish Model’ for inclusion of Roma by Roma advocacy organizations has urged the local governments to revamp existing social security schemes; the social minimum; and unemployment guarantee payment and full citizenship status.

Keywords: Exclusion, Minority, Labour Market, Spanish Model, Social inclusion, Civil society organization. Introduction Many transnational immigrants suffer social Europe. It has noted that the apartheid exclusion, or affirmative discrimination discriminations and racial isolation of policies, on the basis of identity, and in European Roma have been lasted since the many places this occurs without intervention long centuries when they were settling down of globalization process [1-3]. Roma Gypsies in Europe from . A recent genetic study ( Vasco) are originally from shows, in 1400 years ago, the Roma Gypsies European regions, ethnicities and were migrated in Europe and have origins in brotherhoods with community support and India; viz. in the territories of and solidarity networks. According to European of . According to National Parliamentary data (2004), there are Action Plan, the Spanish Roma Gypsies are approximate 12-15 million of Roma living in poor and most disadvantaged and Europe: about 10 millions live in EU marginalized groups than the immigrants in countries and the Spain is known to be a Spain. hub of mass immigration wherein there are 800,000 populations is only in Spain country They are not an officially recognized ethnic [4]. minority in the country, and Roma civil society is for the most part in a pitiful state. In Europe, Roma gypsies as the largest Despite enormous efforts by European European minorities, have neither socially Union for the elimination of social exclusion integrated nor culturally settled in the in the labour market, Roma continue to face Spain. They are represented most socially racial discriminations in education, labour and economically marginal community of market, health and access to neighbourhood

Sabale Santosh Dnyandev |April 2017| Vol.5|Issue 4|19-32 19 Available online at: www.ijassh.com housing policies in the colour blind society. of Spanish government for Roma gypsies Several claims also are laid to basic access and also understand a proactive role of and the recognition of ethnic minority and Roma advocacy groups in Spain. The Roma full citizenship status. organizations stand against the discrimination and social exclusion that The most frequent type of anti-Roma faced by Roma. After decades of state-funded mobilization in Spain in last two decades service provisions through the non- due to inability of the ‘Roma culture’ to governmental organizations in Spain, the properly use housing and employment and development of Roma remains static. adapt to living in a community environment. There have been occurred massive ethnic- The so called ‘Spanish Roma Inclusion based protests and collective public ethnic Model’ becomes a myth for the Roma civil exclusion and discrimination against the society organisations. The marginalized resettlement of Roma people. The quality of condition of Roma especially women are life of Roma are perceived as poor working bereft of major government schemes viz. full condition, low income groups, less autonomy citizenship, economic entitlements, and job instability. Regarding socio-economic developmental and welfare schemes. They status of Roma, the vicious circle of poverty are deprived of formal schooling. persist the unemployment, the lower level of Consequently, they traditionally get engaged job satisfaction and social exclusion. The in lowest skilled and low paid jobs in labour plight of Roma is evident by increasingly market. changing forms of technological innovation in the industrial economy of Spain. In public spheres, these groups probably face disparaging remarks across all walks of life; Elaborating the educational status of Roma, i.e. ‘Second class citizenship’, ‘Unsociable nearly 31% Roma were found the illiterate, behaviour’; ‘Stateless life’; and ‘Illegal whereas 69% found literate. Majority residents’ and so and so forth. They are not literate Roma could finish their education up yet fully integrated in Spanish social, to the secondary level either by the formal cultural, economical, political and religious education degree or mobile schools. In last milieus. The pertinent research questions decade, the services of mobile schools have were made to investigate the role of Roma especially laid down on the experimental civil society in the inclusion process of Roma basis for reaching out Roma literacy in Spain. programme on ghettos in rural areas of Spain. Q.1. How do discourses of inclusion and exclusion define contemporary situation for To the employment condition, nearly 56% of Roma Gypsies in Spain? Roma occupied the self-employed jobs in Q.2. How could the labour interventions by recycling and itinerant trades. Following, few of them were engaged in cleaning and Roma specific inclusion policies prevent other semi-skilled jobs based on a short term Roma to adapt needs of labour market? municipal contracts. Less than 10% of Q.3. How do the Romani activist tackle literate Roma are engaged in white collar issues of inclusion into the existed Roma jobs as social educators and NGO executives development policies? from various Roma organizations in Bilbao. Q.4. What kinds of social and political

interventions made by Roma organizations Due to having limited opportunities in labour market, as many as ½ Roma workers call for the affirmative action for Roma? are engaged in auxiliary informal jobs which Literature Review could be classified as irregular, part-time, underpaid, free-lance, and self-employed Education and Employment Policy jobs in tertiary sector. Barely 56% of Roma Implications are employed on the permanent and fixed- In past two decades, the issues of the Roma term contracts in local labour market. Gypsies, refugees and immigrants have thoroughly studied through academic The purpose of this article is to understand disciplines like racial and ethnic studies, critical discourses in the inclusionary model

