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Novel Biodegradable Protonic Ionic Liquid for the Fischer Indole Synthesis Reaction Rowan University Rowan Digital Works Faculty Scholarship for the College of Science & Mathematics College of Science & Mathematics 3-9-2016 Novel biodegradable protonic ionic liquid for the Fischer indole synthesis reaction William C. Neuhaus Ian J. Bakanas Joseph R. Lizza Charles T. Boon Jr. Gustavo Moura-Letts Rowan University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://rdw.rowan.edu/csm_facpub Part of the Organic Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Neuhaus, W. C., Bakanas, I. J., Lizza, J. R., Boon, C. T., & Moura-Letts, G. (2016). Novel biodegradable protonic ionic liquid for the fischer indole synthesis eaction.r Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 9(1), 39-43. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Science & Mathematics at Rowan Digital Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Scholarship for the College of Science & Mathematics by an authorized administrator of Rowan Digital Works. Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews ISSN: 1751-8253 (Print) 1751-7192 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tgcl20 Novel biodegradable protonic ionic liquid for the Fischer indole synthesis reaction William C. Neuhaus, Ian J. Bakanas, Joseph R. Lizza, Charles T. Boon , Jr. & Gustavo Moura-Letts To cite this article: William C. Neuhaus, Ian J. Bakanas, Joseph R. Lizza, Charles T. Boon , Jr. & Gustavo Moura-Letts (2016) Novel biodegradable protonic ionic liquid for the Fischer indole synthesis reaction, Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 9:1, 39-43, DOI: 10.1080/17518253.2016.1149231 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17518253.2016.1149231 © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Taylor & View supplementary material Francis. Published online: 09 Mar 2016. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 466 View related articles View Crossmark data Citing articles: 5 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tgcl20 Download by: [Rowan University] Date: 01 March 2017, At: 12:58 GREEN CHEMISTRY LETTERS AND REVIEWS, 2016 VOL. 9, NO. 1, 39–43 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17518253.2016.1149231 LETTER Novel biodegradable protonic ionic liquid for the Fischer indole synthesis reaction William C. Neuhausa, Ian J. Bakanasa, Joseph R. Lizzaa, Charles T. Boon, Jr.b and Gustavo Moura-Lettsa aDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA; bDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Novel eco-friendly tetramethylguanidinium propanesulfonic acid trifluoromethylacetate ([TMGHPS] Received 6 October 2015 [TFA]) ionic liquid was developed as catalyst and medium for the Fischer indole synthesis of a wide Accepted 28 January 2016 variety of hydrazines and ketones. The indole products were isolated in high yields and with KEYWORDS minimal amounts of organic solvent. This reaction showed that [TMGHPS][TFA] can be Ionic liquids; indole; Fischer regenerated and reused with reproducible yields without eroding the integrity of the ionic liquid. indole synthesis; tetramethylguanidinium; biodegradable Introduction Acid-promoted organic reactions are among the most molecules with pharmacological properties (12). Their important transformations in the chemical industry (1). synthesis has been a major focus in the field of organic Brønsted acid catalyst has recently taken a more relevant chemistry for over 100 years, and a variety of methods role with the introduction of organocatalysis (2). are available for their synthesis (13–15). The reaction of However, the use of these conventional methods hydrazines and ketones to make indoles (Fischer indole suffers from low solubility, waste production, corrosive- synthesis) still remains one of the most reliable ness, recycling, and high volatility (3). Ionic liquids (ILs) approaches for the synthesis of these scaffolds (16–18). have been widely utilized as solvents for a range of Despite being largely investigated, Lewis acids (ZnCl2, organic reactions with the potential of improving TiCl4), Brønsted acid catalysts (H2SO4, HCl, PPA, AcOH, product distribution, recycling, reaction rates, and reac- TsOH), and solid acids (zeolite, rutile) have proven to tion chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivities (4, 5). More- be the simplest and most effective promoters for this over, reactions in ILs remove the risks of fugitive transformation (19,20). emissions and combustion of conventional small However, the development of innovative, environ- organic molecules widely used as solvents in organic mentally benign and cost-efficient catalysts and catalytic reactions (6, 7). systems remains a main objective in the field of organic Biodegradable ILs offer a greener alternative to tra- chemistry. ditional Brønsted–Lewis acid catalyst with the potential ILs have been previously used to promote the Fischer to further increase the efficiencies of organic transform- indole synthesis with a variety of results and efficiencies