Examples of Abnormal Behavior in Abnormal Psychology
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A Psychological Approach to Musical Form: the Habituation–Fluency Theory of Repetition
A Psychological Approach to Musical Form: The Habituation–Fluency Theory of Repetition David Huron With the possible exception of dance and meditation, there appears to be nothing else in common human experience that is comparable to music in its repetitiveness (Kivy 1993; Ockelford 2005; Margulis 2013). Narrative arti- facts like movies, novels, cartoon strips, stories, and speeches have much less internal repetition. Even poetry is less repetitive than music. Occasionally, architecture can approach music in repeating some elements, but only some- times. There appears to be no visual analog to the sort of trance–inducing music that can engage listeners for hours. Although dance and meditation may be more repetitive than music, dance is rarely performed in the absence of music, and meditation tellingly relies on imagining a repeated sound or mantra (Huron 2006: 267). Repetition can be observed in music from all over the world (Nettl 2005). In much music, a simple “strophic” pattern is evident in which a single phrase or passage is repeated over and over. When sung, it is common for successive repetitions to employ different words, as in the case of strophic verses. However, it is also common to hear the same words used with each repetition. In the Western art–music tradition, internal patterns of repetition are commonly discussed under the rubric of form. Writing in The Oxford Companion to Music, Percy Scholes characterized musical form as “a series of strategies designed to find a successful mean between the opposite extremes of unrelieved repetition and unrelieved alteration” (1977: 289). Scholes’s characterization notwithstanding, musical form entails much more than simply the pattern of repetition. -
Brain Potentials Associated with Expected and Unexpected Good and Bad Outcomes
Psychophysiology, 42 (2005), 161–170. Blackwell Publishing Inc. Printed in the USA. Copyright r 2005 Society for Psychophysiological Research DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00278.x Brain potentials associated with expected and unexpected good and bad outcomes GREG HAJCAK,a CLAY B. HOLROYD,b JASON S. MOSER,a and ROBERT F. SIMONSa aDepartment of Psychology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA bDepartment of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Abstract The error-related negativity (ERN) is an event-related brain potential observed when subjects receive feedback in- dicating errors or monetary losses. Evidence suggests that the ERN is larger for unexpected negative feedback. The P300 has also been shown to be enhanced for unexpected feedback, but does not appear to be sensitive to feedback valence. The present study evaluated the role of expectations on the ERN and P300 in two experiments that ma- nipulated the probability of negative feedback (25%, 50%, or 75%) on a trial-by-trial basis in experiment 1, and by varying the frequency of positive and negative feedback across blocks of trials in experiment 2. In both experiments, P300 amplitude was larger for unexpected feedback; however, the ERN was equally large for expected and unexpected negative feedback. These results are discussed in terms of the potential role of expectations in processing errors and negative feedback. Descriptors: Expectations, Feedback, Event-related brain potential, Error-related negativity, Ne, P300, Reinforce- ment learning, Response monitoring A number of recent event-related brain potential (ERP) studies ing the presentation of negative feedback (cf. Ruchsow, Grothe, have focused on neural activity related to errors and negative Spitzer, & Kiefer, 2002; see Nieuwenhuis, Holroyd, Mol, & feedback. -
Psychology Transition Work
Induction Work for Psychology Name__________________________________________ This booklet contains some tasks and activities to prepare you for your study of the truly amazing subject of Psychology . Please work through these tasks, read the material given to you, answer any questions, visit the websites described plus others that your own interest/research may lead you to. Watch the videos suggested and make detailed notes. You will need to continue your answers on extra paper for some of the questions. Please make sure you have completed this booklet by the deadline given to you for Summer Work. Task 1 Write a letter to your Psychology teachers. Explain why you would like to study psychology. Tell us about yourself- what are your interests and hobbies, what do you like reading, do you have any ambitions for the future in terms of future studies or a career. Task 2 Please look at this website and choose an article that you find interesting. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/topics/cz4pr2gdge5t/psychology Write a critical review of the article. Cover these bullet points • What the article was about • How useful you found any images, tables, diagrams • Your understanding of the topic having read the article • What you could do next to find out more about this topic. 1 Task 3 A. Read the following article on the History of Psychology and if possible, do your own research into this using the internet. B. HIGHLIGHT KEY FACTS in this article and create an illustrated factsheet that clearly explains how psychology has developed over the past 150 years. -
Teleneuropsychology (Telenp) in Response to COVID-19: Practical Guidelines to Balancing Validity Concerns with Clinical Need