Sabale Santosh Dnyandev |April 2017| Vol.5|Issue 4|19-32 20 Available online at: www.ijassh.com ethnology and Diaspora studies, cultural which are in demand for the labour market. studies, sociology, anthropology and Therefore, it could be possible for Roma economics. However, the integral studies in people to enter the formal labour market such disciplines have focused on the areas of through the new means of employment, history, culture, genetic studies, which would put it on the end the situation neighbourhood discrimination, housing of exclusion which traditionally faced off. segregation, and education deprivation [5]. Workaló intends to observe how Roma have In totality, Roma are deprived from basic experienced this transition taking into access to education, health and employment. account contributions by the Romani members of the research team, Romani After declining the communist regime in associations and Advisory Council. Europe, the violence by the right extremism had brought Roma issue at the forefront. By launching ACCEDER and Workaló Roma were persecuted by the fascist political programmes, the Basque government doled forces in the physical and mental out social security measures through the deterioration. In response to protest menace, social minimum and unemployment Roma activists, poets and scholars assistance. This social assistance delivered disseminated the literature against the to the unemployed and non-income person. holocaust and subjugation of the Roma Roma predominantly occupied the self- communities. employed jobs such as scrap collector, street venders and peddlers for meeting their The movements of these intellectuals have subsistence. transformed in a way of thinking on Roma issue and their social and economic Despite of low class status, they get inclusion. The concerned literature protected under state informal economy even explained critically upon existing ‘Spanish though their traditional jobs were not model’ for inclusion of Roma Gypsies since assimilated into industrial jobs. Despite the the last two decades. assimilation and inclusion policies of Basque government, jobs and occupations of Roma With regards to the Spanish Model for were never hired by the industrial labour inclusion, the study drew on Spanish but being concentrated in the informal and inclusion programmes for Roma such as tertiary low-income jobs. The socialist state ‘ACCESS Programme’, ‘Basque plan for fully economy of Spain has been declining from promoting and bringing about social 1990s due to the striking effects of economic participation of Roma’, ‘Initial plan for recession and financial crisis. integration of ethnic minorities’, ‘UN-habitat plan-2007’, ‘Workaló’ and ‘National In this backdrop, the Spanish government Development Programme for Gypsies-1988’ withdrew inclusion plans which would under the project ‘Mainstreaming the Roma render alternative employment people’ in Spain. opportunities to the unemployed Roma. Majority of Roma occupations were merged Workaló Project of 2004 was launched in informal ordinary works. Nearly 70% of studies for Roma/gitanos, entitled ‘Labour Basque Roma families are to survive on the Inclusion of the Roma in Europe’ & ‘The scrap collection, which are their traditional Creation of New Occupational Patterns for job. A meager population of community are Cultural Minorities: The Gypsy Case’. In worked on the contract basis or fixed term order to acquire cultural intelligence that contract jobs. They could not recommend to comprised the entire academic, practical, other occupations so far. cooperative and communication skills into different areas in entire life of Roma gypsies, The problem is laid due to lack of training Workaló Project analyzes the needs in the for the skilled and professional jobs. process of learning and the competences at However, the scrap collection is undergoing work. a critical way in which the market recession reduces price value. There are private From the analysis, we could see the Roma enterprises having accompanied with people have been developed certain skills metallic and recycling industries.

