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ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR Theories and Diagnoses of Psychopathology THEORIES of ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY DEFINING ABNORMALITY

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ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR Theories and Diagnoses of Psychopathology THEORIES of ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY DEFINING ABNORMALITY DEMIDEC~~ AP Psychology Cram Kit I 64 ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR Theories and Diagnoses of Psychopathology THEORIES OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY DEFINING ABNORMALITY BACK TO SCHOOL ACHIEVING NORMALCY As with the other fields of psychology, the different One cannot fully understand Abnormal Psychology theoretical perspectives approach psychopathology in without asking the question, What is abnormal? unique ways. Each group has its own view of the Psychologists often classify behavior as abnormal using etiology and treatment of psychological disorders. 4 D’s: deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger. Providing a straightforward definition of abnormality is tricky because abnormality is relative, School of Cause of Psychological but the definition has several primary characteristics. Thought Disorders • Abnormal behavior is maladaptive, meaning that it Repressed unconscious interferes with functioning Psychoanalytic/ impulses generally caused by • Abnormal behavior is disturbing to others and likely Psychodynamic painful or traumatic childhood to the individual himself experiences • Abnormal behavior deviates from the statistical Lack of unconditional positive norms of society regard; lack of self-awareness; Humanistic • Abnormal behavior is considered irrational and failure to work toward self- unusual by society actualization Distorted cognition; illogical Individuals suffering from psychological disorders may Cognitive thoughts and meet some or all of these criteria. It is important to keep misinterpretations in mind, though, that what is abnormal is defined by the Reinforced maladaptive society in which the behavior occurs—what some Behavioral behaviors societies consider abnormal is perfectly average in other societies. Abnormal brain structure or Biological chemistry WHO’S CRAZY HERE ANYWAY? Society with dysfunctional Sociocultural views of acceptable behavior Psychologist David Rosenhan and several Utilizes ideology of multiple colleagues admitted themselves to mental Eclectic theoretical perspectives hospitals, complaining of hearing voices. Each individual was diagnosed with schizophrenia. Once in the hospitals, they acted normally. They did not report hearing any unusual noises and DIAGNOSES AND THE DSM-IV-TR behaved as they usually would in the outside world. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, published by the American Psychiatric While institutionalized, however, all of their Association, is currently in its fourth edition, text behaviors were seen through the lens of mental revised. The DSM is a manual for identifying and illness. Even when these individuals were classifying the types of psychological illnesses. It released, they were diagnosed with provides information about etiology, prevalence rates, schizophrenia in remission. and diagnostic criteria. Disorders are listed on five axes: The Rosenhan study was not perfect in its Axis 1: Main clinical disorders design, but it raises a valuable point. One should remember that the labels associated with Axis 2: Personality disorders and mental retardation mental illness can be useful for classification, Axis 3: Medical conditions that may impact behavior research, and treatment, but they can also be permanently stigmatizing. Above all, one should Axis 4: Psychosocial and environmental stressors keep in mind that these labels do not define an Axis 5: Global assessment of functioning individual. A person is more than an illness. AP Psychology Cram Kit I 65 DEMIDEC~ CRAM QUIZ Theories and Diagnoses of Psychopathology UEST 1 QUESTION 5 Which theoretical perspective argues that psychological Which of the following is NOT one of the four D’s used disorders result from reinforced maladaptive behaviors? to classify behavior as abnormal? (A) psychoanalytic (A) danger (B) humanistic (B) deviance (C) behavioral (C) dysfunction (D) cognitive (D) disorder (E) sociocultural (E) distress QUESTION 2 QUESTION 6 According to the biological perspective, psychological The stigmatization of psychological labeling is best disorders result from demonstrated by the (A) traumatic childhood experiences (A) Milgram study (B) lack of positive regard (B) Zimbardo study (C) distorted cognition (C) Rosenhan study (D) dysfunctional societal views (D) Asch study (E) brain abnormalities (E) Sherif study QUESTION 3 QUESTION ~1 Which diagnostic axis is used to classify personality Dr. Impala is a clinical psychologist who treats disorders? individuals with severe psychopathology. When (A) Axis I providing therapy, she tailors her approach to the (B) Axis II individual