International Labour Standards on Migrant Workers’ Rights

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INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE BANGKOK 2007 Copyright © International Labour Organization 2007 First published 2007

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Printed in Thailand CONTENTS

Preface vii

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

1. Global labour migration 1

2. Push and pull factors of migration 1

3. Benefits and costs of migration 2

4. Labour migration trends in Asia 2

5. How international standards help migrant workers 3

6. Aims of the Guide 4

7. Contents of the Guide 5

Chapter 2 A Fair Deal for Migrant Workers 7

1. Who are ‘migrant workers’? 7

2. Migrant workers and international labour standards 8 2.1 International labour standards on migration 9 2.2 Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work 9

3. Equality at work and discrimination 10 3.1 What is equality at work? 10 3.2 What is discrimination? 11 3.2 What is not discrimination? 12 3.3 What is positive action? 12

4. Racial and ethnic discrimination against migrant workers 13

5. Gender dimension of migration 14 5.1 Feminization of migration 14 i 5.2 Gender discrimination in the labour market 15 5.3 Vulnerabilities of women migrant workers 15 5.4 Mainstreaming gender into migration policies 17

6. Protection of indigenous and tribal peoples 18

Chapter 3 Migrant Workers’ Rights 21

1. Fundamental principles and rights at all stages of migration 21 1.1 Trade union rights 21 1.2 Freedom from forced labour 22 1.3 Freedom from child labour 23 1.4 Freedom from discrimination 23

2. Pre-departure and during the journey 24 2.1 Information about working and living conditions 24 2.2 Recruitment 25 2.3 Contracts 26 2.4 Facilitated departure 27 2.5 Medical care 27 2.6 Free travel 27

3. On arrival 28 3.1 Customs exemption 28 3.2 Assistance in finding suitable employment 28 3.3 Settling in 29

4. During employment 29 4.1 Remuneration 29 4.2 Working conditions 30 4.3 Health and safety 31 4.4 Employment opportunities and freedom to change jobs 32 4.5 Job security 33 4.6 Job promotion 33 4.7 Access to other jobs and vocational training 33 4.8 Social security 33 4.9 Housing 34 4.10 Access to remedies in law 35 4.11 Freedom of movement 35 4.12 HIV/AIDS 35

5. Social and civil rights in host country 36 5.1 and property rights 36 5.2 Education and culture 36 5.3 Transfer of funds to home country 37 ii 5.4 Family reunification and visits 37 5.5 Social services 37

6. Return and repatriation 37 6.1 Grounds of repatriation 38 6.2 Appeal against arbitrary decision 38 6.3 Travel costs 38 6.4 Rights of returning migrants in country of employment 38 6.5 Rights of returning migrants in home country 38

Chapter 4 The ILO and International Labour Standards 41

1. What is the ILO? 41 1.1 The International Labour Conference 41 1.2 The Governing Body 42 1.3 The International Labour Office 43

2. What are international labour standards? 43

3. How are international labour standards developed? 44

4. How are international labour standards applied? 44

5. What is ratification? 44

6. Process of dialogue and access to the ILO 45

7. Where can I get more information on the ILO standards? 46

Chapter 5 Application of International Labour Standards 47

1. Regular supervision (reporting system) 47 1.1 Reports by governments 47 a. Periodic reports 47 b. Special reports 48 1.2 Reviews of reports by governments and follow-up 48 a. The Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations (CEACR) 48 b. The Conference Committee on the Application of Standards 49

2. Complaint procedures 49 2.1 Representations under Articles 24 of the ILO Constitution 50 2.2 Complaints under Articles 26 – 34 of the ILO Constitution 51 2.3 Complaints on violations of freedom of association 52

iii 3. The ILO Multilateral Framework on Labour Migration 53

4. Practical guidelines to protect the rights of migrant workers 56 4.1 Role of governments 56 4.2 Role of employers’ organizations 58 4.3 Role of trade unions 58 4.4 Role of other civil society organizations 59

Endnotes 60

Annexes 65

Annex 1: International labour standards relevant to migrant workers 65 Annex 2: Bibliography and resource materials 68 Annex 3: Ratification status of migrant workers Conventions 71 Annex 4: General Observation of the Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations (2001), Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29) 75 Annex 5: Examples of CEACR observations and direct requests to governments 76 Annex 6: Glossary of terms 87

List of Boxes

Box 1: Refugee and victim of trafficking in persons 8 Box 2: Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and concerned Conventions 10 Box 3: Sex, race, religion and inherent requirements of the job 12 Box 4: What is positive action and why is it needed? 13 Box 5: Excerpts from the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action of the World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance 14 Box 6: Domestic workers 16 Box 7: What is gender mainstreaming? 17 Box 8: How international standards protect migrant workers from discrimination: An example from the USA 24 Box 9: Vulnerabilities at recruitment, pre-departure and during the journey 25 Box 10: Private employment agencies and migrant workers 26 Box 11: Employment contract 27 Box 12: No mandatory testing 28 Box 13: Vulnerabilities while working and living abroad 29 Box 14: Remuneration 30 Box 15: Maternity protection: A right denied to most women migrant workers 31 Box 16: Violence against migrant workers 31 Box 17: Occupational safety and health (OSH) 32 iv Box 18: How international standards protect the right to social security of migrant workers: An examples from the 34 Box 19: Housing 34 Box 20: Role of labour and social welfare attaches in assisting migrant workers: An example from the Philippines 36 Box 21: ILO structure 42 Box 22: Ratification process 45 Box 23: General Survey on Conventions and Recommendations 48 Box 24: Supervision of the Application of International Labour Conventions and Recommendations 50 Box 25: Example of a representation lodged under Article 24 51 Box 26: Example of a complaint lodged under Articles 26 and 33 52 Box 27: Examples of complaints for violations of freedom of association 54 Box 28: Complaint procedures 55

v

PREFACE

igration for work is becoming an increasingly permanent feature of today’s labour markets. Growing inequality between and within Mcountries has added the incentive—and in some cases created the bare necessity—for people to explore economic opportunities abroad. Continuously lower opportunities of women to secure productive work at home explain their growing presence at the lower echelons of the migrant workforce alongside men.

Migration for work is controversial. Proponents extol its virtues of relieving unemployment pressures at home and filling labour market shortages in the host country; providing migrant workers with opportunities for skills development abroad; and generating that boost home economies. Opponents lament the failure to create decent work and the accompanying ‘brain drain’ in the sending countries; the downward pressure on working conditions caused by large inflows of migrant workers, fewer employment opportunities for unskilled nationals, and lower productivity gains; or threats to national security or sovereignty in the host economies.

Different countries experience different labour market needs, and it is one of the tasks of social dialogue in Asian and Pacific societies to find the optimal blend between the national and migrant workforce. Whatever the outcome of that dialogue may be, proponents and opponents at the international level agree on at least one point: Everyone will only benefit from orderly migration. This implies that the exploitation of regular or irregular migrant workers is never an option.

In this perspective, the member States of the International Labour Organization have laid down certain rights which regular and irregular migrant workers should enjoy, irrespective of the particular labour migration policy of their home or host country. This publication aspires to be a handy reference guide, explaining these rights from the vantage point of the to policymakers and practitioners.

I thank the authors of this Guide, Tim De Meyer, Busakorn Suriyasarn and Nelien Haspels. The Guide results from a joint effort by the ILO’s Subregional Office for East Asia and the Project Managing Cross-border Movements of Labour in South-East Asia in cooperation with the Asian Project on Governance of Labour Migration and the Mekong Subregional Project to Combat Trafficking

vii in Children and Women, with resources provided by the Government of Japan and the ILO.

We would like to also express our appreciation to the participants of the Validation Workshop on the Guide, held in Thailand in June 2007 for their valuable contributions, as well as to colleagues for their helpful technical comments, in particular those from the Equality, Migrant Workers and Indigenous Peoples Team of the International Labour Standards Department and the International Labour Migration and the Conditions of Work and Employment Programmes in Geneva; and from the ILO Offices in Bangkok, Beijing, Beirut and Jakarta.

Bill Salter Director Subregional Office for East Asia ILO Bangkok

viii 1.Globallabourmigration 2. Pushandpullfactors ofmigration mitigate negativeeffects forworkers,companiesandsocieties. is howtoinfluencemigration inwaysthatmaximizethepotentialbenefits and that morepeoplewillcontinue tomigrateforjobs.Thechallengepolicymakers an increasinglyinevitableandpermanentfeature oftoday’sworld.Therealityis accelerating forcesofglobalintegration,movements ofpeopleacrossbordersare and politicalcrisesinsomecountriesalsoforce people toleavehome.Giventhe are importantpullandpushfactorsofmigration. Socialandeconomicinsecurity and theoversupplyofworkersorunderemployment inless-well-offcountries At themacrolevel,shortagesofworkersin economically better-offcountries add tothepressuremigrate. widening gapsinincomesandstandardsofliving withinandbetweencountries enough tosupportthemselvesandtheirfamiliesinowncountries.The migrants seekjobopportunitiesabroadbecausetheycannotfindworkandearn communications, enableincreasinglymorepeopletomoveacrossborders.Most global integrationofmarkets,combinedwithhugelyimprovedtraveland Current migrationpatternsarepartoflargerchangeprocesses.Accelerated organizations areusuallyhigher. figure doesnotincludeinternalmigrantworkers.Estimatesbynon-governmental migrants inAsiaat53million2005,abouthalfofwhomareworking.This The UnitedNations(UN)PopulationDivisionputsthefigureofinternational (ILO) estimatesthat90millionmenandwomenweremigrantworkersin2005. Of theworld’snearly200millionmigrants,InternationalLabourOffice population arenowlivingoutsidetheirhomecountries. to 191millionin2005.Thismeansthat135peopleor3percentoftheworld’s more thandoubledworldwideduringthelast30years,from75millionin1965 Migration isanimportantglobalissue.Thenumberofinternationalmigrantshas INTRODUCTION 1 1 2

1 INTRODUCTION 2 INTRODUCTION %HQH¿WVDQGFRVWVRIPLJUDWLRQ 4. LabourmigrationtrendsinAsia income andnationaloutput. sending countriesloseashareoftheirlabourforce,oftenyoungworkers,tax unemployment, andthesharingofskillstechnology.Ondownside, benefits, includingremittancesthatcontributetopovertyreduction,reduced of livingandsecurity.Migrant-sendingcountriesenjoyseveralpotential higher wagesandremittancesaffordmigrantstheirfamiliesbetterstandards There arecostsandbenefitsassociatedwithlabourmigration.Ontheupside, Governments, especially ofreceivingcountries,havemadeeffortsto regularize Movements ofpeople across bordersinAsiahavehistoricallybeen informal. remedial actioninworstcasescenarios. human trafficking.Preventionofabuseismore cost-effectivethanonlytaking of migrationflowsisneededtocurbthegrowth ofirregularmigration,including to copewiththeincreaseinlabourmigration.Investment inpropermanagement see asabetterfuture.Governmentsofbothsending andreceivingcountriesneed home, moremigrantworkersthaneveraretaking theriskstomigrateforwhatthey Given thepotentialgainsagainstprospectofunemploymentorinsecurityat host societies. migrant workersexist,compromisingthefairtreatmentofin migrant workerstakejobsawayfromnationals,strongnegativesentimentsagainst services. Inaddition,despitelittleevidencetosupportallegationsthatforeign migrant workerstoaccessthehostcountry’spubliceducationandhealthcare hesitant toallocate.Forexample,itisoftendifficultandsometimesimpossiblefor migration managementrequiresresourceswhichreceivingcountriesaresometimes and countriesgaineconomicallyfromthelabourofmigrantworkers,butorderly Migrant-receiving countriesalsoneedtoweighbenefitswithcosts.Companies excluded fromtheprotection,rightsandentitlementsenjoyedbynationals. highly skilledjobs.Inthehostcountriesmigrantworkersoftenendupbeing risks andvulnerabilitiestodiscrimination,exploitationabusethanthosein education, raceorethnicity,sex,employmentandmigrantstatus,theyfacemore the migrationprocessandindestinationcountries.Duetotheirlowlevelsof the majorityofmigrantworkers,usuallyencounternumerousproblemsin legal governance.Low-skilledandsemi-skilledmigrantworkers,whoform because theytendtoworkinoccupationsorsectorsofatthefringes semi-skilled jobstypicallyfarelesswell.Theyareoftenatagreaterdisadvantage enjoy propercompensationandrights’protection.Migrantworkersinlow- Skilled workersandprofessionalshavemorebargainingpowerconsequently 3 4