Sabale Santosh Dnyandev |April 2017| Vol.5|Issue 4|19-32 21 Available online at: www.ijassh.com These scrap collecting jobs have created a which they are faced. Various employment new form of unemployment and insecurity in integration schemes have launched by state the self-employed informal sectors. In the and AC funding into Roma development legal aspect, the police and the state security program, including pre-employment are punishing and torturing the Roma training, career guidance, assistance and trespassers who are found in the industrial supervision to help young people integrate yard sites. The whole industrial yard sites into the labour market, vocational training are coming under strict police surveillance for groups excluded from standard training, due to re-enactment of recycling laws and and training for intercultural mediators. the recommendations against environmental pollution and ecological degradation. Due to The Roma development program launched the fact, most of the Roma have moved to some activities focusing on sensitivity street vending jobs including street hawkers training for civil servants. Such training or venders in the flea market. programmes began from 1992 and had aimed to improve the ability of regional and In fact, scrap collection has been departed local administrators to address the Roma from the informal and recycling sector. issues. Today, no single industry wants to process and reprocess the recycled industrial Since the 1983, the Spanish government has garbage. On the contrary, the industrial operated a special program of compensatory garbage has become assets for these education to promote educational rights for industries rather recycling it. disadvantaged, including immigrant and Roma/Gitano children. The crisis in the traditional employment of Roma is created problem to have a decent The program includes the assignment of quality of life, extreme poverty, long-term more teachers and resources, the creation of unemployment and several kinds of resource centers and support services, constructed stereotypes. In this severity, it is scholarships covering the cost of meals and estimated that nearly forty-lakhs Roma books, and flexibility in requirements to gain people were unemployed in Basque country admission to school. Over past two decades and were registered with council offices in nearly all Gitano children attend school at search for temporary jobs. As of now, Roma the early childhood (Pre-school years) and communities face the marginalization elementary levels. compared with the rest of others immigrant communities in Spain. However, Gitano family’s acceptance of and response to the educational system has not Due to cause of underclass marginalization been uniform. Lower attendance rates and a and social exclusion, majority of Basque much higher failure among Gitanos is still a Roma families were opting for any kind of tendency. The conflict between values occupations. About 30% of Roma were encountered at home and school results in a secured their livelihoods of having minimum cultural dissonance. The lack of expectations assistance from Basque government. concerning the schooling, that many Gitanos Ironically, the Spanish media is interested to families share, results from a belief that it depict stereotypical image of Roma does not guarantee a job when their children communities by broadcasting objectivity of finish their studies [6]. starvation, poverty, scantiness and unhygienic, street sanctuary refugee, and In the views, the Romani organizations in shanty population. Due to the fact, the Basque country are convinced the families adverse Roma community scenarios are and youth from Roma communities towards impeded to be inclusive citizens. formal schooling education, vocational training courses to unemployed, sport and ‘National Development Programme for personal development activities by support Gypsies-1988’: The National Development of the state-funded organisations and Programme for the Gypsies was launched in institutions. In doing so, they also are 1988 which included economic component to sought reasons to institutional failures for alleviate poverty among Gypsies and combat inclusion by reviewing the development the discrimination and social exclusion from plans and programmes made by Spain

Sabale Santosh Dnyandev |April 2017| Vol.5|Issue 4|19-32 22 Available online at: www.ijassh.com government for Roma people. In their view, discrimination. Henceforth, European there is, therefore, argued the social Romani movement was come into exist to exclusion is seen as a multifaceted term that wage the fight for the ethnic, religious and addresses contours of educational cultural recognitions from 1960s. deprivation and increasingly decline of traditional labour skills of Roma people in Adopting the theoretical and conceptual tertiary labour market. Thus, the role of frameworks, Roma civil society is one of Roma organizations is seen as catalyst for mediating institution and third sector tool development of the Roma and also assisting for public action. the government agencies to mitigate educational inequalities. Linking the political advocacy by civil society organizations, two inter-sectional Several social policy theorists and analysts approaches can be studied. Duncan usefully have agreed the role of NGOs sector as distinguished to service delivery agencies, service provider and catalyst for ‘welfare- like ‘churches and service clubs’, and NGOs state model’ in which NGOs exist to ‘fill in which advocate the government the gaps’ left by the state welfare due to responsiveness for immigrant communities. government failure in social goods and equal On the other hand, Duncan succinctly resource distribution [7]. Under the Spanish commented that the community-organizing Basque organization setting, there are agencies are often represented to the small several national and transnational Roma cross-sections of population; they lack the NGOs have been working in Spain and ‘democratic legitimacy’. European countries included European Roma Rights Centre, European Roma Their legitimacy rests on methodology that Grassroots Organization and, European allows the community members to identify Roma Policy Coalition. their own needs and to develop and implement strategies to meet them. In this These organizations revealed that the process, immigrants not only receive lessons poverty and social exclusion among Roma into political socialization in terms of formal had risen dramatically since the decline of education, but adopting experiences and communist regime in Western Europe. The participation [8]. A successful integration Spanish non-governmental organizations program would require strong will by the have increasingly risen and receiving government to furnish opportunities, policy attention as promising social actors. The programmes and legal services to immigrant racial discrimination also plays a role. There labour participation. are not exited the legal protection of their identity, culture, language (Romany) and It requires coherent and coordinate other minority rights. In confrontation with integration strategies. It also requires policy impasses from last 20 years, the Roma strong, faith-based institutions so that the organizations have been expedited several labour unions or mutual assistance agencies- measures for the Roma participation on the could document immigrants’ experiences international level by adopting psychological over civic values, sense of belonging, support consultation to the common masses. and integration as a wider community. They serve as mediating institutions that However, their involvement in mainstream rigorously allow immigrants to participate in politics and in the elaboration and the democratic society and contributing for implementation of the policies that affects ongoing dialogue with regards to identity them directly has been extremely restricted. and values to build new nation. They enable Over the centuries, the Roma have immigrants to be participated in a core undergone different forms of social exclusion democratic endeavour for renewing their and persecution, sometimes as a matter of nation. Furthermore, Aptekar [9] argued state policy. that the civil society as foundation of the healthy democracy. The Roma NGOs have collaborated with state authorities to organize the conferences, While distinguishing the political presence workshops and seminars about the role of from political weight into civic and political mass media in elimination of racism and incorporation, the political presence