Teleneuropsychology (TeleNP) in Response to COVID-19: Practical Guidelines to Balancing Validity Concerns with Clinical Need Rene Stolwyk, DPsych(Clin.Neuro), PsyBA Dustin B. Hammers, Ph.D., ABPP(CN) Senior Lecturer and Clinical Neuropsychologist Board Certified in Clinical Neuropsychology Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health Associate Professor, Department of Neurology Monash University, Melbourne, Australia University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Twitter: @rene_stolwyk Lana Harder, PhD, ABPP C. Munro Cullum, Ph.D., ABPP-CN Board Certified in Clinical Neuropsychology Professor of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Neurosurgery Board Certified Subspecialist in Pediatric Neuropsychology Pam Blumenthal Distinguished Professor of Clinical Psychology Children’s Medical Center Dallas Senior Neuropsychologist, O’Donnell Brain Institute Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Neurology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] INS Webinar Presented on 4/2/2020 Objectives Following this webinar, attendees will be able to: • Understand the evidence base supporting TeleNP procedures as well as the strengths and limitations of different models • Apply knowledge of models of TeleNP and evaluate potential feasibility within your own clinical settings • Understand key legal and ethical considerations when providing TeleNP services Outline • Ethical and Legal Challenges • Logistical and Practical Considerations • Models of TeleNP • Evidence for use of Specific Measures over TeleNP and Patient Satisfaction • Practical Considerations for Home-Based TeleNP Our Experience with TeleNP • Dr. Hammers leads the University of Utah TeleNP Program • Joint relationship between University of Utah Cognitive Disorders Clinic and St. -
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Nature and Relation to Non-Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
BETH-00620; No of Pages 19; 4C: Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Behavior Therapy xx (2016) xxx–xxx www.elsevier.com/locate/bt Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Nature and Relation to Non-Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Lorenzo Lorenzo-Luaces John R. Keefe Robert J. DeRubeis University of Pennsylvania there is any kind of contribution of the “cognitive” in Since the introduction of Beck’s cognitive theory of emotional cognitive-behavioral therapy. disorders, and their treatment with psychotherapy, cognitive- Despite debate regarding their active treatment behavioral approaches have become the most extensively components as well as working mechanisms, CBTs researched psychological treatment for a wide variety of continue to be the most widely studied forms of disorders. Despite this, the relative contribution of cognitive to therapy (Hofmann, Asmundson, & Beck, 2013). A behavioral approaches to treatment are poorly understood uniquely appealing aspect of CBTs is that their theo- and the mechanistic role of cognitive change in therapy is ries of therapeutic change comport well with most widely debated. We critically review this literature, focusing modern conceptualizations of psychopathology. In on the mechanistic role of cognitive change across cognitive this review, we attempt to reconcile skepticism and behavioral therapies for depressive and anxiety disorders. regarding the relative contribution of CT strategies to BT, as well as the mechanisms that account for their efficacy. First, we provide a very brief historical -
The Benefits of Stimulus-Driven Attention for Working Memory
Journal of Memory and Language 69 (2013) 384–396 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Journal of Memory and Language journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jml The benefits of stimulus-driven attention for working memory encoding ⇑ Susan M. Ravizza a, , Eliot Hazeltine b a Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, United States b Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, United States article info abstract Article history: The present study investigates how stimulus-driven attention to relevant information Received 18 July 2012 affects working memory performance. In three experiments, we examine whether stimu- revision received 30 May 2013 lus-driven attention to items can improve retention of these items in working memory. Available online 22 June 2013 Lists of phonologically-similar and dissimilar items were presented at expected or unex- pected locations in Experiment 1. When stimulus-driven attention was captured by items Keywords: presented at unexpected locations, similar items were better remembered than similar Verbal working memory items that appeared at expected locations. These results were replicated in Experiment 2 Attentional capture using contingent capture to boost stimulus-driven attention to similar items. Experiment Short term memory 3 demonstrated that stimulus-driven attention was beneficial for both similar and dissim- ilar items when the latter condition was made more difficult. Together, these experiments demonstrate that stimulus-driven attention to relevant information is one mechanism by which encoding can be facilitated. Ó 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Introduction strated in research examining the detrimental effects on WM performance when stimulus-driven attention is cap- Working memory (WM) keeps information in an active tured by irrelevant distractors (Anticevic, Repovs, Shul- state for a short period of time so that it can be readily ac- man, & Barch, 2009; Majerus et al., 2012; Olesen, cessed and manipulated in the service of immediate task Macoveanu, Tegner, & Klingberg, 2007; West, 1999). -
Psychophysiological Responses of Older Adults to an Anxiety -Evoking Stimulus
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2000 Psychophysiological responses of older adults to an anxiety -evoking stimulus Angela W. Lau West Virginia University Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Lau, Angela W., "Psychophysiological responses of older adults to an anxiety -evoking stimulus" (2000). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 1202. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/1202 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Psychophysiological Responses of Older Adults to an Anxiety-Evoking Stimulus Angela W. Lau Dissertation submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology Kevin T. Larkin, Ph.D., Chair Barry A. Edelstein, Ph.D. B. Kent Parker, Ph.D. Eric D. Rankin, Ph.D. Joseph R. Scotti, Ph.D. Department of Psychology Morgantown, West Virginia 2000 Keywords: Older Adults, Anxiety, Heart Rate, Skin Conductance, Blood Pressure Copyright 2000 Angela W. -
How Does Incentive Motivational Theory Apply to Sexual Behavior?