client, mixing and matching ideas from a variety of theoretical perspectives. Her approach could (C) Axis Ill best be described as (D)Axis IV (E) Axis V (A) humanistic (B) sociocultural (C) psychodynamic (D) eclectic (E) haphazard QUESTION 4 QUESTION 8 Which diagnostic axis provides a numerical ranking on a An individual who was diagnosed with schizophrenia but scale of 0 to 100 of an individual’s level of functioning? is no longer showing any symptoms is considered (A) Axis I (A) in remission (B) Axis II (B) recovered (C) Axis Ill (C) undifferentiated (D)Axis IV (D)at risk (E) Axis V (E) acutely schizophrenic ANSWERS UL~.J~UJ~O~< DEMIDEC AP Psychology Cram Kit I 66 ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR Psychological Disorders ANXIETY AND MOOD DISORDERS SCHIZOPHRENIA WORRY WART BREAK FROM REALITY Anxiety disorders are characterized by intense, Schizophrenia is characterized by a split from reality; persistent tension and worry. its name literally means “split mind.” Common symptoms of schizophrenia include delusions, Obsessive Compulsive hallucinations, and inappropriate emotional responses. Disorder There are five types of schizophrenia: disorganized, •Characterized by catatonic, paranoid, undifferentiated, and residual involuntary thoughts and obsessions that Symptoms of schizophrenia are divided into two cause people to engage categories: in repetitive, maladaptive behaviors Positive symptoms called compulsions •lndicate the presence of inappropriate thoughts, emotions, and behaviors Generalized Examples: Hallucinations, delusions, Anxiety Panic Disorder disorganized speech Disorder Recurring Negative symptoms • Persistent panic attacks worrying and characterized lndicate the absence of Anxiety by intense autonomic Disorders appropriate thoughts, emotions, nervous fear and F and behaviors physiological system • Examples: Flat affect, catatonia, arousal discomfort apathy, anhedonia Schizophrenia develops in one of two ways. Process, or Post raumatic Stress chronic, schizophrenia has a slow onset. It is usually Disorder Phobias associated with negative symptoms and has a grimmer Anxious response prognosis. Reactive, or acute, schizophrenia appears as •Fear or avoidance to trauma that a sudden response to stressors. It is usually associated of specific objects results in disturbing or situations with positive symptoms and is more likely to be memories and treatable. (Note that positive and negative symptoms do flashbacks not indicate good or bad, simply the presence or absence of behaviors.) FEELING BLUE Mood, or affective, disorders are marked by extreme, DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS unbalanced emotions. THE OTHER ME Major depressive disorder Characterized by two or more weeks of sadness, fee ings of Dissociative disorders involve a loss of memory and identity. They involve separation of awareness from worthlessness, and diminished pleasure; typically accompanied by changes in sleep and appetite; this thoughts, feelings, and memories. is the most common reason individuals seek psychological treatment Dissociative Disorders • Dysthymic disorder Symptoms of depression that persist for more than two years • Seasonal affective disorder (SAD): Symptoms Dissociative Dissociative identity disorder Dissociative fugue: of depression that occur during winter when there amnesia: is less sunlight (DID): Loss of identity Single person Loss of accompanied by a Bipolar disorder Characterized by alternating alternates memory travel/wand e ri n without any periods of depression and mania; in the manic between g and the physiological stage, people tend to engage in reckless behavior, multiple distinct potential identities cause adoption of a feel euphoric, go for long stretches of time without new identity sleep, and speak quickly without inhibition AP Psychology Cram Kit I 67 DEMIDEC~ CRAM QUIZ Psychological Disorders QUESTION 1 QUESTIONS Which anxiety disorder is characterized by persistent, Which of the following is NOT one of the types of unwanted thoughts and ritualistic behaviors used to schizophrenia? alleviate tension? (A) undifferentiated (A) generalized anxiety disorder (B) paranoid (B) posttraumatic stress disorder (C) dissociative (C) phobias (D) residual (D) obsessive compulsive disorder (E) catatonic (E) panic disorder QUESTION 2 QUESTION 6 Which anxiety disorder is most likely to be associated The name schizophrenia is derived from two words with sudden, intense physiological sensations that meaning resemble a heart-attack? (A) multiple personalities (A) generalized anxiety disorder (B) split mind (B) posttraumatic stress disorder (C) distorted cognitions (C) phobias (D) psychotic break (D) obsessive compulsive disorder (E) inappropriate emotions (E) panic disorder QUESTION ~3 QUESTION 7 How long must symptoms persist in order for an Which of the following is NOT a negative symptom of individual to be classified with major depressive schizophrenia? disorder? (A) flat affect (A) one week (B) catatonia (B) two weeks (C) apathy (C) one month (D) social
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