Sabale Santosh Dnyandev |April 2017| Vol.5|Issue 4|19-32 23 Available online at: www.ijassh.com describes visibility of organizations among mobilization. These are the institutions governmental officials, their connections to which close to the local communities, and officials and other organizations for political they possess the advocacy relationship to activities and its pursuance in the local these communities that earns them trust. government. The concept of political weight refers to actual activities of organizations Having studied the standpoint of Roma rather than perception of them, such as organization in raising the labour, health having their interest represented in the local and livelihood issues for Roma people, it government and influencing flow of power showed that Roma activists urge Basque (not just resources) to other organizations. Government to implement several policies of social inclusion for Roma from European To establish participatory democracy and Union’s social and political social agenda. integration policy for ethnic-minorities, involvement of civil society is recognized by Considering the political and social the European Commission as decisive for the mobilization of Roma community at mobilization of expertise and the grassroots level, they have been proposed dissemination of knowledge required to various demands to the local government to develop public debate and accountability revamp existing social security schemes; the throughout policy process. social minimum; and unemployment guarantee payment and full citizenship The European Commission (EC) promotes status for community welfare. They also the active involvement of Roma civil society urge the mainstream society to maintain in European decision making through social, economic and cultural equality and European platform for Roma inclusion [10]. equilibrium in all walks of life. Roma are given information about their Roma Civil Society in the Spanish rights and duties in the employment field, Context about different forms of help available from administrative bodies and about the The role of social educators is regarded as a functioning institutions to social security. proactive in the changing character of the Such information is provided by public neo-liberal economy in securing the social administrative bodies in the co-operation and economic interests of Roma people. They with NGOs; enhance social integration of accompany by the professionals, social and Roma. civic organizations.

Several times, third sector as replacement of Even, Roma NGOs prepare social educators the government characterizes the non- to support children for the enrollment of the governmental organizations (NGOs) as a Compensatory Education Programme in crucial ‘tool for public action’ and the key Bilbao and also render support to victim’s element for emerging a ‘third party families who suffer the racial discrimination. government’ structure. NGOs are well- The Roma advocacy groups intervene in known international community who issues of providing social assistance and monitor and advocate the agenda in psychological counseling to school-going improving labour standards and promoting children and their parents in trouble. The government accountability. strategy of social educators is to challenge the mainstream schools in terms of the In some cases, a third sector organization curriculum, instruction techniques and can help reduce barriers that workers face training which are provided by the educators when accessing their rights. The civil society (homework and exam preparation, meetings organizations can raise a consciousness with school tutors, participation in school about rights to work and may provide and extra-curricular activities, seeking information and resources to workers to be private tutors). filed their claims. This assistance is merely not limited to legal counsel. Private lawyers The work of social educators is revolved are the key resource for their legal around the Roma families through the visits mobilization. Moreover, the civil society to their ghettos and neighbourhood, plays mediating role for promoting legal especially for those families who residing in