® 1995 Elsevier Science B. V. All rights reserved. The Pharmacology of Sexual Function and Dysfunction J. Bancroft, editor How does incentive motivational theory apply to sexual behavior? Jane Stewart Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd., Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G IMS Introduction The incentive motivational view of motivation ascribes a primary role to incentive stimuli as the generators of motivational states and elicitors of actions. A central motivational state is said to be set up in the organism as a result of direct interactions with either primary (unconditioned) incentive stimuli or conditioned incentive stimuli, or through thoughts about these stimuli and events. Modifications in the internal environment such as those induced by cyclic changes in endogenous hormones, by deprivation, and by pharmacological agents are thought to alter the behavioral effectiveness of unconditioned and conditioned incentive stimulus events by altering both their salience and the quality and magnitude of the central motivational states they generate. The induction of an incentive motivational state, in turn, further enhances the salience and behavioral effectiveness of these and related stimulus events [see 1- 5] providing a mechanism for the maintenance of goal-directed behavior. Although the evidence to support this view of motivation comes from studies using a range of incentive stimuli and motivational systems including food, sweet substances, objects of prey, and the incentive properties of electrical stimulation of the brain, studies of sexual motivation provide in many ways some the most compelling evidence for this view. Primary or Unconditioned Incentive Stimuli By definition, unconditioned positive incentive stimuli are those stimuli which, for a given species, have a high probability of eliciting an emotional or motivational state, approach behavior, and engagement with the incentive and related stimuli. -
Stimulus-Response Compatibility and Psychological Refractory Period Effects
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2002, 9 (2), 212-238 Stimulus–response compatibility and psychological refractory period effects: Implications for response selection MEI-CHING LIEN and ROBERT W. PROCTOR Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana The purpose of this paper was to provide insight into the nature of response selection by reviewing the literature on stimulus–response compatibility (SRC) effects and the psychological refractoryperiod (PRP) effect individually and jointly. The empirical findings and theoreticalexplanations of SRC effects that have been studied within a single-task context suggest that there are two response-selection routes—automatic activation and intentional translation. In contrast, all major PRP models reviewed in this paper have treated response selection as a single processing stage. In particular, the response- selection bottleneck (RSB) model assumes that the processing of Task 1 and Task 2 comprises two sep- arate streams and that the PRP effect is due to a bottleneck located at response selection. Yet, consider- able evidence from studies of SRC in the PRP paradigm shows that the processing of the two tasks is more interactive than is suggested by the RSB model and by most other models of the PRP effect. The major implication drawn from the studies of SRC effects in the PRP context is that response activation is a distinct process from final response selection. Response activationis based on both long-term and short-term task-defined S–R associations and occurs automatically and in parallel for the two tasks. The final response selection is an intentional act required even for highly compatible and practiced tasks and is restricted to processing one task at a time. -
The Role of Personality in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by The University of North Carolina at Greensboro The role of personality in cognitive-behavioral therapies By: Kari A. Merrill (Eddington) and Timothy J. Strauman Merrill, K.A., & Strauman, T.J. (2004). The role of personality in cognitive-behavioral therapies. Behavior Therapy, 35(1), 131-146. Made available courtesy of Elsevier: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80008-X ***© 2004 Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy. Reprinted with permission. This version of the document is not the version of record. *** This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. Abstract: Trait-based theories of personality explain behavior across situations based on a set of broad personality attributes or dimensions. In contrast, recent social-cognitive theories of personality emphasize the importance of context and take a combined nomothetic/idiographic approach to personality. The