5. Howinternationallabourstandards helpmigrant workers labour migration,including theprotectionofrightsmigrantworkers. Special This requirescoherentand comprehensivenationalpoliciestoeffectively manage States havethesovereign righttodeveloptheirownlabourandmigration policies. , thePhilippinesandSriLanka. own, especiallywomenmigrantworkersfrom Cambodia, LaoPDR,Myanmar, seeking employmentoverseasarenowwomen, many ofwhommigratingontheir trend offeminizationmigrationisevidentin Asia,wherehalfoftheworkers in construction,domesticservice,entertainment andmanufacturing.Theglobal largely dominatedbylow-skilledandsemi-skilledmigrantworkers,suchasthose workers leaveonfixed-termcontractsofonetotwoyears.Themigrationflowis Almost alllabourmigrationwithinAsiaisclassifiedastemporary.Mostmigrant and tribalpeoplesintheregion. trafficking, haveresultedinincreasedmigrationandurbanizationofindigenous States. Decreasingeconomicopportunitiesandlossofland,vulnerabilityto millions ofSouthandSoutheastAsiansintheMiddleEast,EuropeorUnited Bangladeshis inIndia,andSamoansKiribatiansNewZealand,besidesthe tribal peoplesfromMyanmarinThailand,AfghansPakistan,Nepaleseand in ,Cambodians,LaotiansandethnicBurmeseaswellindigenous workers inAsia,manyareemployedneighbouringcountries,suchasIndonesians to Middle-Easterndestinationsofthepasttwodecades.Of25millionmigrant The trendsreflectashiftfromthetraditionalout-flowofAsianmigrantworkers Hong KongSpecialAdministrativeRegion(China)andTaiwan(China). Japan, theRepublicofKorea,Malaysia,,Thailand,BruneiDarussalam, jobs inotherAsiancountries.AmongthemainreceivingcountriesAsiaare countries likeBangladesh,Cambodia,LaoPDRandVietNamarenowfinding like ,,thePhilippines,IndonesiaandSriLankaemergingsource Recent trendsshowthatmoreAsianworkersfrombothtraditionalsourcecountries about nationalsecurityandpublicorder. about theexposureofmigrantworkerstoexploitationandabuse,butfuelingfears in persons,istakingonnewformsanddimensions,notonlyraisingconcerns violations. Irregularmigrationintheregion,includingsmugglingandtrafficking This putsmoremigrantworkersatriskofrecruitmentmalpracticesandrights’ unregistered ventures. recruitment agenciesarelargefirms,theoverallmajoritysmall-scaleandoften organized byprivateintermediariesandrecruitmentagencies.Whilesome drastically. Migrationintheregion,asotherpartsofworld,isincreasingly for employmentoverseasthroughgovernment-sponsoredprogramshasfallen migration flows.However,inAsiathenumberofmenandwomentraveling

3 INTRODUCTION 4 INTRODUCTION 6. AimsoftheGuide which wasreiteratedin1944 interests ofmigrantworkersintheILO’sConstitution1919—acommitment The ILO’smemberStateshavecommittedthemselvestoprotectingtherightsand and migrantstatus. faced bymigrantworkersonthebasisoftheirsex,raceorethnicity,employment attention shouldbegiventothemultipledisadvantagesanddiscriminationoften senior andmiddlemanagement levelsinthemanygovernmentagencies dealing the publicandprivate sectoronaday-to-daybasis.Itaimsto familiarize The Guideisintended forpolicymakersandthosedealingwithmigration in their fundamentalhuman andworkers’rights. is hopedthatthisGuidewillcontributetoabetter understandingandrespectfor male andfemaleofdifferentracial,social ethnic originsandnationalities.It the internationallyagreedrightsofmigrantworkers. Migrationhasmanyfaces, appropriate policiesandpracticalmeasuresformatching labourmarketneedswith in AsiaandthePacificwithaviewtofacilitate thedesignandimplementationof international labourstandardsforusebypolicymakers andmigrationpractitioners This Guideprovidesanupdateontherightsof migrantworkersaslaiddownin millions ofworkers,includingmigrantworkers. way theILOstandardshavearealimpactonlivesandworkingconditionsof and maternityleaveintheworkplace,correspondingConvention.Inthis on occupationalsafetyandhealthstandardsintheirfactory,orrulesrestperiods number ofthemmaybeawaretheconnectionbetween,forexample,aposter enacted tocomplywithinternationallabourstandards,althoughonlyasmall policies andpractices.Millionsofworkershavebenefitedfromnationallaws International labourstandardsinspirethedevelopmentofnationallegislation, in internationaltradebycreatingalevelplayingfieldtheglobaleconomy. and employerstoavoidthetemptationofloweringlabourcostsgainadvantages end initselfbutasameanstoimprovethelivesofpeople.Theyhelpgovernments The standardsaretheretoensurethateconomicdevelopmentisnotpursuedasan minimum socialstandardssothatpeoplecanworkinfreedom,safetyanddignity. standards adoptedbygovernments,workersandemployerslaydownthebasic their respectiveorganizations,andcivilsocietyworldwide.Internationallabour have becomeissuesofpressingconcernforpolicymakers,employers,workersand In recentyears,themanagementofglobalizationandincreasedmigrationflows international migrantworkers’rights. Organization havealsoadoptedseveralstandardsspecificallyaimedatprotecting and migrantworkers.”TheUnitedNations the problemsofpersonswithspecialsocialneeds,particularlyunemployed on FundamentalPrinciplesandRightsatWorkcalledfor“specialattentionto 5 andreaffirmedin1998whentheILODeclaration 6 andtheInternationalLabour 7. ContentsoftheGuide annexes provideadditional information: precise wordingofaninstrument caneasilyfindwhattheyarelooking for.The The endnotesgiveexact referencestothesources,sothatreadersinterested inthe of allworkers,including thosewhohavemigratedtoearnadecentliving. complaints andproceduresthatareinplacetohelp securetherightsandfreedoms the standards.Itsetsoutvariousformsofdialogue andthedifferenttypesof and proceduresoftheILOtoassistcountriesin implementingtheprovisionsin Chapter 5:ApplicationofInternationalLabourStandards describesthemechanisms is theiruseinpractice? are thesestandardsdeveloped,howtheyapplied innationalcontextsandwhat role ofinternationalstandardsandwhydoILO member Statesadoptthem?How reader mayhaveabouttheILOandinternationalstandardsetting.Whatis Chapter 4:TheILOandInternationalLabourStandardsaddressesquestionsthe return andrepatriation. from pre-departureandduringthejourney,onarrival,employment,to laid downininternationallabourinstrumentsatallstagesofthemigrationprocess, and rightsatworkwhichapplytoallworkersspecifiesmigrantworkers’as Chapter 3:TheRightsofMigrantWorkersdescribesthefundamentalprinciples that areespeciallyrelevanttotheprotectionofmigrantworkers’rights. discrimination fieldandgivesanoverviewoftheinternationallabourstandards for MigrantWorkersexplainsbasictermsandconceptsinthemigration The Guidehasfivechapters,includingthisIntroduction.Chapter2:AFairDeal world. Asia-Pacific regionanditishopedmayserveasinspirationinotherpartsofthe elsewhere. Therefore,thescopeofGuidemayhaverelevancebeyond challenges andmaybenefitfromexperiences,lessonsgoodpracticeslearned Countries andtheircitizenseverywhereneedtocomegripswithsimilar migration realitiesinthisregion.However,isaworldwidephenomenon. migration inAsiaandthePacific.Forthisreasonfactsexamplesfocuson The Guidehasbeenpreparedforpolicymakersandpractitionersdealingwith societies mayalsofindthisGuideuseful. strong, sustainableandharmoniouslabourrelationsamongdiverseworkforcesin as wellcivilsocietygroupsinterestedinadvocatingworkers’rightsandbuilding to protectnationalandforeignworkers.Migrantworkerstheirorganizations organizations whoaresometimescaughtbetweenseeminglyconflictinginterests demand forlabourthatnationalsupplyisnotabletosatisfy,andworkerstheir also hopestoinformemployersandtheirorganizationswhicharefacedwitha with migrationthespecificemploymentandlabouraspectsofmigration.It

5 INTRODUCTION 6 INTRODUCTION Guide. Annex 6containsaglossaryoftermsanddefinitionsusedinthe governments. Annex 5givesexamplesofCEACRobservationsanddirectrequeststo Convention, 1930(No.29). Annex 4containsILOguidanceontheapplicationofForcedLabour workers conventions. Annex 3givesanoverviewoftheratificationstatuskeymigrant and advocacymaterialsweblinksoninternationalmigration. Annex 2containsthebibliography,otherrelevantpublications,training and weblinks,aswellUnitedNationsregionalinstruments. migrant workers,includingILOConventionsandRecommendations Annex 1providesalistofinternationallabourstandardsrelevantto 1 Whoare ‘migrant workers’? 1. seasonal workaswellforpermanentsettlement. Theseworkersmaymigrate: International migrantworkers work. because theyhavebeenworking,arestill entitledtotheirhumanrightsat Although irregularmigrantworkersmaynot necessarily be‘regularized’only admission, theyareconsidered‘irregular’or‘undocumented’ migrantworkers. regularly admitted—orwithoutbeingabletoproduce evidenceoftheirregular country inwhichtheywork.Whenmigrantworkersareemployedwithoutbeing when theirentryandworkactivitycomplywiththeimmigrationlawsof Migrant workersareconsidered‘regularlyadmitted’or‘regularmigrantworkers’ country arecommonlycalled‘foreign’or ‘domestic’ or‘internal’migrantworkers.Personswhomoveforworktoanother hometown orhomecountry.Personswhomoveforworkintheirowncountryare Migrant workers that theyshouldbeentitledto: equity, security,andhumandignity.Decentworkformigrantworkersmeans migrant workers,toobtaindecentandproductiveworkinconditionsoffreedom, The ILOpromotesopportunitiesforallmenandwomenofworkingage,including MIGRANT WORKERS on theirownaccountin searchforemployment. agencies) under privaterecruitment schemes(e.g.,involvingprivaterecruitment under government-sponsoredprogrammes social inclusionandparticipationindialogue. security protection againstaccidents,injuriesanddiseasesatwork,social productive workasthebasisofalivelihood religion andpoliticalopinion against discriminationonthebasisofsex,racial,ethnicandsocialorigin, fundamental humanrightsatwork,includingtherighttobeprotected A FAIRDEALFOR arepeoplewholeavehometofindworkoutsideoftheir includeworkersmigratingforshort-term or ‘international’ migrantworkers. 2