Sabale Santosh Dnyandev |April 2017| Vol.5|Issue 4|19-32 24 Available online at: www.ijassh.com the mixed culture or society on a regular of state-funded service provisions through course i.e. examining parental attitude and non-governmental organizations in Spain, children’s health; organizing meetings with the development of Roma remains static. In parents to counsel; pushing them on virtual the name of the formal vocational training schooling system; furnishing optimum and skill programmes, the so called ‘Spanish information to illiterate families in order to Roma Inclusion Model’ has become a myth aware the importance of the pre-school for both socio-economic development of the education; enabling them to overcome the Roma people and Roma civil society racial prejudices; maintaining the organizations striving to resist the community togetherness among Roma and discrimination and passive inclusive non-Roma parents, children. In that sense, it interventions by the government in may create space for inclusive dialogue, and education, health and employment [13]. compels the education administrators for Roma Organizations: A Case for equal distribution of resources for Roma Exploration community [11]. Drawing upon the organizational discourse, Increased segregation of the Roma the methodological questions were posed in community in a latter part of the Franco phases of Roma social inclusion in Basque regime played a key role in the escalation of context. The discourse of social inclusion conflicts with the Roma community by a poses a discussion of the economic crisis result of urban expansion and unequal induced exclusion among the Roma. The treatment by government design in the discourse is laid the foreground of promotion distribution of social housing. The difficulty of the formal education, training and forms of achieving acceptance and subsequent of social security measures. By drawing coexistence of groups whose racial stigma upon the discourse, this study dwells upon was partially the result of former state the reflections of social educators into Roma policies. organizations to observe the effectiveness of Roma inclusion in Bilbao. It underlined that This stigma is reinforced by the still the role of social educator does not only disproportionate number of members of the acknowledge as interlocutor while promoting Roma community who still form part of the the skill and capacity building for Roma so-called ‘culture of poverty’. The most people but also meeting the goals of state frequent type of anti-Roma mobilization in welfare initiatives. Spanish cities in the last two decades due to inability of the ‘Roma culture’ to properly The livelihood of Roma has severely affected use housing and employment and adapt to by the economic and employment crisis in living in a community environment. There the tertiary sector in Spain. In this have been occurred massive ethnic-based discourse, the reasons of the crises in Roma protests and collective public ethnic traditional employments in Basque country exclusion and discrimination against the were focused. The number of prior studies resettlement of Roma population. Besides, could underline that the Basque economy as many conflicts have been arisen between highly specialized for the traditional Roma and Non Roma in the Educational industrial sectors in recycling and related spaces such as schools. tertiary sector which are seriously affected by the economic crisis from seventies and As a part of interventions made by Spanish early eighties. Government, Roma relocation programmes is one of the least known aspects of the late Several economic measures had undertaken expansion of the ethnic limits of social for the promotion of structural change and policies in Spain. Then governments meeting the challenges posed by increasing dissolved desegregation policy where the two globalization, and tough competition which communities live parallel lives for inclusion arose in Central and Eastern Europe. In for prevent caused by poverty and historical fact, the crisis of seventies could damage the exclusion. Such forms of exclusions are Basque industrial and recycling sector. called as a new type of exclusion called Even, the emergence and unification of ‘differential neo-racism’ [12]. After decades ‘national’ market in 19th century brought

Sabale Santosh Dnyandev |April 2017| Vol.5|Issue 4|19-32 25 Available online at: www.ijassh.com about a loss of historical institutions in education for meeting the goals of descent Basque territories. In first half of the 1980s, education-employment. In mainstream the Basque economy almost stagnated. education, they learn into enclosed classrooms where they less likely start their Afterwards, the Basque economy was schooling learning experiences. Due to the witnessed a deep socio-economic increased high demands by industries, the transformation based on the industrial vocational and technical literacy is essential reconversion and economic modernization. for the Roma masses. However, the present This led to sustain a growth path (with the education system is failed to meet the needs only exception during 1992-94 crisis) up to of Roma kids and has resulted to maintain present economic and financial crisis. The low literacy rate in public schools. industrial activities have shrunk under the industrial restructuring process in 1985- To facilitate the Roma-Non-Roma 1995. togetherness, KDK conducts special training to Roma families to have interaction with The impact of the social inclusion and non-Roma groups for reducing obstacles. The integration of Roma could be seen in the training also helps them embarking a new framework of European and Spanish way of communication. KDK made an policies. Having drawn the intensive case agreement with the public and private studies of Roma organizations, the strategies schools to secure their career choices. Due to of the social educators were put forth to the illiteracy and unemployment status, define the sufferings of social exclusion by Roma face acute employment problems. the majority of Roma. At the pragmatic KDK has formed counseling centres in the level, the social inclusion approach in Roma outskirts villages. The non-Roma female organizations has come across the formal teachers are appointed to teach Roma vocational training and life-long learning children (age between 0-6 years). education while addressing the issues of cultural recognition and assimilation, and In addition, the Department of Education of educational empowerment. Basque Country has sanctioned funds to the Vocateria publica as a financial institution Kale-Dor-Kayiko (KDK) Association to carry out the projects. Any organization Kayo-Dor-Kayiko Association as a cultural who works for Roma has to present their organization founded in 1989 in Bilbao project before this institution. The Basque which empanelled with the Basque Government has a recent plan for Roma government to facilitate education children for collaboration which called as integration of Roma through intercultural ‘Plan de mejora del la escolarización and vocational education. KDK Association reuniando Gitanos’ (better schooling for belonging to Roma (2009-10) raised issues Roma female students) for bilingual training regarding the inclusive pedagogical practices activities. The pre-school intercultural for the Roma uneducated and unemployed curricula development helps overcome youth. problems in regard to class adaptation in cultural affinities. It also creates ideas for KDK acculturates the Roma children in the developing the democratic citizenship and school environment to overcome the ‘life-long learning’. language barriers by verbal and non-verbal communication skills. In most of the times, To encourage entrepreneurship culture Roma children are badly treated by non- among the Roma youth, a project called Roma in public schools. The formal ‘Mainstreaming Roma People’, prepared by vocational schooling for children by KDK is the Government of Basque, KDK invites responsible to formal education before motivated Roma entrepreneurs who seeking entering in the mainstream public schools. It for vocational training. In fact, the project has been argued by KDK social educators, attempts to provide professional skill Spanish people need to understand one’s training, adult literacy programme, and individual right to have schooling, living and formal vocational education. It counsels the the right to vote. The children would be able Roma families to be continue the education to recognize the importance of higher and achieve social services.

