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Methods for Live Trapping Houbara Bustards

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Methods for Live Trapping Houbara Bustards J. Field Ornithol., 70(2):169-181 METHODS FOR LIVE TRAPPING HOUBARA BUSTARDS PHILIPJ. SEDDON National Wildlife ResearchCenter National Commissionfor Wildlife Conservationand Development P..O. Box 1086, Taif Saudi Arabia FREDERIC EAUNAY National Avian Research Center P.O. Box 45553, Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates YOLANDA VAN HEEZIK National Wildlife ResearchCenter National Commissionfor Wildlife Conservationand Development P.O. Box 1086, Taif Saudi Arabia MOHAMED AL BOWARDI National Avian Research Center P.O. Box 45553, Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Abstract.-•The ability to trap and mark individualsis important for the ecologicalstudy of wild populationsof the Houbara Bustard( Chlamydotisspp.). Techniquesfor the live-capture of Houbara Bustardsused on breeding birds or at high population densitiesmay not be suitablefor non-breedingbirds at low density.We revieweight trappingmethods, six of which havebeen used with varyingsuccess on wild HoubaraBustards in northernand centralSaudi Arabia, in the United Arab Emirates,and in Kazakhstan.Baited cagesand netswere ineffec- tive at low bustarddensities. Lines of snaresare worth usingin areaswhere the movements of Houbara Bustardsare predictable.Snares carry a low risk of causinginjury or death and may be most effectiveat higher Houbara Bustarddensities, for use on breeding bustards faithful to nestor displaysites and which can be attractedto decoys,or for the recaptureof radio-taggedbirds. Cannon nets, clap nets,and net gunsalso require that Houbara Bustard location can be predicted or influenced, but carry greater risk of injury to the bird and therefore little advantageover the use of snares.The use of trained falcon may carry a high risk of injury to Houbara Bustards,but this is markedlyreduced when the falcon is fitted with clawand beak covers,and where the terrain allowsthe falconerto move rapidly to the site of capture. Unrestrainedfalcons should not be used for the live capture of Houbara Bustards.The use of disarmedfalcons is justified only where other capture methodsare forbidden, or when recreationalfalconers can be persuadedto co-operatewith researchers. Unfledged Houbara Bustardchicks are most easilycaught by hand. M•TODOS PARA ATRAPAR VIVOS INDIVIDUOS DEL G•NERO CHLAMYDOTIS Sinopsis.--Lahabilidad de atrapary marcarindividuos es importante para el estudioeco16- gico de las poblacionessilvestres de Chlamydotissp. T6cnicaspara la capturaen vivode estas avesusadas en avesreproduci6ndose o en grandesdensidades poblacionales pueden no ser apropiadaspara avesno reproductivasen densidadesbajas. Revisamosocho m6todosde atrapar, seisde los cualesse hah utilizadoscon 6xito variable en Chlamydotissp. en el norte y centro de Arabia Saudita,en los EmiratosArabes Unidos, yen Kazakhstan.Trampas con sefiueloy nidosfueron inefectivasen densidadesbajas de las aves.Se pueden utilizarlineas de lazosen fireasdonde los movimientosde las aveses predecible.Los lazostiehen un riesgo 169 170] P.J. Seddonetal. j. FieldOrnithol. Spring 1999 menor de causardaftos o la muerte y pueden ser muy efectivosen lugaresdonde Chlamydotis sp. se encuentre en densidadesaltas, donde las avesreproductivas atiendan susnidos o en lugaresde alta visibilidady donde pueden ser atraidoscon sefiuelos,o para la recapturacon radio-sellos.Redes de cafi6n, redes de cierre mecfinicoy armas de redes tambi6n requieren que la localizaci6nde estasaves se puedan predecir o influenciar,pero presentanun mayor riesgo al ave y por lo tanto tienen pocasventajas sobre el uso de lazos.E1 uso de halcones (Falcosp.) entrenadospueden tener un mayorriesgo de herir individuosde Chla•dotis sp., pero estfi marcadamente reducido cuando el ave (Falco) tiene cubiertaslas garrasy el pico, y donde el terreno permite que el cetrerose mueva al lugar de captufa.Cetreros sin entrenat no debieran utilizarsepara la captura en vivo de Chlamydotissp. El uso de indix4duosde falcones(Falco) se justifica solo cuandolos m6todosde capturaestrin prohibides, o cuando cetrerosrecreacionales se pueden persuadira colaborarcon los investigadores.Pichones no- volantonesde Chlamydotissp. son capturadosmils fficilmentea mano. The Asiatic Houbara Bustard (Chlamydotis[undulata] macqueenii)is a strong-flying,but largely cursorial bird inhabiting flat and undulating plains in desertand semi-desertareas of the Middle Eastand Central Asia (Johnsguard 1981, Cramp and Simmons 1983). In some parts of the range resident and migrant Houbara Bustardswill mix seasonally(e.g., Pakistan,northern Saudi Arabia, Syria,Jordan, Iraq and Oman); other areashold only breeding (Commonwealthof Independent States)or mi- gratory (United Arab Emirates,southern Saudi Arabia) populations.The number