7 A FAIR DEAL FOR MIGRANT WORKERS 8 A FAIR DEAL FOR MIGRANT WORKERS 2. Migrant workers andinternational labourstandards universally agreed uponattheinternational level. to migrantworkersasthey setouttheminimumlabourstandardsthat have been This meansthat,inprinciple alltheinternationallabourinstrumentsare relevant to migrantworkersinthe samewayastheyapplytoworkerswhoare citizens. irrespective oftheirnationality ILO ConventionsandRecommendationsare meanttoapply worker hasbeen‘smuggled’. person whoderivesabenefitfromthisviolationofimmigrationlaws,themigrant If theirregularentryintoforeigncountryisdeliberateandassistedbya become victimsoftrafficking. person hasbeen‘trafficked’.However,regularmigrantworkerscanalsobeor consensual transaction,butfromfraudwiththeintentiontoexploitaperson, United NationsConventionAgainstTransnationalOrganizedCrime,2000: 3UHYHQW6XSSUHVVDQG3XQLVK7UDI¿FNLQJLQ3HUVRQV(VSHFLDOO\ 7KHPRVWUHFHQWDQGPRVWZLGHO\DFFHSWHGGH¿QLWLRQRIWUDI¿F $UWLFOH$RIWKH8QLWHG1DWLRQV&RQYHQWLRQ5HODWLQJWR FRHUFLRQ  LQDQH[SORLWDWLYHVLWXDWLRQLVQRWEDVHGRQIXOO\LQIRUPHGFRQ LVRIWHQDOVRDPLJUDQWZRUNHUEXWWKHGH¿QLQJGLIIHUHQFHLVW QRWWKHSHUSHWUDWRURIDFULPLQDORIIHQFH HJYLRODWLRQRILP ERXQGDULHV$SHUVRQZKRKDVEHHQWUDI¿FNHGDFURVVQDWLRQDOIUR ODERXUH[SORLWDWLRQ7UDI¿FNLQJLQSHUVRQVPD\WDNHSODFHZLWKL $µYLFWLPRIWUDI¿FNLQJ¶LVDSHUVRQZKRKDVEHHQGHFHLYHGRUI 9LFWLPRIWUDI¿FNLQJLQSHUVRQV IURPKLVRUKHUKRPHFRXQWU\RUFDQQRWVDIHO\UHWXUQWRLW worker choosestoemigrateanothercountry,whilearefugee(ordisplacedperson)isdriven KHUVHOIRIWKHSURWHFWLRQRIWKDWFRXQWU\´ 7KHGLIIHUHQFHZLW the countryofhis/hernationality,andisunabletoor,owingsuchfear,unwillingavailhim/ race, religion,nationality,membershipofaparticularsocialgroup,orpoliticalopinion,isoutside A ‘refugee’isapersonwho“owingtowell-foundedfearofbeingpersecutedforreasons Refugee FRXQWU\ L UHIXJHHVDQGGLVSODFHGSHUVRQVDQG LL YLFWLPVR governing migrationforemploymentwhentheyareworkersemployedoutsideoftheirhome Two othercategoriesofinternationalmigrantsarecoveredbylabourstandards %R[5HIXJHHDQGYLFWLPRIWUDI¿FNLQJLQSHUVRQV by meansofa ³7UDI¿FNLQJLQSHUVRQV´PHDQVWKHUHFUXLWPHQWWUDQVSRUWDWLRQ “ DERYH VKDOOEHFRQVLGHUHGµWUDI¿FNLQJLQSHUVRQV¶HYHQLIWKLVGRHV The recruitment,transportation,transfer,harbouringorreceiptofa mentioned above,suchastheabuseofpower,havebeen the The VODYHU\RUSUDFWLFHVVLPLODUWRVODYHU\VHUYLWXGHRUWKHUHPRY ³WKHH[SORLWDWLRQRIWKHSURVWLWXWLRQRIRWKHUVRURWKHUIRUPV DFKLHYHWKHFRQVHQWRIDSHUVRQIRUWKHSXUSRVHRIH[SORLWDWLR Child DEXVHRISRZHU consent ´VKDOOPHDQDQ\SHUVRQ I WUDI¿FNLQJ D RI  threat RURIDSRVLWLRQRIYXOQHUDELOLW\ or use offorce LWP R KH[SORLWDWLRQ WKH WR YLFWLP less thaneighteen . Inotherwords,international labourstandardsapply 7 8 Iftheirregularentrydoesnotresultfromsuch (SeeBox1.) orotherformsofcoercion,abduction,fraud, \HDUVRIDJH RURIWKHJLYLQJRUUHFHLYLQ RIVH[XDOH[SORLWDWLRQIRUFHGODERXURUVHUYLFHV shallbe used WKH6WDWXVRI5HIXJHHV DORIRUJDQV´ not involveanyofthemeans Q([SORLWDWLRQVKDOOLQFOXGHDWDPLQLPXP NLQJLVJLYHQLQWKH 3DOHUPR 3URWRFROWR :RPHQDQG&KLOGUHQ6XSSOHPHQWLQJWKH PLJUDWLRQODZV $YLFWLPRIWUDI¿FNLQJ WUDQVIHUKDUERXULQJRUUHFHLSWRISHUVRQV  KDWDWUDI¿FNLQJYLFWLP¶VLQYROYHPHQW KDPLJUDQWZRUNHULVWKDWDPLJUDQW IWUDI¿FNLQJLQSHUVRQV RUFHGLQWRDVLWXDWLRQRIVH[XDORU QDVZHOODVDFURVVLQWHUQDWLRQDO VHQWEXWRQHLWKHUGHFHSWLRQRU irrelevant child QWLHUVLVWKHYLFWLPRIDFULPH IRUWKHSXUSRVHRIH[SORLWDWLRQ JRISD\PHQWVRUEHQH¿WVWR whereanyofthe GHFHSWLRQ all workers mentioned means , of three categories: opportunities. Theseinternationallabourstandardscanberoughlydividedinto substantive areasinwhichallmigrantworkersshouldenjoyequaltreatmentand specific relevancefortheprotectionofmigrantworkers’rightsandexplains This Guiderefersprimarilytotheinternationallabourstandardsthatareof to resolvetheirproblems. special needs,particularlythe unemployedandmigrantworkers The Declaration’sPreamble specificallycallsforspecialattentionto“ Principles andRightsat WorkanditsFollow-upin1998. employers’ andworkers’organizationsadopted aDeclarationonFundamental Constitution arerecognized,respectedandrealized everywhere,governments, ensure thattheprinciplesunderlyingthesestandards aslaiddownintheILO States tocopewiththecompetitivepressuresof globaleconomicintegrationand of equitablesocialandeconomicdevelopment. InordertoenableILOmember In recentyears,aconsensushasemergedthatcertain standardsformthefoundation 2.2 FundamentalPrinciplesandRightsatWork of foreigncitizenswhoareself-employedworkers. 97 and143)refertotherightsofmigrantemployees,donotcover or ‘internal’migrantworkers.Inaddition,thetwomigrationConventions(Nos. only It istobenotedthatthe‘migrantworkers’referredinthesestandardsinclude specifically forinternationalmigrantworkers: five up-to-dateinstruments(twoConventionsandthreeRecommendations) for protectionduringthemigrationprocess—theILO’smemberStatesadopted treatment principleprovidedininternationallabourstandards—andtoprovide labour market.Toensurethatsovereigntydoesnotruncountertotheequal States havethesovereignrighttodeterminewhoenterstheirterritoryand 2.1 Internationallabourstandardsonmigration ‘foreign’or‘international’‘external’migrantworkers,and those coveringsectorswithlargenumbersofmigrantworkers. employment agencies,andworkingconditions,aswell concerning socialsecurity,employmentpolicy,privateandpublic other standardsthatarerelevanttomigrantworkersincludingthose work standards articulatingfundamentalprinciplesandrightsat standards onmigrationasanelementofemploymentpolicy 143) andtheMigrantWorkersRecommendation,1975(No.151). Migrant Workers(SupplementaryProvisions)Convention,1975(No. Recommendation, 1955(No.100) Protection ofMigrantWorkers(UnderdevelopedCountries) Recommendation (Revised)1949,(No.86) Migration forEmploymentConvention(Revised),1949(No.97)and 9 ,” andeffortsatalllevels not persons with ‘domestic’