Sabale Santosh Dnyandev |April 2017| Vol.5|Issue 4|19-32 26 Available online at: www.ijassh.com For unemployed Roma, KDK launched non- profit inter-cultural foundation that training units where the professional provides vocational and intercultural training programmes are introduced to training courses to Roma unemployed men prepare Roma as the skilled workers and and women. The FSG primarily aims to form professionals who would have opportunities a cohesive and intercultural society in which in tertiary sectors. It has been gradually the Roma people may be freely exercised benefiting Roma. Roma youth face inevitable their citizenship rights. The FSG came into discrimination in job recruitments though being 1960s’; however, the foundation was the applicants meet the qualifying skills. As constituted in 2001. The FSG propelled the a part of course training, the organization discourse of social exclusion. sets up small scale production units wherein the unemployed women meet their ‘The term ‘social exclusion’ and ‘inclusion’ livelihood. are understood by the ‘Equal justice in opportunities’ in the employment, education The opportunities shall also convince the for the minorities in the society. The general Roma workers of tertiary sector as more level of exclusion can be understood in terms sophisticated and less hectic. KDK also of availing of the rent house payment. matches labour and skills with factories, Basque government provides everyone such school and academic initiatives; professors, kinds of assistance so that the unemployed social educator, and professionals. In the people do not feel to be excluded. The circumstances, the Basque Roma civil increasing self-employment jobs and social society has been demanding the Basque minimum recipients are main barriers to government to establish separate university constant failure of active assimilation and for Roma People for catering the formal eternal traditional poverty among Roma. diploma or degree courses. It is argued the social minimum assistance For the political inclusion purpose, the KDK does not cover enough food expenses. On the groups have put a demand for establishment contrary, most of rural Roma are even today of ‘National Assembly for the Roma’. The deprived from such kinds of economic purpose of Roma national assembly is to assistance. Roma do not perceive their mobilize form of political organization as multiple exclusions from the local, national well as federation to demand the equal and international levels. This could be an political representation and participation acute danger in future if Roma do not into electoral bodies across the Spanish understand the anticipated political policies. autonomous provinces. It will supposedly dwell upon parliamentary related issues in As far as racial and gender exclusion of Spain. Roma, social exclusion can be seen by diverse stereotypical forms as a group or community The assembly urges to serve as an executive within society. The stereotypical forms are body that would associate to municipal experienced on the basis of diverse forms of towns to resolve the problems of colour of people such as blacks, whites and inclusionary exclusion of Roma into brownish people. The Roma people are government schemes. Furthermore, it would discriminated on the basis of social stigma, explore to manifest negative stereotypes, race, cultural distance, and community xenophobia, apartheid discrimination and stereotype. racism in education, economic and political institutions. It may be contributed as a As far as the discrimination of gender is pressure group to monitor values of concerned, it is advocated that the women mainstream political representation in face triple forms of exclusion due to the existed government organizations. biological nature and socially constructed Ultimately, the formation of the national reality by the society. The exclusion is seen Roma assembly may convert into the in the forms of sex, racial ethnic identity, and national political party. by educational status. In last two years, Spain has been suffered by the incidents of Fundación Secretariado Gitano (FSG) low deficit that may be caused the economic The Fundación Secretariado Gitano (Roma assistance in the dissolution mode. In the Community Development Foundation) is a circumstance, all Spanish people hate Roma

Sabale Santosh Dnyandev |April 2017| Vol.5|Issue 4|19-32 27 Available online at: www.ijassh.com and presume nothing any return to the State. period of 2009-10. The study surveyed 52 This situation may predict the Roma Roma individual workers who consisted of community might be engaging in road 36 men and 16 women by using purposive begging in upcoming years. The need of social sampling method. The interview schedule inclusion is deliberated to integration and was prepared. The study purposively held participation. The Roma face a lot of the informal conversations with Roma exclusion in ‘Equality in the opportunity’. individuals found in flea-markets, industrial The equality in opportunity can be formed to recycling yards, scrap collector, self- the labour market inclusion by providing employment, and Philadelphia churches etc. assistance of skill improvement, legislations, The participant observation method was and documentation of social data with used to draw subjective narratives of Roma municipal office. people in all walks of life.