ation (8). Protonic ILs have been reported as a new class (21). Pyridinium and choline ILs have been shown to of promising compounds for the development of promote the reaction with good efficiencies, but the cat- environmentally friendly acidic catalysts owing to their alysts’ lack of stability limited their application (22). combined advantages as both liquid acids and ILs. Pd- Similar efforts have shown that highly stable Brønsted promoted coupling reactions with guanidine and acid imidazolium IL ([bmim][HSO4]) promote this reac- amino acid-based ILs are among the most successful tion with good conversions but with limited scope (23). examples (9–11). Xu et al. demonstrated that increasing the acidity of The indole molecular framework is among the most the IL by introducing an alkyl-SO3H group, largely recurrent heterocyclic structure in natural and synthetic increased the scope and efficiencies of the reaction (24). CONTACT Gustavo Moura-Letts [email protected] Supplemental data for this article can be accessed at the Taylor & Francis website, doi:10.1080/17518253.2016.1149231 © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Taylor & Francis. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 40 W.C.NEUHAUSETAL. complete conversion (Scheme 1). Upon the successful synthesis of these ILs, we began to study their ability to promote the Fischer indole synthesis. The formation of Scheme 1. Synthesis of novel protonic TMG ILs. indoles by reacting hydrazines and ketones goes through an initial formation of hydrazone intermediate 3, which then undergoes a [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrange- Table 1. Indole synthesis with 2-trifluoromethylhydrazine and ment followed by loss of ammonia to form indole 4 cyclohexanone with different protonic ILs. (Table 1). Based on the demonstrated promoting ability of similar ILs (27), deactivated hydrazine (2-trifluoro- methylhydrazine) and cyclohexanone were used as the model reaction substrates for these ILs. [TMGH][lactate] was hypothesized as a potential promoter of this reac- tion (Table 1). Unfortunately, we were only able to a b Entry IL Conversion Yield 3 Yield 4 obtain hydrazone 3 from the reaction crude (Entry 1). 1 [TMGH]lactate 90% 90% 0% The key [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement requires 2 [TMGH]phthalate >95% 88% 8% 3 [TMGH]succinate >95% 78% 20% strong acidic conditions; so we rationalized that ILs 1a- 4 [TMGH]malonate >95% 95% 3% d would be better candidates for this reaction. Unfortu- 5 [TMGH]maleate >95% 93% 3% nately, we found that phthalate 1a and succinate 1b 6CF3CO2H >99% 99% 0% 7 TMG 0% 0% 0% (Entries 2 and 3) did form indole 4, but in poor yields 8 Sultone 0% 0% 0% 8% and 20%, respectively. Malonate 1c and maleate 1d 9 [TMGHPS]NO3 >99% 50% 50% 10 [TMGHPS]OAc >99% 35% 62% only provided indole 4 in trace amounts (Entries 4 and 5). 11 [TMGHPS]Cl >99% 15% 82% It has been reported that imidazolium salts react at RT 12 [TMGHPS]HSO4 >99% 16% 84% 13 [TMGHPS]TFA >99% 3% 97% with sultones to provide the respective alkylated imida- 14 [TMGHPS]OTf >99% 20% 60% zolium sulfonic acid (28). Consequently, we reacted Note: Reaction conditions: Hydrazine (1 mmol), ketone (1 mmol), and IL (1 TMG with 1,3-propane sultone, and we were pleased to mmol) were mixed and heated to 90°C. aReaction conversion measured by 1H-NMR. find that TMGH sulfonate was obtained with complete b Isolated yield. conversion (Scheme 2). This intermediate compound was then poised to react with a variety of inorganic Tetramethylguanidine (TMG) ILs have been utilized to and organic acids to form the respective ILs 2a-f. These promote a variety of organic reactions (25). Among these, were water stable, non-volatile, and non-miscible with [TMGH][lactate] has received considerable attention for organic solvents and were all obtained with complete its green and biodegradable properties, and for its effi- conversion. cient promotion of important organic transformations With these in hand, we went ahead and test their ability (26). We propose a novel class of eco-friendly TMG- to promote the indole reaction (Table 1). We found that based ILs with an alkyl acid substituent for the efficient the nitrate 1a and acetate 1b ILs (Entries 9 and 10) radi- Fischer indole synthesis. To the best of our knowledge, cally improved the formation of indole 4 (50% and 60% this is the first time TMG-based ILs have been applied respectively). Furthermore, chloride 1c and bisulfate 1d to the synthesis of complex heterocyclic scaffolds. provided the indole in synthetically useful yields (Entries 11 and 12, 82% and 84% yield, respectively). We then decided to use a stronger acid and we found that trifluor- oacetate 1e provided indole 4 in 97% yield (Entry 13). Results and discussion Conversely, triflate 1f provided the indole 4 in consider- We hypothesized whether a greener [TMGHCOOH]car- ably lower yield (Entry 14, 60% yield). We were enthusias- boxylate would efficiently promote the Fischer indole tic to find that tetramethylguanidinium propanesulfonic synthesis reaction.
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