social-cognitive perspective on personality resembles cognitive-behavioral therapies, which explain behavior in particular situations based on interactions of specific cognitions, mood states, and stimulus conditions. This article considers how contemporary personality theory and research might be integrated into the study of the outcomes and processes associated with cognitive-behavioral therapies. We propose that applying the social-cognitive perspective on personality to the study of how cognitive-behavioral therapies work provides both validation of current theories and promising directions for additional research. We review the research literatures on cognitive theories of psychopathology and cognitive-behavioral treatments to examine how the topic of personality has been addressed in those literatures to date. -
Neuroscience Approaches to Understanding Psychopathology 41
Neuroscience Approaches to Understanding 2 Psychopathology CHAPTER OUTLINE LEARNING OBJECTIVES The Growing Importance of Neuroscience, Genetics, and an 2.1 Explain why neuroscience, Evolutionary Perspective genetics, and an evolutionary Brain Anatomy, Neurons, and Neurotransmitters perspective are increasingly A Quick Review of Brain Anatomy and Function important in understanding Neurons and Neural Transmission psychopathology. How Does the Neuron Pass Information? Major Neurotransmitters 2.2 Describe how information Encoding Information is communicated within the How Do We Observe the Brain at Work? human brain. Electroencephalography Evoked Potentials 2.3 Describe the major techniques Magnetoencephalography used to view the human brain Positron Emission Tomography at work and their related Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging distributeethical implications. Diffusion Tensor Imaging 2.4 Explain what brain networks Spatial and Temporal Resolution are and how they influence CULTURAL LENS: Using Brain Imaging to Understand Culture or human behavior. Neuroethics LENS: Neuroethics: Ethical Considerations When Using Neuroscience 2.5 Explain the function of Techniques genes, epigenetics, and endophenotypes. Networks of the Brain Neurons Connect in a Network 2.6 Ask critical questions about What Is the Brain’s Default (Intrinsic) Network? psychopathology from an Different Networks Are Involved in Differentpost, Tasks evolutionary perspective. Genetics and Psychopathology The Study of Genetics What Do Genes Do? DNA How Do Genes Influence Behavior? Epigenetic Processes Mitochondria and Mitochondrial Inheritance What Are Endophenotypes?copy, Evolution and Psychopathology The Themes of Evolution Psychopathology From an Evolutionary Perspective Summary Study Resourcesnot Review Questions For Further Reading Key Terms and Concepts DoSAGE edge he neuroscientist V. S. Ramachandran (1998) told about an individ- ual, David, who came to see him at the medical center in San Diego, TCalifornia. -
Drive Reduction Theory
Learning Theory . Behaviorist Learning Theory Skinner Pavlov Hull . Cognitive Learning Theory Piaget Bruner . Social Learning Theory Vygotsky Bandura Clark Leonard Hull Born 24 May 1884-NewYork Died 10 May 1952 Nationality American Fields psychologist Basic concepts in Hull’s theory Need- Physiological imbalances. Drive- state of tension. Reinforcement- Reward Primary and secondary. Goal- commodity which reduce drive. Need Drive Activity Goal Reduced Drive Drive-Reduction Theory When the instinct theory of motivation failed it was replaced by drive-reduction theory. Physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need (Hull, 1951). Drive Reduction Physiological aim of drive reduction is homeostasis – maintenance of steady internal state, e.g., maintenance of steady body temperature. Drive Food Reduction EmptyStomach Stomach Full (Food Deprived) Organism Drive Reduction Theory Clark L Hull Symbolism in Hull’s theory Unlearned behaviour (SUR) Habit Strength (SHR) Reactive Inhibition (IR) Conditioned Inhibition (SIR) Effective reaction potential (SER) Hull’s System (1943) MAJOR THEORETICAL CONCEPTS Book - “Principles of Behaviour” (1943) 16 Postulates Quantitative Equation on Human Performance Book – “A Behaviour system” (1952) POSTULATE 1: Sensing the external environment and the stimulus trace. S-s-r- R S-External situation s-Internal stimulus trace R-External response r-Response tendency POSTULATE 2: The interaction of sensory impulses. POSTULATE 3: Unlearned behaviour. E=(SUR)*D E-Excitatory potential SUR-Unlearned behaviour D-Drive POSTULATE 4: Contiguity and drive reduction as necessary conditions for learning. • With out drive there could be no response. • Drive is treated as primary reinforcement. POSTULATE 5: Stimulus generalization. Generalized habit - prior experience affects current learning POSTULATE 6: Stimuli associated with drives.