DIVERSIDADE GENÉTICA DE POPULAÇÕES DE Bidens Pilosa E

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DIVERSIDADE GENÉTICA DE POPULAÇÕES DE Bidens Pilosa E UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO ESPÍRITO SANTO CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS E NATURAIS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BIOLOGIA VEGETAL ANNY CAROLYNE DA LUZ DIVERSIDADE GENÉTICA DE POPULAÇÕES DE Bidens pilosa E Tithonia diversifolia NO ESPÍRITO SANTO E RESPOSTAS DO METABOLISMO PRIMÁRIO E SECUNDÁRIO SOB DIFERENTES CONDIÇÕES DE FERTILIZAÇÃO E IRRIGAÇÃO VITÓRIA - ES 2018 ANNY CAROLYNE DA LUZ DIVERSIDADE GENÉTICA DE POPULAÇÕES DE Bidens pilosa E Tithonia diversifolia NO ESPÍRITO SANTO E RESPOSTAS DO METABOLISMO PRIMÁRIO E SECUNDÁRIO SOB DIFERENTES CONDIÇÕES DE FERTILIZAÇÃO E IRRIGAÇÃO Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Biologia Vegetal do Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Biologia Vegetal. Área de concentração: Fisiologia Vegetal. Orientadora: Prof.ª Dr.ª Maria do Carmo Pimentel Batitucci VITÓRIA - ES 2018 [PÁGINA DA FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA] DIVERSIDADE GENÉTICA DE POPULAÇÕES DE Bidens pilosa E Tithonia diversifolia NO ESPÍRITO SANTO E RESPOSTAS DO METABOLISMO PRIMÁRIO E SECUNDÁRIO SOB DIFERENTES CONDIÇÕES DE FERTILIZAÇÃO E IRRIGAÇÃO ANNY CAROLYNE DA LUZ Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal do Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Biologia Vegetal na área de concentração Fisiologia Vegetal. Aprovada em 22 de março de 2018. Comissão Examinadora: ___________________________________ Drª. Maria do Carmo Pimentel Batitucci - PPGBV/UFES Orientadora e Presidente da Comissão ___________________________________ Dr. Elias Terra Werner- PPGBV/UFES Examinador Interno ___________________________________ Dr. Jose Aires Ventura - PPGBV/UFES Examinador Interno _________________________________ Drª. Sarah Maria Vargas - PPGBAN/UFES Examinadora Externa ___________________________________ Drª. Rita de Cássia Ribeiro Gonçalves - PPGFAR/UFES Examinadora Externa “É muito melhor lançar-se em busca de conquistas grandiosas, mesmo expondo-se ao fracasso, do que alinhar-se com os pobres de espírito, que nem gozam muito nem sofrem muito, porque vivem numa penumbra cinzenta, onde não conhecem nem vitória, nem derrota.” Theodore Roosevelt AGRADECIMENTOS À Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo por possibilitar a realização do meu Doutorado e toda minha formação acadêmica, desde a graduação. À Fapes pelo financiamento da pesquisa e manutenção da minha bolsa, e pelo seu papel como grande fomentadora da ciência no estado do Espírito Santo. Aos membros da banca examinadora que aceitaram realizar a avaliação da tese, contribuindo com suas sugestões. À Do Carmo, minha paciente orientadora, uma mulher inspiradora, exemplo de sensatez e ética neste ambiente acadêmico tão corrompido pela falsa sensação de poder. Sempre disposta a compartilhar tudo que sabe, sem deixar de dar ouvidos as nossas ideias, valorizando a cada um de nós, alunos. E mais que isso, nos defendendo. Do Carmo, obrigada por tudo, pelos ensinamentos profissionais e pessoais, obrigada por reconhecer meus esforços e dedicação, obrigada por acompanhar tudo tão de perto, há 12 anos! Obrigada por me dar o privilégio de ser amiga de uma pessoa tão admirável. À Irany, a irmã que escolhi, a grande incentivadora da escolha do meu Doutorado, a minha companheira de jornada biológica e minha consultora ad hoc. Obrigada por todas as milhões de dúvidas - com ou sem sentido - que me esclareceu, por todas as horas, dias, meses e anos de bancada, de leitura, releitura de acertos e de erros. Obrigada por me ajudar a trilhar meus caminhos e a tomar as decisões mais difíceis, sendo sempre sincera no que achava que era melhor para mim. Mainã, a mãe da paciência e da parcimônia, obrigada por me ajudar tanto com afinco e critério. Obrigada por discutir os géis, os pcr’s, os DNAs e choros. Quem disse que o RAPD é simples? Obrigada pela sua amizade e por sua disponibilidade. Miriele, Jean e Juliana, obrigada por toda ajuda no protocolos que desenvolvemos no laboratório, pelo companheirismo e ouvidos para as minhas perguntas. À toda nossa equipe de laboratório, Suiany, Monique, Gillian, Crist, Judá, Sávio, Alex, obrigada pelo ambiente fraterno em que vivemos, afinal a gente mora na UFES, e por sempre estarem dispostos à ajudar. Obrigada por tantas conversas e risadas que deixaram mais leves esse período de tanto trabalho. À todos os laboratórios e equipes que tornaram possível a realização de todas as análises. Ao NGACB e aos professores responsáveis pelo laboratório, onde realizei as amplificações e análises de géis, com a colaboração da bióloga Juliana Justino, muitíssimo competente e paciente. Ao LABIOM, laboratório sob responsabilidade do Professor Alexandre, onde