With support of the international The qualitative method was used to collect cooperation, the FSG´s work is mainly and analyze the data. The detailed case focused on provision of consultation and studies of Romani organizations in Spain training support, exchange of Roma and were drawn. The research methodology for non-Roma sharing and community this study was based on ethnographic togetherness during 2001 to 2006. The FSG method conducting unstructured interviews, intercultural education department is focus group discussions with Roma consisted of professionals; coordinator, organizations, social educators etc. labour councilor, enterprise intermediation, inter-cultural mediators and social The study also sought various common technicians. strategies of Roma advocacy groups to be used for the assertion of inclusive FSG conducts intercultural courses for Roma educational development and the affirmative women by accommodating them in formal action programmes for Roma people. In training to non-industrial courses. The these viewpoints, the case study the Roma foundation established in 2001 when the NGOs viz. Kale-Dor-Kayiko (KDK) Spanish government executed the Acceder Association and Fundación Secretariado (Access) Programme for generating Gitano was drawn to articulate standpoints employment in Spanish labour market of Roma activists in inclusion process for under the Programa de Empleo. After Roma. registering the contract with the municipal Town Hall, the municipal town hall seeks to To explore the quality of life aspects for get recruited the Roma under six month Roma, the questionnaire covered some contractual jobs. After getting over six indicators related to labour issues; income; month employment contracts, they have to work life balance; education attainment, wait for recall of municipal office for next work accessibility, school, family and job. services; social and community participation. The perceptions of Roma workers over a Methodology level of job satisfaction and job insecurity This study aimed to measure various were scaled up across gender, ethnicity and parameters related to job insecurity and job labour issues. dissatisfaction level for Roma people in Findings and Discussion Spain. Previous empirical studies on European immigrants, refugees and Roma organizations in Basque Country with Diasporas have pointed out existing trends the state-driven or private stake holding in social exclusion and inclusive education agencies have taken up micro level policies on Roma issues for Spain. About initiatives in the form of providing the 180,000 Roma population is occupied in intercultural and formal vocational technical Basque country (Bizkaia). According to education rather than promoting their Roma NGO personnel, the Roma population traditional informal education. Due to the is constituted approximately 11,000 in lack of implementation of the compensatory Bizkaia. The study was undertaken in education programme, Roma civil society Bilbao City of the Basque in Spain in the organizations could able to create equity

Sabale Santosh Dnyandev |April 2017| Vol.5|Issue 4|19-32 28 Available online at: www.ijassh.com spaces by obtaining the cooperation between The study concluded the lower level of public schools and Roma groups; especially education is likely to push Roma workers for kids. Roma organizations encourage into a high risk and inevitable job insecurity employability to Roma and immigrants by and health precariousness than immigrants offering the menial, flexible and short-term in Spain. municipal contact jobs. The Roma organizations have urged the The study observed that Spanish state Spanish government to execute serious funding agencies need to expand their social implementation for education interventions commitments along with the Roma activists as well as deliverables of basic needs and within revamping the existed Roma goods to the Roma Gypsies. To streamline development policies. The strategies of the the inclusion policy discourses, there is most Roma activists in the organizational setting urgent need to focus Roma-specific policies are considered to be posed the discourse of against the persisting deprivation and social inclusion and integration. The marginalization of Roma. Hence, Roma discourse of social inclusion and integration inclusion model by Spanish government has are reckoned from welfare strategies for remained several challenges for community improvement of their life-chances of Roma. intervention, implementation of welfare schemes [14-23]. The discourse of social inclusion has called Conclusion for the idea of universal education and labour integration pattern in which the The study argued the discourse of social disposition of Roma community of the inclusion seeks to debunk the idea that the Basque country could be highlighted. poverty is due to cultural inadequacies of the Drawing upon discourses, the strategies of poor and underlines the economic, political, social activists have proved decisive by and cultural barriers, and discrimination intervening into inclusion, assimilation and faced by poor in routine labour activities. integration programmes through the Strategies to tackle social exclusion in the compensatory, intercultural and formal context of education and employment have vocational education. to take into account complexities. Inclusion is usually defined as a process of The social inclusion is necessary because the normalizing people to contribute to labour Roma community less likely to be aware of market, manifested through strategies of their own social, cultural and economic Roma activists which aim to raise problems. By effects, State and European expectations of the excluded. inclusion programmes have intangibly improved Roma-non Roma togetherness, The findings of case study of KDK and FSG; integrity and assimilation policies, and the NGOs have found the ramification of Roma active Spanish citizenship and nationality. policy inclusion in Basque context through promotion of formal and vocational However, Roma-non Roma togetherness education and sense of cultural togetherness could propel the Roma as neither cultural in which the social exclusion could be groups nor homogenous identity in Spanish tackled. Since the onset of Roma autonomous regions. Eventually, the assimilation and mainstreaming by inclusionary model of Roma civil society has stimulating formal and vocational education, urged the government for their improvement unlike the adhoc efforts taken by Basque in the quality of life. Roma organizations as Roma organization, numerous suggested third mediating tool in collaboration with education policies and programmes by Spanish public social and financial Basque socialist and democratic institutions assessed the demographic status governments were failed to execute proper of Roma population by conducting household implementation of Roma development surveys for Basque Roma; resisting drug- programmes; Acceder and Workaló. peddling and trafficking tendencies among Roma community. They also confronted to The Roma Basque organizations with the intercultural inclusion initiatives by the state-driven or private stake holding state governments on local and national agencies have taken up micro level levels.