9 A FAIR DEAL FOR MIGRANT WORKERS 10 A FAIR DEAL FOR MIGRANT WORKERS 3. Equality atworkanddiscrimination The FundamentalPrinciplesandRightsatWorkcoverfourareas: 1.2 ofChapter5). application ofthesestandardstoirregularmigrantworkers(seeBox24,inSection Committee onFreedomofAssociation(CFA)havemadecommentsthe on theApplicationofConventionsandRecommendations(CEACR) Conventions concerned.OnseveraloccasionstheILOCommitteeofExperts must berespectedevenincountrieswhosegovernmentshavenotratifiedthe of countries’leveleconomicdevelopment.Thesebasicprinciplesandrights all countries clear thattheseprinciplesandrightsareuniversal The ILODeclarationonFundamentalPrinciplesandRightsatWorkmakesit a fairshareofthewealth whichtheyhelpgenerate. Equality atwork 3.1 Whatisequalityatwork? employment andoccupation Elimination ofdiscriminationin Effective abolitionofchildlabour compulsory labour Elimination ofallformsforcedor right tobargaincollectively Freedom ofassociationandthe VHHDOVR$QQH[ %R[)XQGDPHQWDO3ULQFLSOHVDQG5LJKWVDW:RUNDQGFRQFHUQHG Elimination ofdiscriminationinemploymentandoccupation. Effective abolitionofchildlabour Elimination ofallformsforcedorcompulsorylabour Freedom ofassociationandtherighttobargaincollectively time andenergywhere productive useandrewardarethehighest. can developtheireconomic potentialtothefullest,andcanallocatetheir The principleof —regardless ofnationalityorresidencemigrantstatus,andregardless isafundamentalvalueandprinciple,enabling workers toclaim equal opportunity x x x x x x x x &RQYHQWLRQ 1R  Discrimination (EmploymentandOccupation) (TXDO5HPXQHUDWLRQ&RQYHQWLRQ 1R    :RUVW)RUPVRI&KLOG/DERXU&RQYHQWLRQ 1R 0LQLPXP$JH&RQYHQWLRQ 1R    $EROLWLRQRI)RUFHG/DERXU&RQYHQWLRQ 1R )RUFHG/DERXU&RQYHQWLRQ 1R  &RQYHQWLRQ 1R  Right toOrganizeandCollectiveBargaining WR2UJDQL]H&RQYHQWLRQ 1R  Freedom of Association andProtectionoftheRight at workaimstoensure that people pl oallhumanbeingsin apply to &RQYHQWLRQV at work. help create.Discriminatorypracticeserodeequalityofopportunityandtreatment if theworkersarepaidandtreatedsameforamountofwealththey workers theyattract.Migrantworkers,hostandhomeeconomiesbenefitalike Host economiesbenefitiftheymakefulluseofthepotentialmigrant Convention No.111specificallyprohibitsanyformof colour, sex,religion,politicalopinion,nationalextractionorsocialorigin Convention, 1958(No.111),as Discrimination different salariesforthesamejoboraofequalvalue. persons ofthesamemeritbutadifferentrace,colour,sexordescentarepaid another oneforajobofequalvalue.However,discriminationoccurswhentwo or priorqualificationsmaybealegitimatereasontopayonepersonmorethan which thereisnoobjectiveorlegitimatejustification.Forexample,productivity Discrimination atwork 3.2 Whatisdiscrimination? well-being orbeingHIV-positive. or mentaldisability,age,maritalstatus,maternity,sexualorientation,material countries, discriminationinemploymentisalsoprohibitedonthebasisofphysical or impairsequalityofopportunitytreatmentinemploymentoccupation discrimination: considerations unrelatedtomerit(e.g.,sex,raceorreligion). responsibilities, workingconditions),andwithoutinterferenceof account theobjectivecharacteristicsofjob(e.g.,skills,knowledge, performance isrewardedaccordingtoproductivityandmerit,takinginto The principleof colour canmeet. as heightorweightlevels thattypicallyonlypeopleofonesex,raceor for managerialorsecretarial jobswhichareirrelevanttothejobsuch race, colourorothercharacteristics. Forexample,settingrequirements in practiceleadtodisadvantagesprimarilysuffered bypersonsofonesex, Indirect discrimination migrant workersfromtherighttomaternityprotection. appearance andsexofthecandidates.Orlegislation excludingwomen the residentsofthesecities.Orjobadvertisements whichspecifythe stipulating thatinternalruralmigrantsshallreceive lesspayincitiesthan laws whichdonotallowwomentosigncontracts. Alabourlaw explicit differencebetweenworkersonthese grounds.Forexample, Convention stemsdirectlyfromlaws,rulesorpracticesmakingan of differentrace,colour,sexoranyothergroundcoveredbythe Direct discrimination isdefinedintheDiscrimination(EmploymentandOccupation) isadifferenceinwork-relatedtreatmentoropportunityfor 12 equal treatment Generalrulesorlegislation restrictingtherightsof existswhenunequaltreatmentbetweenworkers meansrulesandpracticeswhichappearneutralbut any distinction,exclusionorpreferencebasedonrace, 11 intendstoensurethatpeople’swork direct 10 and which nullifies . Inmany indirect 11 A FAIR DEAL FOR MIGRANT WORKERS 12 A FAIR DEAL FOR MIGRANT WORKERS 3.3 Whatisnotdiscrimination? and oftencalledfor—iftheirobjectiveisto: Different treatmentoropportunitiesforspecific groupsofpeopleisalsoallowed— 3.4 Whatispositive action? or religion,forinstance,canbealegitimate,inherentrequirementofthejob. female attendantsinbathroomsfortherespectivesexes.Exceptionally,sex,race based ontheactualandrealneedsofajob,forexample,employingmale employment practicesarenotconsideredtobediscriminatorywhenthey ethnic orsocialorigin,religionpoliticalopinionisdiscriminatory.However, Recruiting exclusivelyfromamonggroupsrepresentingacertainrace,colour,sex, DQG6HOHFWLRQ&DVH6WXG\6HULHV$SSHQGL[$ 6RXUFH0LQLVWU\RI0DQSRZHU6LQJDSRUH ([DPSOHVRIVSHFL¿FUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUEXVLQHVVQHFHVVLWLHV VHOHFWLRQLVEDVHGHQWLUHO\RQMREUHTXLUHPHQWV ,QVXFKVLWXDWLRQVRIEXVLQHVVQHFHVVLW\WKHHPSOR\HUKDVWRH[ EHDUHTXLUHPHQWIRUWKHMRE6XFKVLWXDWLRQVRIEXVLQHVVQHFHV WKHUHDUHVLWXDWLRQVRIEXVLQHVVQHFHVVLW\ZKHUHDSHUVRQ¶VVH[ :KLOHGLVFULPLQDWLRQLVQRWFRQGRQHGDQGVHOHFWLRQVKRXOGEHED 3:Sex,race,religionandinherentrequirementsofthejob Box WKHFHUWL¿HGUHTXLUHPHQWVRI08,6>WKH 5HOLJLRXVVHQVLWLYLWLHVHJHPSOR\HHVZRUNLQJLQD+DODONLWF ³&RQYHUVDQW ³&KLQHVHRQO\´ FOHDUO\ VWDWHG EH VKRXOG UHTXLUHPHQW ODQJXDJH 7KH RI¿FHUVWRKDQGOHPDMRU&KLQHVHFOLHQWVPD\UHTXLUHWKHRI¿FHUV /DQJXDJHUHTXLUHPHQWVHJFRPSDQLHVZLWKEXVLQHVVLQWHUHVWVL RURWKHUVH[RUUDFH services tootherindividualsthatcanmosteffectivelybeperformedbypersonsofthesame 3HUVRQDOVHUYLFHVVXFKDVKHDOWKZHOIDUHHGXFDWLRQZKHUHWKH IRUWKHMRE )RRG EHYHUDJHVHUYLFHVZKHUHUDFHODQJXDJHRUUHOLJLRQLVD RXWV &RXQFLORI6LQJDSRUH@FDVKLHUVLQDVXSHUPDUNHWPD\EHUHTXLUH measures. promote equalitybypositive oraffirmativeactionspecialtemporary age protection ofthereproductive functionofallworkerschildbearing protect acertaingroupofworkersonspecialgrounds, forexample,the basis ofsex(andrace/ethnicorigin)migrantworkers. ethnic origin)couldbeconsideredtoindirectdiscriminationonthe the countryarepredominantlywomenmigrantworkers(fromacertain workers indomesticservice,whenitsisknowthat (Tripartite) CodeofResponsibleEmploymentPractices Majlis UgamaIslamSingapura VLW\PLJKWLQFOXGH UDFHQDWLRQDOLW\RURULJLQFRXOG SODLQWKLVDQGPDNHLWFOHDUWKDW KHQPXVWEHLQFRPSOLDQFHZLWK VHGRQUHTXLUHPHQWVRIWKHMRE WREHFRQYHUVDQWLQ0DQGDULQ Q&KLQDZKLFKDUHUHFUXLWLQJ UHTXLUHPHQWRUTXDOL¿FDWLRQ GWRKDQGOHSRUNDWFKHFN KROGHURIWKHMRESURYLGHV Q DGUQLVHG RI LQVWHDG 0DQGDULQ´ LQ orIslamicReligious , Recruitment 4. Racial andethnicdiscrimination againstmigrant workers include: Commonly recognizedformsofracialdiscriminationagainstmigrantworkers ZRUNSODFHEHFDXVHLWPD\RWKHUZLVHEHYLHZHGDVGLVFULPLQDWRU\ Employers muststatethereasonsforpositiveactioninanyadvertisementsand HIIHFWVRISUHYLRXVLQHTXDOLW\RIRSSRUWXQLW\)RUH[DPSOHHPS WRDSSO\IRUFHUWDLQMREVRUWDNHXSRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUWUDLQLQ The Regulationsallowemployerstoproactivelyencouragepeopleofparticularreligionsorbeliefs ([DPSOHVRISRVLWLYHDFWLRQ UHFWL¿HGWKHPHDVXUHVVKRXOGEHUHPRYHG GLVFULPLQDWRU\DJDLQVWRWKHUJURXSV2QFHWKHFRQVHTXHQFHVRIS or ethnicminorities,toredresstheeffectsofpastdiscriminationshouldnotbeconsidered $I¿UPDWLYHDFWLRQLQIDYRURIDSDUWLFXODUSRSXODWLRQJURXSVX QRWSURYHGVXI¿FLHQWWRFUHDWHHTXDORXWFRPHVDQGUHDOHTXDOLW\ adoption ofsuchpoliciesstemsfromtheobservationthatlegalbanningdiscriminationhas H[LVWLQJDWWLWXGHVEHKDYLRUDQGVWUXFWXUHVEDVHGRQVRFLDOUD S D DW WDUJHWHG DUH intended toeliminateandpreventdiscrimination,offsetthedisadvantagesarisingfrom PHDVXUHV 6XFK VRFLHW\ LQ JURXSV SRSXODWLRQ discrimination inordertoestablish‘defacto’equalityofopportunityandtreatmentbetween 3RVLWLYHRUDI¿UPDWLYHDFWLRQ %R[:KDWLVSRVLWLYHDFWLRQDQGZK\LVLWQHHGHG" /RQGRQ Adapted from:ILO, Muslim CouncilofBritain, DSDUWLFXODUUHOLJLRXVEDFNJURXQG WUDLQH[LVWLQJHPSOR\HHVIRUZRUN WRFRPSHWHIURPDPRUHOHYHOSOD\LQJ¿HOG provide bridgingcoursestoenablepotentialapplicantsfromdisadvantagedreligiousgroups religion place advertisementsintheethnicpresstoencourageapplicationsfromaparticularminority victimization associated withit,toprocess informationaboutindividualpersons racial stereotyping epithets, slursorjokes reasonably beknowntounwelcome,for example,usingracial racial harassment members ofoneracialgroup for commonincidents)hasadisproportionately negativeimpacton conditions (e.g.performancemonitoring)or practices (e.g.blaming indirect discrimination be treatedinthesameorsimilarcircumstances of raceorcolour,thanapersondifferentracialgroupiswould direct discrimination origin, forusingcomplaint proceduresorexercisinglegalrights. ABC ofWomenWorkers’RightsandGenderEquality Muslims intheWorkplace:Agoodpracticeguideforemployersandemployees : being singledout,ongrounds ofrace,colourorethnic consistsoftemporarymeasurestoredresstheeffectspast : usingrace,andparticularly anynegativecharacteristics : engaginginconductorcommentsthatshould lessfavourableworkplacetreatment,ongrounds : ZKLFKKDVKLVWRULFDOO\EHHQW : theeffectofcertainrequirements(e.g.hairdress), JDVSDUWRIDQ\LQLWLDWLYHWRUHGUHVVWKH FLDODQGRUJHQGHUVWHUHRW\SHV7KH FKDVZRPHQLQGLJHQRXVSHRSOHV OR\HUVPD\ LQSUDFWLFH ,/2*HQHYDSDQG7KH KHSUHVHUYHRILQGLYLGXDOVIURP DVWGLVFULPLQDWLRQKDYHEHHQ ULXDJRS7HDUH 7KH\ JURXS DUWLFXODU , 13 A FAIR DEAL FOR MIGRANT WORKERS 14 A FAIR DEAL FOR MIGRANT WORKERS 5. Genderdimensionofmigration 5.1 Feminization ofmigration 75 percentofsome1.2 millionSriLankanmigrantworkersabroad,and 46per represented 68percent ofthe2.5millionIndonesianmigrantworkers abroad, in Asia.Forexample, national levelestimatesindicatethatin2000, women There isahighconcentration offemalemigrantsfromsomesending countries (5 millionversus4.9million). was estimatedtohavesurpassedthatofmalemigrants inEastandSoutheastAsia the PacificRim,EastandSoutheastAsia.By2000, thenumberoffemalemigrants the late1970s.Themaindestinationsoffemalemigrant workersareWesternAsia, purposes, theshareofwomeninlabourmigration flowshasbeenincreasingsince In developingcountriesthatadmitmigrants exclusively fortemporarylabour migrants hasbeenrisingsteadily. lived andworkedoutsidetheircountriesofbirth.Sincethen,thesharefemale In 1960,femalemigrantsaccountedfornearly47outofevery100peoplewho migrants accountedforalmosthalfoftheworld’sinternational even permanently. life cycle,takingupaseriesofworkovernumberyearsandinsomecases breadwinners ofthefamilies,manyendupgoingabroadseveraltimesovertheir More andmorewomenaremigratingalonetoworkabroad.Oftentheprimary form asubstantialpartofinternalmigrationflows. RO&QHHFDDQW DLP5FD'VUPQWR ;HQRSKR 'LVFULPLQDWLRQ 5DFLDO Related Intolerance 5DFLVP DJDLQVW &RQIHUHQFH :RUOG %R[([FHUSWVIURPWKH'XUEDQ'HFODUDWLRQDQG3URJUDPPHRI$F should beincludedinreportstotreatybodies. WKH\PDNHWRWKHHFRQRPLHVRIWKHLUFRXQWULHVRIRULJLQDQGWKH of humanrightsviolationsperpetratedagainstwomenmigrants,butalsoonthecontribution faced bymigrantwomenintersect;detailedresearchshouldbeundertakennotonlyinrespect focus ongenderissues,includingdiscrimination,particularlywhenthemultiplebarriers 31. UrgesStates,inthelightofincreasedproportionwomenmigrants,toplacespecial ... working insafeandhealthyconditions. dealing withgrievances;seekingemploymentindifferentpartsoftheircountryresidence;and employment, contractsandtradeunionactivity;accessingjudicialadministrativetribunals eliminate barriers,whereappropriate,to:participatinginvocationaltraining,collectivebargaining, ensure thefullequalityofallbeforelaw,includinglabourandfurtherurgesStatesto xenophobia andrelatedintoleranceintheworkplaceagainstallworkers,includingmigrants, 29. UrgesStatestotakeconcretemeasuresthatwouldeliminateracism,racialdiscrimination, The ProgrammeofAction: 16 Thistrendwillcontinue. 