realizei as análises de HPLC com o auxílio das técnicas Caroline e Natércia. Agradeço também ao Leonardo Valandro, pela ajuda com o uso do IRGA. Agradeço à minha mãe, minha fortaleza, ainda que não entendesse minhas escolhas, me apoiou e me apoia. Sem você, eu não teria possibilidades de chegar até aqui. Obrigada por sempre me colocar de pé, me acalmar e enxugar minhas lágrimas. Ao meu marido, pela paciência nesses tensos últimos dias, pelo companheirismo e dedicação. E, principalmente, obrigada por entender a minha necessidade de estar ausente em tantos momentos. RESUMO Bidens pilosa L. e Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A. Gray são plantas da família Asteraceae com distribuição nas regiões tropicais e subtropicais. São plantas utilizadas para diversos fins terapêuticos, principalmente como anti-inflamatória, anti- séptica, hepratoprotetoras e na prevenção do cancêr. As plantas dessa família apresentam um complexo sistema de defesa química, com metabólitos secundários derivados: compostos fenólicos, flavonoides, lactonas serquiterpênicas e poliacetilenos. Estes compostos têm sua produção e acúmulo modificados em resposta às variações ambientais, ontogenéticas e também hereditárias. Assim, é importante controlar e padronizar todas as etapas envolvidas na produção de fitofármacos, desde a seleção do material vegetal inicial, as condições de cultivo, manejo pós-colheita e métodos de extração dos compostos bioativos. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar através de marcadores genéticos, do tipo RAPD, a diversidade genética de diferentes populações de B. pilosa e T. diversifolia. Bem como, analisar como o manejo das condições de crescimento pode influenciar o crescimento, os parâmetros fotossintéticos, a produção de metabólitos secundários, a atividade antioxidante e citotóxica dessas plantas. Bidens pilosa apresentou baixos níveis de similaridade, indicando que o agrupamento encontrado não está apenas relacionado com a localização geográfica, mas, provavelmente, com a dispersão de sementes através de animais e a contaminação de espécies cultivadas com sementes de B. pilosa, o que facilitou o fluxo gênico, possibilitando que as populações de locais distantes fossem agrupadas em um cluster mais próximo devido à sua origem comum. Nas análises de T. diversifolia foram encontrados altos níveis de diversidade genética, não positivamente correlacionado com a proximidade geográfica. Apesar de muitas vezes ser propagada através de estaquia, T. diversifolia se reproduz sexuadamente, com grande número de sementes e apresenta uma abundante variedade de insetos polinizadores, características que contribuem para uma maior variabilidade genética. Em relação ao manejo das condições de crescimento, de modo geral, as aplicações de adubo aumentaram a fotossíntese e a massa seca total nas duas espécies estudadas. Entretanto, as plantas que não receberam adubação, apresentaram os maiores teores de compostos fenólicos e maior atividade antioxidante, o que pode estar relacionado à menor disponibilidade de nitrogênio. Esses resultados indicam que há aumento na produção de metabólitos secundários quando a fotossíntese líquida decresce, consequência da regulação positiva do ácido chiquímico na via da pentose fosfato. As duas espécies não mostraram atividade citotóxica em linfócitos humanos, por outro lado diminuíram a viabilidade celular em sarcoma 180. Portanto, as análises indicam a possibilidade de se padronizar as formas de manejo no cultivo de Asteraceae, a fim de alcançar altos níveis de compostos fenólicos e de biomassa, atrelando o aumento da eficiência da atividade biológica com o aumento da produtividade. Palavras-chave: RAPD • compostos fenólicos • atividade antioxidante • picão preto • girassol mexicano • fotossíntese • HPLC • MTT • nutrição mineral • déficit hídrico ABSTRACT Bidens pilosa L. and Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A. Gray are plants of the Asteraceae family with distribution in tropical and subtropical regions. They are plants used for various therapeutic purposes, mainly anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, hepratoprotective and prevention of cancer. The plants of this family present a complex chemical defense system, with derived secondary metabolites: phenolic compounds, flavonoids, serquiterpene lactones and polyacetylenes. These compounds have their production and accumulation modified in response to environmental, ontogenetic and also hereditary variations. Thus, it is important to control and standardize all phases involved in the production of phytopharmaceuticals, from the selection of the initial plant material, the conditions of cultivation, post-harvest management and extraction methods of the bioactive compounds to final product. The objectives of this study were
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