Sabale Santosh Dnyandev |April 2017| Vol.5|Issue 4|19-32 29 Available online at: www.ijassh.com initiatives in form of providing the Spanish public social and financial intercultural and formal vocational technical institutions have enumerated demographic education rather than promoting their population of Roma by conducting income traditional informal education. household surveys of the Basque Roma; dispelling drug-peddlers and traffickers Due to the lack of implementation of among Roma and even confronting with local compensatory education programme, Roma and national level for the inclusion as the civil society organizations may create equity largest ethnic and cultural minority in spaces by obtaining the cooperation between Spain. the Basque public schools and Roma groups; especially for children. Roma organizations The Roma advocacy organizations stand encourage the employability for the needy against discrimination and social exclusion people by offering the menial, flexible and of Roma Gypsies in all walks of life. The short-term municipal contact jobs. process of Roma inclusion model by Spanish Government has encountered several Further, the study observed that the institutional challenges and lacunas in Spanish state funding agencies need to community intervention through expand their social commitments along with intercultural and, formal vocational and the Roma activists within revamping the technical education, implementation of existed Roma development policies. The schemes and the awareness drives and strategies of the Roma activists in the deliverables of resources for the sustainable organizational setting are considered to be lives for Roma. posed the discourse of social inclusion and integration. The study argues that the discourse of social inclusion seeks to debunk the idea that the The discourse of social inclusion and poverty is due to cultural inadequacies of the integration are reckoned from welfare poor and underlines the economic, political, strategies for improvement of their life- and cultural barriers, and discrimination chances of Roma. The discourse of social faced by poor in routine labour activities. inclusion has called for the notion of Strategies to tackle social exclusion with universal education and labour integration respect to education and employment need pattern in which the disposition of Roma to take into account such complexities. community in the Basque country is highlighted. The study also emphasized the inclusion is usually defined as a process of normalizing Drawing upon discourse, the strategies of people to contribute to the labour market, social activists has made crucial by manifested through strategies of Roma intervening into inclusion, assimilation and activists which aim to raise expectations of integration programmes through the the excluded. The case study of Roma compensatory, intercultural and formal advocacy groups and organizations have vocational education. The social inclusion is examined lacunas in Roma welfare policy necessary because the Roma less likely to be inclusion in Basque region through aware of their own social and economic promotion of formal and vocational problems. From the effects, the State and education and a sense of cultural European inclusionary programmes have togetherness where the social exclusion has intangibly improved Roma-non Roma been tackled. togetherness, integrity and assimilation policies, and even active Spanish citizenship Since the beginning of Roma assimilation and nationality due to having neither unique and mainstreaming programmes for cultural groups nor the homogenous into intercultural education, the education other autonomous regions. policies and programmes such as Acceder and Workaló by the Basque government Finally, the inclusionary model of Roma civil have failed to execute proper society has been undergoing noticeable implementation for Roma development. change for improvement of quality of life. As a third mediating tool in collaboration with In conclusion, Roma workers were reported

Sabale Santosh Dnyandev |April 2017| Vol.5|Issue 4|19-32 30 Available online at: www.ijassh.com the level of their job dissatisfaction has status. The fact that the low education has accounted deplorable as compared to other turned the most of the Roma into high level immigrant workers in Spain. of job dissatisfaction and of insecurity as compared to other immigrant identities in The study, therefore, sought further reasons Spain. to be caused the job dissatisfaction; the majority of Roma workers have to consume Hence, the low level of education of Roma most of their time in the week engaging in Gypsies likely to face prolonged job regular jobs and business activities; many of dissatisfaction and of insecurity than them have to experienced the forced immigrant groups in Spain. In gender views, displacement during the recession in the there seems to be very severe for Roma industrial economy and the enforcement of women meeting the livelihood for their the prohibitory laws by the local families and labour market participation. administrative governments on the scrap Thus, the process of Roma inclusion model collection activities; strict regulation over by Basque Government has been urged use of industrial recycling technologies; serious challenges and drawbacks over the many of them have to experience isolation community intervention, implementation of from mainstream Spanish society; and most schemes and the awareness drives as well as of them have to suffer the underestimated deliverables of resources for their feeling by mainstream Spanish society based sustainable lives of Roma Gypsies. on nature of their jobs, ethnicity and income

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