18 14 By2000,anestimateof95millionfemale 13 17 LUKRVWFRXQWULHVDQGWKH¿QGLQJV WLRQRIWKH 15 LDQG ELD andthey market policiesoftendo nottakethisintoaccount.Therearerelatively more Migration experiences differ formenandwomen,butmigration and labour 5.3 Vulnerabilities ofwomen migrant workers retailing andlabour-intensivemanufacturinginsmallfactoriessweatshops. and personalcareservices,cleaning,entertainmentthesextrade,aswell sectors associatedwithtraditionalfemalerolessuchasdomesticwork,nursing up inlow-skilledjobs. Many othersfromlow-incomebackgroundsandnotsowelleducatedoftenend Some arewell-educatedandabletofindjobsconsistentwiththeirqualifications. Migration involveswomenofallagegroupsandeducationalsocialbackgrounds. migrant workersabroad. cent ofthenearly3milliondocumentedand1.8undocumentedFilipino employment: This situationismirroredandcompoundedinthesphereofmigrationfor compared tomaleworkers. have lessbargainingpowerandpossibilitytoimprovetheireconomicsituation, and clerical.Thesejobsaremostlyinsmall,non-unionizedfirms,wherewomen concentrated in‘thefiveCs’occupations:caring,cashiering,catering,cleaning forms duringtheirworkinglives.Intheworldofwork,womenaretypically practice, however,womencontinuetoencounterdiscriminationinoneormore In mostcountries,directdiscriminationbasedonsexisprohibitedbylaw. 5.2 Genderdiscriminationinthelabourmarket the Philippines. export alargenumberofwomenmigrantworkerslikeIndonesiaand women (15–24yearsold)aremorepronouncedincountriesthat migration. Forexample,higherunemploymentratesamongyoung engage ineconomicactivityareamongthefactorspushingwomeninto limited accesstoproductiveresources,andshrinkingopportunities In thecountriesoforigin they areover-qualified. results inmanywomenmigrantworkersworking injobsforwhich recognized inthehostcountries.Scarcityofhigh-skilled jobsforwomen university degreesorothereducationalqualifications arenotnecessarily educational levelsthantheirmalecounterparts.However, In thehostcountries add totheirvulnerabilitytrafficking. education andviolenceoftenpushwomenintoirregularmigration ‘deskill’ womenmigrantworkers. and sexualspheresinthecareeconomy—occupations thattendto traditional femaleroles,sexandgenderstereotypes inthedomestic there isagreatdemandforwomenmigrantworkers commonlyreflect 20 Thedemandforwomenmigrantworkersisgreatestin 19 23 Restrictionsonwomen’slegalmigration,lackof 22 , womenmigrantworkersoftenhavehigher 24 Forthemostpart,typesofjobsforwhich , poverty,labourmarketdiscrimination, 25 21 15 A FAIR DEAL FOR MIGRANT WORKERS 16 A FAIR DEAL FOR MIGRANT WORKERS migrant workersfacemultipleformsofdiscrimination: against womenusuallyintersectswithotherformsofdiscrimination.Women such asraceorethnicity,class,andreligioncanalsocomeintoplay.Discrimination jobs thattheyperformaddstotheirvulnerability.Theirothersocialcharacteristics The lowregardforwomenandthetypesofmostlylow-skilledsemi-skilled rape, andbeingdismissedfromworkduetopregnancy. forced labour.Womenalsohaveadditionalconcernsofsexualharassmentand severe exploitationandenslavementinprostitutiondomesticwork, multiple discrimination,andvariousformsofexploitationabuse,including process. Afterarrivalatthedestinationcountry,theyaremorelikelytoface a greaterriskthanmentotraffickingandotherdangersduringthemigration to migratelegally,womenfindthemselvesindangeroussituations.Theyareat women migrantworkersvulnerabletosubstantialabuses.Lackingthechannels The lackoflegalprotectionworkersinthesesectorsusuallyleavesmillions recruit throughlegalchannels. for womenmigrantworkerstendtobeinunregulatedsectorsthatdonotalways such asworkinconstructionandagriculture.Incontrast,mostjobopportunities job opportunitiesformenmigrantworkersthatofferlegalchannelsofmigration forms ofexploitationarise asglobalizationenablesincreasingmigration for labour The overallfeminization ofinternationalmigrationislikelytocontinue. New including: IRUFHG WUDI¿FNLQJ WR YLFWLP GRPHVWLFZRUNHUVVXIIHUH[WUHPHO\SRRUZRUNLQJFRQGLWLRQVDQGR IDOOLQJ RI ULVN DW RIWHQ DUH 7KH\ PRVWO\ZRPHQDQGJLUOVDUHSDUWLFXODUO\YXOQHUDEOHWRGLVFULPL Domestic workisnotprotectedbylabourlawsinmanycountries,asaresultdomesticworkers, RIGRPHVWLFZRUNHUVDUHDOVRFRQVLGHUDEOH GRPHVWLFZRUNHUVLQ$VLDDUH+RQJ.RQJ6$50DOD\VLDDQG6LQJD QHLJKERULQJFRXQWULHVZKR¿QGMREVDVGRPHVWLFZRUNHUV2WKHUU WHQ\HDUVPDLQO\WRZRUNDVGRPHVWLFZRUNHUV 7KDLODQGUHFHLYH KDYHEHHQVHQGLQJJUHDWHUQXPEHUVRIIHPDOHPLJUDQWZRUNHUVWR 0DQ\ZRPHQPLJUDQWVDUHHQJDJHGLQGRPHVWLFZRUN,QGRQHVLD6U %R['RPHVWLFZRUNHUV News 6RXUFH,/2³)HPDOH0LJUDQW:RUNHUVLQWKH/DERXU0DUNHW*O KDUDVVPHQWDQGYLROHQFHDWZRUNLQFOXGLQJSK\VLFDOSV\FKRORJLF ZLWKKROGLQJRUGHOD\LQJVDODU\SD\PHQWDQGVHL]XUHRILGHQWL¿F FRQ¿QHPHQWDQGLVRODWLRQ LQVXI¿FLHQWIRRGDQGDFFRPPRGDWLRQ no regularholidaysandfewdaysoff ORQJZRUNLQJKRXUV XSWRKRXUV very lowpay(oftenfarbelowminimumwage) ,QWHUQDWLRQDO:RPHQ¶V'D\0DUFK±6SHFLDO,VVXHRQ:R as irregularvs.regulardocumentedmigrants. as dependentsvs.autonomousmigrants as foreignersvs.nationals as womenvs.men REDOFKDOOHQJHVDQGWUHQGV´ QDWLRQH[SORLWDWLRQDQGDEXVH DRU QGEEQDH0DQ\ ERQGDJH GHEW DQG ODERXU PHQDQG0LJUDWLRQS 26 VPDQ\ZRPHQPLJUDQWVIURP WKHUULJKWVYLRODWLRQVDWZRUN SRUH,QWHUQDOPLJUDWLRQÀRZV HFHLYLQJFRXQWULHVRIIHPDOH DWLRQGRFXPHQWV WKH$UDE6WDWHVLQWKHSDVW L/DQNDDQGWKH3KLOLSSLQHV DODQGVH[XDODEXVH ILOGender rights atwork out alivingintheinformalorillegaleconomyandnotabletoescapepoverty. workers, especiallywomen,whoareoreasilybecomeirregularmigrants,eking irregular migration.Thisinterplaysetsthesceneforexploitationofmigrant economy. Governmentsaretighteningcontrolsoftheirbordersamidstgrowing at thesametimeofdecreasingregulationmarketsandgrowthinformal and respectfortheirfundamentalhumanworkers’rights. against womenmigrantworkers,sothattheycanenjoydecentworkingconditions Labour migrationpoliciesshouldaimtoeradicatediscriminationandinequality women migrantworkers. benefits ofmigrationhavenotbeenmatchedwithprotectiontherights development oftheircommunitiesandcountriesorigin.However,these and crucialeconomicagentswhoplayamajorroleinpovertyalleviation families. Inmanyinstances,ithastransformedwomenintofamilybreadwinners Migration forworkbringsmanybenefitstowomenmigrantworkersandtheir 5.4 Mainstreaming genderintolabourmigration policies for womenmigrantworkers. gender-biased attitudesandperceptionsinparticular,spellsincreasedchallenges This trend,coupledwiththehardenedattitudestowardsmigrantsingeneraland Fourth WorldConference ofWomen,189UNmemberStatesmadea collective mainstream ofallmigration policies,programmesandactivities.In1995, atthe For thisreason,itisimperative thatthegenderperspectivebebrought intothe economies. workers themselves,theirfamiliesandcommunities, andthehomehost Greater protectionfortheserightswillmaximize benefitstoall—thewomen 6RXUFH8QLWHG1DWLRQV(FRQRPLFDQG6RFLDO&RXQFLO (&262& $J %R[:KDWLVJHQGHUPDLQVWUHDPLQJ" HTXDOLW\DQGLQHTXDOLW\LVQRWSHUSHWXDWHG SURJUDPPHVLQDOOSROLWLFDOHFRQRPLFDQGVRFLHWDOVSKHUHV ZRP RI H[SHULHQFHV DQG an integralpartofthedesign,implementation,monitoring andevaluationofpolicies FRQFHUQV WKH PDNLQJ IRU VWUDWHJ\ D LV ,W DQGDWDOOOHYHOV and menofanyplannedaction,includinglegislation,policiesorprogrammes,inarea Mainstreaming agenderperspectiveistheprocessofassessingimplicationsforwomen 7KHXOWLPDWHJRDORIPDLQVWUHDPLQJLVWRDFKLHYHJHQGHUHTXDOLW women workerswithfamilyresponsibilities. better balanceandsharingofpaidunpaidworkbetweenmen maternity protection equal payforworkofvalue employment equality ofopportunityandtreatmentbetweenmenwomenin include: 29 UHHG&RQFOXVLRQV(/S VRWKDWZRPHQDQGPHQEHQH¿W \ 28 Q V HO V I PHQ RI DV ZHOO DV HQ Key genderequality 27 17 A FAIR DEAL FOR MIGRANT WORKERS 18 A FAIR DEAL FOR MIGRANT WORKERS 6. Protection ofindigenousandtribalpeoples women insocieties. programmes topromoteequalityandeliminateinequalitybetweenmen commitment toensuringthatagenderperspectiveisreflectedinallpoliciesand countries orabroad.Sometimes indigenousmenandwomenhaveto selltheir businesses orfarms.Others seekjobsasseasonalorcasualworkersin their own leave themwithlimited jobchoices.Manyserveasacheapworkforce forlarge sometimes theirlackof citizenship,legalstatus,orrecognitionofland title— discrimination againstindigenousandtribal peoples inmanysocieties—and their traditionalcommunitiesinordertosurvive. Widespreadprejudicesand belonging toindigenousandtribalgroupsareoften forcedtoseekworkoutside and mines,commercialexploitationofforests andrapidurbanization,persons result oflarge-scaleexploitationnaturalresources, developmentofindustries drives theirmembersawayfromcommunities andintomigration.Asa The marginalizationofindigenousandtribal peoples inmanysocietiesoften countries means,amongothers: Mainstreaming genderintomigrationpoliciesandprogrammesinhomehost ensuringthereproductiverightsof menandwomenmigrantworkers - eliminatingdiscriminationon the basisofpregnancyandfamilystatus - stereotypes andeliminatediscriminationinmigrationforemployment. workers bydesigningspecialmeasurestocombatharmfulgender promotion ofequalityopportunityandtreatmentforwomenmigrant work including thosedominatedbywomenmigrantworkerssuchasdomestic extension oflabourprotectiontoalleconomicsectorsandoccupations, making mechanisms perspectives aretakenintoaccountinpolicymakinganddecision voice andrepresentationofwomenmigrantssothattheirviews eliminating‘protective’measuresforwomenwhichrestricttheir - example: policies andprogrammesondifferentgroupsofwomenmen,for addressing thedifferentialandoftendiscriminatoryimpactsoflegislation, rights’ violationsandtheireffects of differentcategorieswomenandmeninrelationtovulnerabilities, recognition ofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesinmigrationexperiences data inpoliciesandprogrammes sex-disaggregated datacollectionandanalysis,applicationofsuch workers of childbearingageandmaternityprotectionforwomenmigrant women as itputstheresponsibilityofhumanreproductionexclusivelyon entry intosafeandproductivemigrantwork 30 31 Peoples Convention,1989,(No.169). In 1989,theILOrevisedC.107withadoptionofIndigenousandTribal development. progressive assimilationandabsorptionofindigenouscultureintomainstream Convention onIndigenousandTribalPopulations(No.107),envisagingthe recruitment, workcontractsandforcedlabour.In1957,theILOadopted protect indigenousandtribalworkers.TheseConventionsaddresssuchissuesas tribal peoples.Between1936and1957,itadoptedanumberofConventionsto The ILOhaslongbeenengagedinprotectingtherightsofindigenousand bonded labourandotherformsofdebtservitude,forcedlabour. wages, hazardousworkingconditions,coerciverecruitmentsystems,including many indigenousandtribalpeoplesaresubjecttomultiplediscrimination:lower due totheirlackofknowledgethelawsandunderstandingownrights, tribal peoplesarewellbelownationalandinternationallabourstandards.Often In manysituations,theconditionsofworkandrecruitmentforindigenous agency ofmigrantworkers. land andpropertytobeablepaytheirfareplacementfeearecruitment workers asregards: and tribalworkerstoensurethattheyaretreatedthesamewayasallother national labourstandards.Itaimstopreventanydiscriminationagainstindigenous indigenous andtribalworkerswheretheyarenoteffectivelyprotectedbyexisting Convention emphasizestheneedtoadoptspecialmeasuresforprotectionof the landtheytraditionallyoccupyinparticular.Inregardofemployment, way oflife,theirtraditionsandcustoms,economicrelationshipwith general, andinrespectforindigenoustribalpeoples’cultures,theirdistinct main objective,butwithmoreconcernforculturalandbiologicaldiversityin the ILO’sapproachtoindigenousandtribalpeoples.Protectionremains right toassociation. medical andsocialassistance equal remuneration admission toemployment 32 ThisConventionmarkedachangein 19 A FAIR DEAL FOR MIGRANT WORKERS