and range of Houbara Bustardshas decreased in the last 30 years as a result of over-hunting,habitat loss,and human disturbance(Collar 1980). Despiteregional restrictionson the use of falcons,hunting contin- ues to be widespreadin the Middle East and Pakistan,with falconers beginning to harvest the large Houbara Bustard populationsin Central Asia. The first meeting of the IUCN SpeciesSurvival Commission's Houbara BustardWorking Group, held in Muscat, Oman in January 1996, brought together representativesof conservationorganizations from thirteen of the range statesof the AsiaticHoubara Bustard(IUCN 1996). The crea- tion of the working group was prompted by recognitionof the threats facing Houbara Bustard populations throughout their range. Principal amongstthese threats are habitat lossthrough agriculture,human distur- bance, and unsustainablelevels of hunting. The Muscat meeting identi- fied a need for more information on the statusof Houbara Bustardpop- ulations, the interrelationshipsbetween migratory and resident popula- tions, and the relativeimpacts and causesof mortality (IUCN 1996). This information is required if any form of sustainablehunting program is to be establishedand regulated. The key to the studyof Houbara Bustardpopulations lies in the ability of researchersto deviseeffective means to trap and tag wild birds. This would allow field workers to mark individual animals and to fit them with radio or satellitetracking devicesfor monitoring behavior,migration, and population ecology.Trapping methodsused at high population densities or on breeding Houbara Bustardsmay not be effectiveon non-breeding birds at low densities.Some of the more intrusive trapping methodsmay causenest desertion, departure from trapping areas, or even injury. Vol.70, No. 2 TrappingHoubara Bustards [ 171 With the expectationthat the studyof wild Houbara Bustardswill be- come a focus of attention within many parts of the bird's range, we pre- sent here a critical review of methodsfor trapping Houbara Bustards. Methods are assessed on the basis of field trials conducted in Saudi Ara- bia, the United Arab Emirates,and in the Republic of Kazakhstan. STUDY SITES Saudi Arabia.MHarrat al-Harrah was declared a Special Natural Re- servein 1987.This resultedin the protectionof over 12,000km 2 of basalt lava fields and extinct volcanic cones in the far north of Saudi Arabia, centeredon 31ø00'N,39ø00'E. Harrat al-Harrah is home to possiblythe last residentpopulation of Houbara Bustardsin SaudiArabia, presentall year round at very low densities(<0.04 birds/km=;Seddon and van Hee- zik 1996). Despiteextensive searches, only 1-4 breedingattempts are con- firmed in the reserveeach year, usually at the late chickstage. The reserve is alsoan important refuge for wintering migrant Houbara Bustards.Veg- etation is primarily concentratedin wadisand small drainagelines, and on the margins of silty depressions.The area is sparselyvegetated with Haloxylonsalicornicum, Astragalus spp., Artemisia spp., Achillea spp., Zilla spinosa,Capparis spinosa, and a number of annual herbs and grasses. Trees are absent from much of the reserve. Mahazat as-Saydis a 2200-km2 fenced reservein westerncentral Saudi Arabia (22ø15'N, 41ø50'E). The reserve was establishedin 1989 as the first reintroductionsite for Houbara Bustardscaptively bred at the National Wildlife Research Center, Taif (Combreau et al. 1995, Seddon et al. 1995). All Houbara Bustards released into the reserve have been fitted with ra- dio-transmittersand their location is monitored regularly.The reserve encompassesa portion of the Nadj Pediplain,with its characteristicplant associationsof Acaciaspp., Stipagrostisspp., Panicum turgidum,Ochtochloa compressa,Lasiurus scindicus, and a varietyof perennial and ephemeral herbs.There are currently30-50 Houbara Bustardspermanently resident in the reserve (R. Maloney and J. Judas, pers. comm.). Breeding by re- introduced Houbara Bustard was confirmed in 1995 (G61inaud et al. 1997). UnitedArab Emirates.MThe Baynunaharea in the westernpart of the Abu Dhabi Emirate is an area of approximately2000 km'•, consistingof gently undulating sand and gravel plain interspersedwith flat salt pans (sabkhas) in the north and occasionalmesas. The vegetation is sparse, comprisingplant associationsdominated by the perennial shrubsHalox- ylon salicornicumand Zygophylumspp. Other commonperennial species include shrubsof the genus Fagonia, Cornulacamonocantha, the sedge Cyperusconglomeratus, and the grassesStipagrostis plumosa and Panicum turgidum.In general, vegetation is distributed in patches,interspersed with open, flat plains.Baynunah holds only wintering populationsof mi- grant Houbara Bustard. Tau Kum Desert, Kazakhstan.•The Tau Kum desert lies in eastern Ka- zakhstan, south of lake Balkhasch (44ø32'N, 74ø51'E). The area is a flat 172] P.J. Seddonetal. J.Field Ornithol.
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