1 Fundamentalprinciplesandrightsatallstages ofmigration 1. and managementofmigrationwithinnationalbordersaswell. guidance providedaddressesconcernsofimmediateinteresttointernalmigrants a tradeunion. status regardingboththe membershipinworkers’organizationsandestablishing particular prohibitdiscrimination onthebasisofnationalityorirregularity of Right toOrganizeandCollectiveBargaining Convention,1949(No.98)in of AssociationandRighttoOrganizationConvention, 1948(No.87)andthe organizations thatdefendandfurthertheirprofessional interests.TheFreedom all workers(includingregularandirregularmigrant workers)toestablishorjoin Rights atWorkandseveralinternationallabour Conventionsprotecttherightof The ILOConstitution,theDeclaration on FundamentalPrinciplesand 1.1 Tradeunionright Conventions concerned. must berespectedevenincountrieswhosegovernmentshavenotratifiedthe principles andrightsmustbeobservedatallstagesofthemigrationprocess to allworkers,irrespectiveofnationalityandmigrantstatus.Thefollowingfour and RightsatWorkidentifiesfourmainareasofprinciplesrightsthatapply As mentionedinChapter2,theILODeclarationonFundamentalPrinciples country; andreturnrepatriation. during thejourney;onarrival;employment;socialandcivilrightsinhost Then therightsarediscussedforeachstageofmigration:pre-departureand Fundamental PrinciplesandRightsatWorkwhichapplytoallstagesofmigration. the fourmainprinciplesandrightsasdefinedbyILODeclarationon The rightsaregroupedaccordingtostagesinthemigrationprocess,startingwith migrant workerstoday. are reflectedininternationallabourstandardswhichthemostrelevantto The rightsofmigrantworkerscoveredhereincludetheandfreedomsthat WORKERS’ RIGHTS 35 33 Thefocusisoninternationalmigrantsalthoughthe MIGRANT 34 3 21 MIGRANT WORKERS’ RIGHTS 22 MIGRANT WORKERS’ RIGHTS of tradeunionrights: Migrant workersshouldalsoenjoycivillibertiesessentialforthenormalexercise country, e.g.twoyears. in undertakingsatleastafterareasonableminimumperiodofresidencethe labour-management relationsbodies,includingbodiesrepresentingworkers Migrant workersshouldbeallowedtostandforofficeintradeunionsand The principaltradeunionrightsincludetheto: 1.2 Freedomfromforced labour and retentionofidentity documents. undocumented workers), physicalabuseorpunishment,withholding of wages, used toextractworkor servicesinclude,forexample,deportation(inthe caseof overtime orevenunlawful practices(e.g.intheentertainmentindustries). Threats at exactingaworkorservice,suchasparticularly hazardouswork,excessive of theirstatus.Migrantworkersareparticularly vulnerabletocoercionaimed This principleappliestoallworkers,including migrantworkers,irrespective implies, forexample,that: Work mustbebasedonchoiceandincentive,notcoercionorthreat.This the righttoprotectionofpropertytradeunionorganizations. the righttoafairtrialbyanindependentandimpartialtribunal freedom ofassembly information andideasthroughanymediaregardlessoffrontiers hold opinionswithoutinterferenceandtoseek,receiveimpart freedom ofopinionandexpressioninparticularto arrest anddetention the righttofreedomandsecurityofperson,fromarbitrary strike. disputes use machineryforarbitrationandconciliationthesettlementof elect theirrepresentatives and termsofemployment engage incollectivebargainingonmattersaffectingconditionsofwork form andjoinunionsorassociationsofthemigrantworker’schoice returned towork. migrant workerswhoparticipateinalawfulstrike mustnotbeforcibly performance rules onOSH)mustnottaketheformof acompulsorywork disciplinary actionagainstmigrantworkers(e.g.forviolatingworkplace notice totheemployerasrequiredbynationallaw migrant workersmustbeabletoterminatetheiremployment,serving migrant workersmustnotbephysicallyconfined migrant workersmustnotbeforcedtoworkunderthreatofsanction to reducetheirvulnerabilitytheworstforms ofchildlabour. and boystheircommunitiesareentitledtoeffective andtime-boundmeasures conditions thatputthemathighriskofdanger, violenceandabuse.Thesegirls bondage, sexualexploitation,illicitactivities(e.g. begging),andworkinhazardous often vulnerabletotheworstformsofchildlabour,includingtrafficking,debt Children accompanyingmigrantworkersandevenmoresochildrenare migrant workers. specifically calledforinformationon: punish traffickinginpersonsforthepurposeofexploitation.TheCEACR measures thegovernmentshavetakenorplantotakeprevent,suppressand reports undertheForcedLabourConvention,1930(No.29)informationon made ageneralobservation,requestingallgovernmentstoincludeintheircountry Experts ontheApplicationofConventionsandRecommendations(CEACR) Migrant workersarevulnerabletoforcedlabour.In2001,theCommitteeof outlawed: religion orpoliticalopinion. Forexample,thefollowingpractices should be discrimination onthebasis ofrace,colour,sex,nationalextraction,social origin, which conditionstoadmit migrantworkers,theseconditionsmustnotamount to Although eachcountryretainsitssovereignright todecidewhetherandunder 1.4 Freedomfromdiscrimination system ofbirthregistration.Birthcertificatesshouldbeissued To facilitatetheverificationofages,publicauthoritiesshouldmaintainaneffective than 18years. developed. Forspecifiedtypesofhazardouswork,thatageshouldnotbelower considers thatitseconomicandeducationalinfrastructureisnotsufficiently compulsory schoolingends,andnotlowerthan15years,or14yearsifthecountry work theminimumworkingageshouldnotbelowerthanatwhich specified bynationallawforthetypeofworkconcerned.Forregular,full-time admitted toemploymentorworkbeforetheyhavereachedtheminimumage Children accompanyingmigrantworkersandchildrenshouldnotbe 1.3 Freedomfromchildlabour active investigationoforganizedcrime.(SeedetailsinAnnex4.) efficient witnessprotection);andmeasuresdesignedtostrengthenthe stay inthecountryatleastfordurationofcourtproceedingsand encourage thevictimstoturnauthorities(suchaspermission proceedings tobeinitiatedandcompleted;measuresdesigned practical measuresincludingthoserequiredinpracticeforcourt prostitution, domesticserviceandagriculture. labour ofregularorirregularmigrants,inparticularsweatshops, measures concerninglegalpracticesandenforcementagainstforced 38 36 alsotochildrenof 37 23 MIGRANT WORKERS’ RIGHTS 24 MIGRANT WORKERS’ RIGHTS 2 Pre-departureandduringthejourney 2. 2.1 Information aboutworkingandlivingconditions any otherissuesofpotential interesttothemintheircapacityasmigrants. general workingandliving conditionsinthecountrytheyintendtowork, andon Before goingabroad,migrant workershavetherighttoinformation about the country, migrantworkersareentitledtothefollowing rights: Before departingtheirhomecountriesandwhile travelingtothedestination prevalent, especiallyforyoungwomenandchildren. (SeeBox9.) (e.g. confinementinso-called‘recruitment centers’). Traffickingdangersare crime, orforcedtoundergoaprocessthatisin violationoftheirhumanrights to distinguishgenuinerecruitmentagenciesfrom fraudulentagentsororganized going abroad.Theyarefrequentlyoverchargedforpaperwork,finditdifficult conditions overseasandarenotwellinformedaboutthecomplexprocessof They oftenlackaccurateinformationaboutthejobsandworkingliving Migrant workersareatriskofexploitationbeforetheyleavetheirhomecountry. be identifiedandaddressedatthesametime. concerned. Forthisreason,themultipleformsorlayersofdiscriminationneedto with oneanother,andthisoftenleadstocumulativedisadvantagesforthepersons social origin,andbeawoman.Thesegroundsofdiscriminationusuallyinteract of migration.Forexample,amigrantworkermayhavedifferentcolourand Migrant workersareoftensubjecttovariousformsofdiscriminationateverystage based approachtolabourmigration Source: WHVWRUWRGLVFULPLQDWHDJDLQVWDZRUNHUEHFDXVHVKHLVSUHJQDQ SUHJQDQF\,WLVWKHUHIRUHXQODZIXOIRUDQHPSOR\HUWRUHTXLUH ZRUNHUVIURPDGLIIHUHQWFRXQWU\7KH&LYLO5LJKWV$FWDOVRSUR workers overmigrantandtofavourfromonecountry SURKLELWLRQDJDLQVWGLVFULPLQDWLRQRQWKHEDVLVRIQDWLRQDORUL UHJDUGWRHPSOR\PHQWGLVFULPLQDWLRQWKH&LYLO5LJKWV$FWRI RIODERXUODZV7KH*RYHUQPHQWKDVVXFFHVVIXOO\SURVHFXWHGHPSO UHWDOLD WR HPSOR\HU DQ IRU XQODZIXO reporting themtotheimmigrationauthoritiesbecausetheyhavesoughtremediesforviolations LV LW 6WDWHV 8QLWHG WKH ,Q ZRUNH PLJUDQW SURWHFW VWDQGDUGV ODERXU GLVFULPLQDWLRQ$QH[DPSOHIURPWKH86$ LQWHUQDWLRQDO +RZ  %R[ ILO, access tosafeandproductivemigrantwork. pregnancy, familystatus,and‘protective’measureswhichlimitwomen’s discrimination onthebasisofsexandgenderstereotypes,suchas racial orethnicfeaturessocialorigin between nationalsandmigrantworkers)withdifferentcomplexionor ‘shading’, i.e.differentiatingbetweengroupsofmigrantworkers(or Multilateral FrameworkonLabourMigration:Non-bindingprinciplesandguidelinesforarights- *HQHYD2FWREHU1RYHPEHUS JLQ,WLVXQODZIXOWRIDYRXUQDWLRQDO KLELWVGLVFULPLQDWLRQRQWKHEDVLVRI DQHPSOR\HHWRWDNHDSUHJQDQF\ FRYHUVPLJUDQWZRUNHUVLQLWV W H JLVPJDW RNUE\ ZRUNHUV PLJUDQW DJDLQVW WH R\HUVIRUVXFKUHWDOLDWLRQ:LWK 39 V IURP UV of workersorspecified typesofservices. only charge fees inrelationtorecruitment fromworkersunder strictconditions. The authorizationof possible formsofexploitationsuchas: carried outunderofficialsupervision,soas to protectmigrantsagainstvarious to priorauthorizationbytherelevantgovernmental body,andtheiractivities Recruitment servicesrenderedbya The recruitmentofmigrantworkersshouldbecarriedoutonlyby: 2.2 Recruitment information reachesthem. situations. Specialattentionshouldthereforebegiventomakesurethatreliable of information,lowerratesliteracy,etc.Thiscaneasilyleadtoexploitative about thecosts,risksandbenefitsofmigrationduetolimitedaccesssources Women andyoungpeopleparticularlyfromruralareas,areoftenleastinformed charge. %R[9XOQHUDELOLWLHVDWUHFUXLWPHQWSUHGHSDUWXUHDQGGXULQJ 9LFWLPL]DWLRQLQWUDQVLW +D]DUGRXVMRXUQH\LQFOXGLQJVPXJJOLQJ Lack ofknowledgeabouttransitproceduresandrequirements ([SORLWDWLRQDQGDEXVHZKLOHZDLWLQJIRUWKHMRE HJEHLQJG ,QDSSURSULDWHDQGH[SHQVLYHWUDLQLQJSURJUDPPHV ,QHI¿FLHQF\DQGDEXVHRIDXWKRULWLHV Debt bondage &KHDWLQJDQGH[WRUWLRQE\HPSOR\PHQWDJHQFLHVDQGEURNHUV )DOVL¿FDWLRQRIGRFXPHQWV Deception withregardtothenatureofemployment Overcharging offeesforplacementanddocuments ,OOHJDOUHFUXLWPHQWDQGWUDI¿FNLQJ and legalchannelsofmigration Inadequate accesstoaccurateandreliableinformationaboutthelabourmarketabroad 42 Employersorprivateagenciesinvolvedinrecruitment shouldbesubject attempts toevadeimmigration controls. the useofmisleadingpropaganda fraudulent contracts excessive fees authorized privateagencies. prospective employers public authorities migration andimmigration. Measures mustbetakenagainstmisleadingadvertisementsrelatingto The informationshouldbeprovidedfreeofcharge. least inalanguagetheycanunderstand. The informationprovidedshouldbeintheirlanguageordialect,at 41 private employmentagenciesis limitedtospecifiedcategories public 40 employmentserviceshouldbefreeof 43 Privateemploymentagencies may HWDLQHGLQµFROOHFWLRQFHQWHUV¶ WKHMRXUQH\ 25 MIGRANT WORKERS’ RIGHTS 26 MIGRANT WORKERS’ RIGHTS labour contractor,orarecruiter)isprohibited. purpose ofsecuringemployment(madebyaworker,hisorheremployer, to workers.Anydeductionfromwagesasadirectorindirectpaymentforthe They shouldnotchargedirectlyorindirectly,infullpart,anyfeescosts migrant workers’rights which arerecognizedinlaw.Forexample,the contracts Employment contracts (or workpermits)shouldnotviolatetheestablished contract ordocumentsshould beexplainedtotheworker. that themigrantworker understands.Ifamigrantworkerscannotread, thenthe The contractoranydocumentsrelatedtoemployment shouldbeinalanguage minimum wage. is tobeengagedandtheotherconditionsofwork, inparticulartheguaranteed indicates attheminimumoccupationalcategory inwhichthemigrantworker In thatcase,themigrantworkershouldreceive a documentbeforedeparturethat that acopyofthecontractbegiventoworker onarrivalinthehostcountry. The Governmentsofthemigrantworker’shome andhostcountrycanalsoagree the rateofremunerationandcontractduration. employment, coveringconditionsofworkandtermsparticularly migrant workershavetherighttoreceive,beforedeparture,awrittencontractof Where governmentsmaintainasystemofsupervisingcontractsemployment 2.3 Contracts Source following: It wasrecommendedthatcodesofpracticeforoverseasrecruitmentagenciescoverthe HPSOR\PHQWDEURDG7KH,/2*RYHUQLQJ%RG\ODWHUDGRSWHGWKHVHU to encourageself-regulationofPrivateEmploymentAgenciesengagedinrecruitmentfor ,QDPHHWLQJRILQWHUQDWLRQDOH[SHUWVRUJDQL]HGE\WKH,/ %R[3ULYDWHHPSOR\PHQWDJHQFLHVDQGPLJUDQWZRUNHUV SKWWSZZZLORRUJSXEOLF(QJOLVKHPSOR\PHQWVNLOOVLQGH[ GLUHFWO\UHODWHGWRUHFUXLWPHQWDQGZLWKUHVSHFWIRUWKHSULYDF inspection bythecompetentauthority,providedthatthisinformationislimitedtomatters maintaining aregisterofallmigrantsrecruitedorplacedthroughthem,tobeavailablefor refraining frombiddingdownwagesofmigrantworkers in alanguagewithwhichtheyarefamiliar,ofthetermsandconditionsemployment the principlethatmigrantworkersareinformed,asfarpossible,intheirmothertongueor of anykind UHFUXLW NQRZLQJO\ XQGXHKD]DUGVRUULVNVRUZKHUHWKH\PD\EHVXEMHFWHGWRDEXVH QRW VKRXOG DJHQWV SULYDWH WKDW SULQFLSOH WKH ZRUNL accommodation arrangements EHQH¿WV RWKHU DQG VDODULHV ZDJHV UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV DQG LQDVPXFKGHWDLODVSRVVLEOHDOOLQIRUPDWLRQSHUWDLQLQJWRWK the principlethatprivateagentsmustobtainfromemployerbeforeadvertisingpositions clients provision offullandunambiguousinformationallchargestermsbusinessto VSHFL¿FDWLRQVUHJDUGLQJPLQLPXPTXDOL¿FDWLRQVRIWKHLUSHUVRQQH minimum standardsfortheprofessionalizationofservicesprivateagencies,including : ILO, Guide toPrivateEmploymentAgencies:Regulation,monitoringandenforcement 45 KWP 44 HMRELQFOXGLQJVSHFL¿FIXQFWLRQV 2GHYHORSHGUHFRPPHQGDWLRQV \RIZRUNHUVDQGWKHLUIDPLOLHV HFRPPHQGDWLRQV RNUIU RV LQYROYLQJ MREV IRU ZRUNHUV RUGLVFULPLQDWRU\WUHDWPHQW ODQGPDQDJHUV J RGWRVWDHDQG WUDYHO FRQGLWLRQV QJ , Geneva,2007, families. methods formeetingthe costoftravelforthemigrantsandmembers oftheir not tomarryorbecomepregnantundergoperiodicpregnancytests. should notstipulatecommitmentofmigrantworkerstojoinatradeunion, expenses. abusive recruitmentpractices. Therecruiterortheemployershouldpay traveling pay fortheirowntravel expenses,andthetravelarrangementsoften leadto their families.Inactualpractice,however,almost allmigrantworkershaveto not havetopaythecostoftheirowntravel, nor, inappropriatecases,thatof Migrant workerswhohavebeenrecruitedor engaged byanemployer,should 2.6 FreeTravel on thebasisthattheytestedpositivetothesetests. (SeeBox12.) HIV/AIDS. Migrantworkersmustnotbedisqualified ordismissedfromthejob or non-confidentialmedicalexaminations,suchastestingforpregnancyand journey andonarrival.Migrantworkersmustnotbeforcedtoundergocompulsory have therighttomedicalexaminationandattentionbeforedepartureduring Migrant workersandmembersoftheirfamiliesauthorizedtoaccompanythem 2.5 Medicalcare be providedfreeofcharge. and otherformalitiesrelatingtotheimmigrationprocess.Theseservicesshould should receiveassistancefromthepublicauthoritiestodealwithdocumentation usually needhelptocopewiththepracticalandadministrativestepsinvolved.They When migrantworkersleavetheirowncountry,especiallyforthefirsttime,they 2.4 Facilitated departure %R[(PSOR\PHQWFRQWUDFW An individualcontractofemploymentshouldcontainthefollowinginformation: *URXQGVRQZKLFKWKHFRQWUDFWPD\EHSUHPDWXUHO\WHUPLQDWHG country ortheterritoryofmigration ,QFDVHRIWHPSRUDU\PLJUDWLRQPHWKRGRIPHHWLQJWKHH[SHQVHV her family 0HWKRGRIPHHWLQJWKHH[SHQVHVRIWKHMRXUQH\RIWKHPLJUDQWDQ Conditions underwhichentryandresidenceintheterritoryofimmigrationarepermitted Duration ofcontractandconditionsrenewaldenunciation provided bytheemployer Conditions regardingfoodandaccommodationifaretobe deductions fromremuneration &RQGLWLRQVXQGHUZKLFKDQGH[WHQWWRZKLFKWKHHPSOR\HUPD\EH Bonuses, indemnitiesandallowances,ifany medium forwagepayment Remuneration forordinaryhoursofwork,overtime,nightworkandholidays,the Nature ofwork,typework(occupationalcategory)andplace of recruitment Full nameoftheworker,dateandplacebirth,familystatus,residence, 49 48 Formigrantworkerswho travelwithoutacontractorwhohavenot Bilateral agreementsbetween homeandhostcountryshouldestablish 47 46 GWKHPHPEHUVRIKLVRU RIUHWXUQWRWKHKRPH DXWKRUL]HGWRPDNHDQ\ 27 MIGRANT WORKERS’ RIGHTS 28 MIGRANT WORKERS’ RIGHTS 3 Onarrival 3. orientation aswellotherpracticalassistance. be providedbeforetravel.Onarrival,migrantworkers alsousuallyneedlanguage new country.Orientationservicesandbriefingsareoftennecessaryshould for first-timers.Itisdoublyintimidatingiftheydonotspeakthelanguageof Traveling toaforeigncountrycanbedauntingformigrantworkers,especially expenses arekepttoaminimum. accepted anofferofdefiniteemployment,theauthoritiesmustseetoitthattravel $VVLVWDQFHLQ¿QGLQJVXLWDEOHHPSOR\PHQW authorized toaccompanyorjointhem—aswell asthetoolsoftheirtrades. customs duty,theirpersonaleffects—including thoseofmemberstheirfamilies Migrant workershavetherighttotakeinto theircountryofwork,free 3.1 Customsexemption finding suitableemployment, withoutpaymentoffeesoradministrative costs. Migrant workersareentitled totheservicesofappropriatepublicauthority in o 12:Nomandatorytesting Box RUH DLQO ,6 RL\ I QL KWWSXQSDQXQRUJLQWU ,QGLD RI 3ROLF\ 813$1SGI $,'6 1DWLRQDO 6RXUFH +,9WHVWLQJSROLF\FRPSULVLQJWKHIROORZLQJHOHPHQWV ,QWKHFRQWH[WRILWV1DWLRQDO3ROLF\RQ+,9$,'6WKH*RYHUQPH VWUDWHJ\DQGLVLQOLQHZLWKWKH:+2JXLGHOLQHVRQ+,9WHVWLQJ +, WUHDWHG voluntary basiswithappropriatepre-testandpost-testcounselingisconsideredtobeabetter DQG GHWHFWHG JHWWLQJ IURP FDVHV VXVSHFWHG RI QXPEHU the otherhand,suchanapproachcouldbecounter-productiveasitmayscareawayalarge IHHOVWKDWWKHUHLVQRSXEOLFKHDOWKUDWLRQDOHIRUPDQGDWRU\WH 7KH*RYHUQPHQWRI,QGLDKDVJLYHQFRQVLGHUDEOHWKRXJKWWRWKHL ,QFDVHRIPDUULDJHLIRQHRIWKHSDUWQHUVLQVLVWVRQDWH Y ,QFDVHDSHUVRQOLNHVWRJHWWKH+,9VWDWXVYHUL¿HGWKURX LY LLL$GHTXDWHYROXQWDU\WHVWLQJIDFLOLWLHVZLWKSUHWHVWDQG L1PQDR\ ,WVLJ KXG H PRHDD SUHFRQGLW D DV LPSRVHG EH VKRXOG WHVWLQJ +,9 PDQGDWRU\ 1R LL 1RLQGLYLGXDOVKRXOGEHPDGHWRXQGHUJRDPDQGDWRU\WHVWL L WKHSHUVRQFRQFHUQHG other partner,suchtestsshouldbecarriedoutbythecontractingpartytosatisfactionof DQGHPRWLRQDOVXSSRUWIURPWKHIDPLO\PHPEHUV be encouragedtosharethisinformationwiththefamilyforgettingproperhome-basedcare EHGRQHE\WKHDWWHQGLQJSK\VLFLDQZLWKSURSHUFRXQVHOLQJ+RZH 'LVFORVXUHRIWKH+,9VWDWXVWRWKHVSRXVHRUVH[XDOSDUWQHURI VKRXOGEHJLYHQRXWWRWKHSHUVRQDQGZLWKKLVKHUFRQVHQWWRW VKRXOGEHJLYHQWRWKDWSHUVRQDQGUHVXOWVVKRXOGEHNHSWVWULF WHVWLQJFHQWHULQHDFKGLVWULFWLQWKHFRXQWU\ZLWKSURSHUFRXQ DYDLODEOHWKURXJKRXWWKHFRXQWU\LQDSKDVHGPDQQHU7KHUHVKRX FRXQVHOLQJDQGWKHUHVXOWVPD\EHNHSWFRQ¿GHQWLDO EHIRUHHPSOR\PHQW+,9VFUHHQLQJPD\EHFDUULHGRXWYROXQWDULO\ SURYLGLQJKHDOWKFDUHIDFLOLWLHVGXULQJHPSOR\PHQW+RZHYHULQ 50 SRVWWHVWFRXQVHOLQJVKRXOGEHPDGH DGRFJURXSVSXEOLFGRFXPHQWV$3&,7< VWLQJRIDSHUVRQIRU+,9$,'62Q 51 QWRI,QGLDLVVXHGDFRPSUHKHQVLYH JKWHVWLQJDOOQHFHVVDU\IDFLOLWLHV VWWRFKHFNWKH+,9VWDWXVRIWKH QJIRU+,9 VHOLQJIDFLOLWLHV KHPHPEHUVRIKLVKHUIDPLO\ VVXHRIPDQGDWRU\WHVWLQJ,W WKHSHUVRQVKRXOGLQYDULDEO\ WO\FRQ¿GHQWLDO6XFKUHVXOWV WKHFDVHRI$UPHG)RUFHV WVLJ DUHRW Q D RQ RXW FDUULHG WHVWLQJ 9 RIU PO\HW U IRU RU HPSOR\PHQW IRU LRQ YHUWKHSHUVRQVKRXOGDOVR ZLWKSUHWHVWDQGSRVWWHVW OGEHDWOHDVWRQH+,9 4. Duringemployment taxes andlegalproceedings. unions, accommodation,socialsecurity(withcertainlimitations),employment with regardtoconditionsofwork,includingremuneration,membershiptrade regularly admittedtothecountryareentitledequalityoftreatmentnationals family memberswhoareresidinglawfullywithinitsterritory. opportunity andfairtreatmentinemploymentformigrantworkerstheir Member Statesshouldpursueanationalpolicytopromoteandguaranteeequal Many aresubjecttoseriousrightsviolations. (SeeBox13.) Migrant workersarevulnerableinmanyrespectswhileworkingandlivingabroad. prohibited. concerns suchashousing.Discriminationinaccesstoaccommodationshouldbe and thesupplyofinformationguidanceonimmediatepersonalfamily service includeinterpretation,helpwithdocumentationandotherformalities, any necessaryassistanceinsettlingintotheirnewenvironment.Possibletypesof During aninitialperiodinthecountryofwork,migrantworkersareentitledto 3.3 Settling in responsibilities), andnotonthesex characteristics ofajob (suchaskills,knowledge,workingconditions and A fundamentalprinciple isthatremunerationmustbebasedonthe objective 4.1 Remuneration %R[9XOQHUDELOLWLHVDWGLIIHUHQWVWDJHVRIWKHPLJUDWLRQS /DERXU ,QWHUQDWLRQDO %RRNOHW,QWURGXFWLRQ:K\WKHIRFXVRQZRPHQLQWHUQDWLRQDOPL 3URJUDPPH 3URPRWLRQ Discrimination, ExploitationandAbuseofWomenMigrant Workers:Aninformationguide *HQGHU IURP $GDSWHG Xenophobia anddiscriminationmayleadto: %R[9XOQHUDELOLWLHVZKLOHZRUNLQJDQGOLYLQJDEURDG No embassyorinadequateservicesprovidedby Lack ofinformationandaccesstoservicesredressmechanisms 8QODZIXODUELWUDU\RUXQMXVWWHUPLQDWLRQRIHPSOR\PHQW 'LI¿FXOWLHVLQVHQGLQJUHPLWWDQFHVKRPH Restrictions onfreedomofassociation Restrictions onfreechoiceofemployment Limited freedomofmovement 3K\VLFDOSV\FKRORJLFDODQGVH[XDODEXVH +HDOWKDQGVDIHW\ULVNV Non-payment ordelayedpaymentofwagesandunauthorizeddeductionsfrom Forced labouranddebtbondage Poor workingandlivingconditions &RQ¿VFDWLRQRISDSHUVDQGGRFXPHQWV Violation ofemploymentcontracts Jobs notcoveredbylabourorsocialprotection 52 55 54 56 northenationality ofthemajority workers URFHVVS JUDQWZRUNHUV*HQHYD 53 Migrantswhoare 2I¿FH Preventing , 29 MIGRANT WORKERS’ RIGHTS 30 MIGRANT WORKERS’ RIGHTS remuneration: Several ILOConventionsensuremigrantworkersfurtherrightsasregards characteristics ofthejob. taking intoaccounttheobjective citizens incomparablejobcategories, in thesamejobcategory,aswellby the remunerationreceivedbycitizens remuneration mustbecomparedwith for workofequalvalue, is receivingequalremuneration assess, forexample,ifamigrantworker employed inthatjobcategory.To to specialprotection,including: Special attentionshould begiventowomenandyoungworkerswhoare entitled conditions ofworkcommonlyinclude: as thenationalsofcountryinwhichtheywork.Besidesremuneration, Migrant workersshouldenjoyequaltreatmentwithregardtoworkingconditions 4.2 Working conditions employment tothesameextentthatcitizensshouldbepaidtheirarrears. Migrant workerswhoarenotregularizedshouldberemuneratedforpast their family,asassessedbythecompetentauthority. kind’ mustbefairlyvaluedandadequateforneedsoftheworkers and services,iftheseformpartofremuneration.Such‘paymentsin regular provisionoffood,housing,clothingandotheressentialsupplies freedom todisposeoftheirwageastheywish direct, regularpaymentintheformofcash machinery forfixingwages participation, throughtheirrepresentatives,intheoperationofstatutory nationals ofthehostcountry) award orbythecompetentauthority,undersameconditionsasfor minimum wagerates(fixedeitherbycollectiveagreement,arbitration restrictions toprotectyoung persons(e.g.prohibitionofovertime) minimum ageforemployment welfare facilitiesandotherbenefits. protection againstviolenceandsexualharassment atwork vibration protection againsttoxicsubstancesordangerous machinery,noiseand apprenticeship andtraining holidays withpay overtime arrangements rest periods(includingbreastfeedingbreaks) hours ofwork(withsomerestrictionsforyoungworkers) 60 57 the ZKHQDSSOLFDEOH DQGRWKHUEHQH¿WVVXFKDVIDPLO\DOORZDQFHV includes wagesandearningsincashorkind 5HPXQHUDWLRQ SHUIRUPHG EH WR RU SHUIRUPHG contract ofemploymentforworkorservices person accordingtoawrittenorunwritten payable byanemployertoemployed 5HPXQHUDWLRQ 14:Remuneration Box meanswagesorearnings 58 59 health andsafetyasnationals ofthecountry.Foreignmigrantworkers are Migrant workersareentitled tothesameprotectionwithregardoccupational 4.3 Healthandsafety DJDLQVW6H[XDO+DUDVVPHQWDW:RUNLQ$VLDDQGWKH3DFL¿F RUH ,/2 6RXUFHV threats, bullying,mobbingandverbalabuse: UHVXOWRIKLVRUKHUZRUN,WFDQWDNHWKHIRUPRIPXUGHUVDV WK EHKDYLRU RU FRQGXFWLQZKLFKDSHUVRQLVDVVDXOWHGWKUHDWHQHGKDUPHGLQM LQFLGHQW DFWLRQ DQ\ LQFOXGHV YLROHQFH :RUNSODFH %R[9LROHQFHDJDLQVWPLJUDQWZRUNHUV RUZKHUHWKHUHLVDFOHDUULVNWRWKHKHDOWKRIWKHZRPDQDQGF ([FHSWLRQIRUMREVZKLFKDUHSURKLELWHGWRSUHJQDQWDQGQXUV 0DWHUQLW\3URWHFWLRQ&RQYHQWLRQ 1R &RQYHQWLRQLQ OHJLVODWLRQVSURYLGHIRULW)RUWKLVUHDVRQ,/2PHPEHU6WDWHV The fundamentalrighttomaternityprotectioncontinuedbebreachedevenifalmostallnational W LQ EHQH¿WV FRQWLQXLW\ PDWHUQLW\ DQG GHOLYHU\ DIWHU DQG GXULQJ GLVPLVVDO .H\SURYLVLRQVLQWKH¿UVWDQGODWHUPDWHUQLW\SURWHFWLRQFRQYH SURGXFWLYHUROHVDQGSUHYHQWXQHTXDOWUHDWPHQWLQHPSOR\PHQWGX generation ofsocieties,enablingwomenworkerstosuccessfullycombinetheirreproductiveand SURWHFWLR PDWHUQLW\ RQ LQVWUXPHQW ,QWHUQDWLRQDO/DERXU&RQIHUHQFHLQ$GHTXDWHPDWHUQLW\SUR ODERXU LQWHUQDWLRQDO ¿UVW 7KH WKH\EHFRPHSUHJQDQWGXULQJHPSOR\PHQW often undergoobligatorypregnancytestsbeforetheytraveloraredismissedanddeportedwhen WKH\RIWHQZRUNLQVHFWRUVQRWFRYHUHGE\PDWHUQLW\SURWHFWLRQ :RPHQPLJUDQWZRUNHUVXVXDOO\GRQRWHQMR\WKHULJKWWRPDWHUQL 15: Box SHUVRQDODQGSURIHVVLRQDOSHUIRUPDQFHRIDQLQGLYLGXDORUJURXS %XOO\LQJDQGPREELQJ QRQYHUEDOFRQGXFW VH[DIIHFWLQJWKHGLJQLW\RIZRPHQDQGPHQ7KLVFDQLQFOXGHX 6H[XDOKDUDVVPHQW WHVWVDWUHFUXLWPHQWH[FHSWLQYHU\VSHFL¿FFLUFXPVWDQFHV source ofdiscriminationatworkincludingaccesstoemploymentandprohibitingpregnancy encouraging countriestoadoptmeasuresensurethatmaternitydoesnotconstitutea consequences ornursingwiththeburdenofproofrestingonemployers H[SOLFLWO\SURKLELWLQJGLVPLVVDORIZRPHQRQWKHJURXQGVRISUH dependent work broadening thecoveragetoallemployedwomen,includingthoseinatypicalformsof 0DWHUQLW\SURWHFWLRQ$ULJKWGHQLHGWRPRVWZRPHQPLJUDQWZRUN protection againstdismissal). maternity protection(includingleave,benefitsand prohibition ofexposuretohazardoussubstancesduringpregnancy) restrictions onwomen’sworktoprotecttheirreproductivehealth(e.g. restrictions onnightwork Violence atWork, PHDQVXQZDQWHGFRQGXFWRIDVH[XDOQDWXUHRURWKHUFRQGXFWED 61 consistofrepeated,regularandpersistentnegativeattacks onthe KUHLLQ*QY S LDG ,/2 DQG  YL SS  *HQHYD HGLWLRQ 7KLUG KLOG&DUW LQJZRPHQXQGHUQDWLRQDOODZVDQGUHJXODWLRQV %DQJNRNS DGRSWHGDQHZ0DWHUQLW\3URWHFWLRQ VDXOWVUDSHVH[XDOKDUDVVPHQW W\SURWHFWLRQ$VLQWHUQDOPLJUDQWV QWLRQVLQFOXGHSURWHFWLRQDJDLQVW ,QWHUQDWLRQDOZRPHQPLJUDQWV H RP I HYDG LQFRPH DQG OHDYH RI IRUP KH XUHGLQWKHFRXUVHRIRUDVD ZV GSHDWH ¿UVW WKH DW DGRSWHG ZDV Q W HDWIRUHDVRQDEOH IURP GHSDUWV DW WHFWLRQLVYLWDOIRUWKHIXWXUH HWRWKHLUFKLOGEHDULQJUROH QZHOFRPHSK\VLFDOYHUEDORU RIHPSOR\HHV JQDQF\FKLOGELUWKDQGLWV HUV Action VHGRQ 31 MIGRANT WORKERS’ RIGHTS 32 MIGRANT WORKERS’ RIGHTS country mayhaveabadhealthtobeginwith. Migrants whoarerefugeesorinotherwaysescapedfromabusestheirfamily training andinformationinthepreventionofoccupationalaccidentsdiseases. problems arisingfromanunfamiliarworkingandlivingenvironment,aswell reduced immunity.Theyshouldalsoreceiveadviceandhelpwithpsychological which theywerenotexposedintheircountryoforigin,andtohave to workersingeneral.Theseincludemeasuresprotectthemagainstillnesses Migrant workersshouldbenefitfromspecialmeasuresinadditiontothoseapplicable to whichmigrantworkersmaybeexposed.” member States“totakeallappropriatemeasurestopreventanyspecialhealthrisks safety andhealth.TheMigrantWorkersRecommendation,1975,(No.151)asks reason, migrantworkersareconsideredagroup‘atrisk’inmattersofoccupational and ‘demeaning’whichnationalworkersnolongerwanttoperform.Forthis commonly permittedintocountriesforjobsthatareusually‘dirty’,‘dangerous’, 4.4 Employment opportunitiesandfreedom tochangejobs (very oftenthecivilservice, especiallysecurityanddefense). of employmentorfunctions wherethisisnecessaryintheinterestsof country A countrymaycontinue torestrictmigrantworkers’accesslimited categories completed hisorherfirst contract. years, freechoiceofemploymentshouldbegranted afterthemigrantworkerhas employment. Ifthehostcountrypermitsfixed-term contractsoflessthantwo the purposeofemployment,migrantworkers should begrantedfreechoiceof After amaximumoftwoyearslawfulresidence inthehostcountriesfor Source :RUNHUVKDYHWKHULJKW :RUNHUVKDYHDGXW\WR the dutyto: 7RSUHYHQWDFFLGHQWVLQMXULHVDQGGLVHDVHVDWWKHZRUNSODFHW %R[2FFXSDWLRQDOVDIHW\DQGKHDOWK 26+ and HealthManagementSystems FDOORQODERXULQVSHFWLRQVHUYLFHVZLWKRXWWKUHDWRIYLFWLPL]DW withdraw fromsituationsthatpresentanimminentthreattotheirlifeandsafety LQYHVWLJDWH26+UHODWHGLQFLGHQWV UHSRUWKHDOWKDQGVDIHW\KD]DUGVIRUWKZLWKWRWKHHPSOR\HU REVHUYHHVWDEOLVKHG26+SURFHGXUHV procedures cooperate withtheemployerindeterminingsafetyandhealthhazardsdevelopproper HVWDEOLVK26+DVDURXWLQHPDQDJHPHQWIXQFWLRQ keep theworkingenvironmentsafeandhealthybypromotingapreventativeculture WUDLQZRUNHUVDQGPDNHLWFRPSXOVRU\IRUZRUNHUVWRFRPSO\ZLWK symbols inalanguagethatmigrantworkerscanunderstand provide healthandsafetyinformationappropriatelylabelharmfulproductswarning LGHQWLI\KHDOWKKD]DUGVDWZRUNDQGGHYHORSDGHTXDWH26+SURFHG 2FFXSDWLRQDO6DIHW\DQG+HDOWK&RQYHQWLRQ 1R ,/ to: ,/226+*HQHYD 2 KHHPSOR\HURIDOOZRUNHUVKDV LRQ Guidelines onOccupationalSafety 26+SURFHGXUHV XUHV 62 result. been dismissedshouldnotautomaticallylosetheirresidenceorworkpermitasa be reduced,forexample,reasonsofredundancy.Migrantworkerswhohave job, migrantworkersshouldnotbediscriminatedagainstiftheworkforcehasto security. Whilenointernationallabourstandardestablishesanabsoluterighttoa All migrantworkersalsohavetherightto‘equaltreatment’inrespectofjob 4.5 Jobsecurity pension. benefits paidtopersons whodonotsatisfytheconditionsrequiredfor anormal only withrespecttobenefits whicharepayablesolelyfrompublic funds, and imposed tothesameextent astheyapplytonationals.Exceptionsarepermissible to socialsecuritybenefits. Conditionssuchasresidencyrequirements maybe Migrant workersshouldnotbetreatedlessfavourably thannationalswithrespect and/or contributionsfromemployersandemployees. breadwinner, andemploymentinjury.Theyare commonlyfinancedbytheState as maternityandchildcare,invalidity,needfor medicalcare,lossofthefamily losses incasesofunemployment,sickness,old age,familyresponsibilitiessuch Social securitysystemsprovideeconomic topeoplewhofaceincome 4.8 Socialsecurity certification systemsofsendingandreceivingcountriescouldbeharmonized. Migration managementwouldbecomemuchmoreefficientifskillsstandardsand of allworkers,andmigrantworkersmayclaimspecialmeasuresinthisregard. to assess,certifyandrecognizeskillsqualificationsenhancethejobprospects the skillstheyhaveacquiredathomearenotrecognizedabroad.Mechanisms The employmentopportunitiesofmigrantworkersareoftenreducedbecause needs asregardsaccesstoeducation,trainingandlifelonglearning. countries mustconsiderwhethermenandwomenmigrantworkershavespecial of theirownchoiceonthebasisindividualsuitabilityforsuchtraining.Host placement services.Theyshouldalsobegrantedequalaccesstovocationaltraining Migrant workershaveequalaccesstonationalsvocationalguidanceandjob 4 .7 Accesstootherjobsandvocational training this regard. equal qualifications,womenshouldalsobegivenopportunitiestomenin opportunities forpromotionandadvancementasnationalsofthecountry.Given of experience,abilityorconduct.Migrantworkersshouldbegiventhesame does notmeanthattheworkermustremaininsamepositionregardless The factthatamigrantworkermayhavebeenrecruitedforparticularjob 4.6 Jobpromotion 64 Theyshouldbeallowedsufficienttimetofindanalternativejob. 69 63 68 65 66 67 33 MIGRANT WORKERS’ RIGHTS 34 MIGRANT WORKERS’ RIGHTS conditions asnationals. their pastemployment,beabletoclaimsocialsecuritybenefitsunderthesame Irregular migrantworkerswhocannotberegularizedshould,onthebasisof with specificILOstandards. countries mustcooperatetobringtheirnationalsystemsofsocialsecurityinline the migrantworkerswherevertheymayreside.Tomakethispossible,however, in anothercountryorupontheirreturnhome.Benefitsshouldbasicallyfollow they shouldnotautomaticallylosetheirrighttobenefitswhenclaimthem If migrantworkersortheirfamilymembersleavecountryofemployment, workers directly,exceptwhencircumstances necessitate it. It isgenerallynotdesirablethatemployersshould providehousingfortheir housing. of waitinglistsforpublic or endupatthebottom practices byprivatelandlords, fall victimtounscrupulous workers. Migrantworkersmay especially unskilledseasonal they movetoanothercountry, are greatlydisadvantagedwhen migrant workers.Foreigners particular mayfinditdifficulttopayproperattentionaccommodationfor Suitable housingisacornerstoneofproductivework,butsmallenterprisesin 4.9 Housing pay off. food, clothingandequipment—creates adebtwhichthemigrantmust workto obligation topurchaseaccommodation fromtheemployer—inaddition tomaybe These standardsaimto preventcoerciverecruitmentpracticeswhereby an the rentshouldnotbepartofpaymentforwork. housing isprovidedbytheemployer,profitsshould notbemadeontherentand cost morethanareasonableproportionoftheworkers’ income. widespread practice.Adequateanddecenthousing accommodationshouldnot based approachtolabourmigration Source: ZLWKWKHUHFUXLWLQJDJHQF\DQGIRUHLJQVKLSRZQHUDVHPSOR\HUV :RUNHUVDUHFRYHUHGE\VRFLDOVHFXULW\XSRQVLJQLQJWKHVWDQGDU ZRUNHUVIRUIRUHLJQVKLSVWRPDNHTXDUWHUO\SD\PHQWVWRWKH3KL In thePhilippines,amemorandumofagreementrequiresrecruitmentagencieswhichrecruit RIPLJUDQWZRUNHUV$QH[DPSOHIURPWKH3KLOLSSLQHV %R[+RZLQWHUQDWLRQDOODERXUVWDQGDUGVSURWHFWWKHULJKWWR ILO, Multilateral FrameworkonLabourMigration:Non-bindingprinciplesandguidelinesforarights- 71 70 *HQHYD2FWREHU1RYHPEHUS DGHTXDWHKRXVLQJ take intoaccountthecapacityofemployerstoprovide In grantingworkpermits,ministriesoflabourmust 19:Housing Box facility? domestic helperhaveanadequateroomandtoilet Do familiesproposingtoemployalive-inforeign Are roomsadequatelyventilated? How muchspaceisallocatedforeachworker? 74 GVHDIDUHUHPSOR\PHQWFRQWUDFW OLSSLQHVVRFLDOVHFXULW\V\VWHP 72 However,itisa 73 VRFLDOVHFXULW\ Incaseswhere conditions, theexerciseoftradeunionrightsorsocialsecurityentitlemens. right tolegalassistance,asnationalswhendisputesarisewithrespectworking Migrant workersshouldhavethesamerightoflegalrecourse,including 4.10 Accesstoremediesinlaw years. The obligationtoworkandliveawayfrom spousesandpartnersincreases Migrant workinvolves mobility andbeingawayfromthefamilysometimes for 4.12 HIV/AIDS in linewiththeseprovisions. the movementsofexternalmigrantworkersto certain citiesorprovinces,arenot In relationhereto,the‘zoning’policieswhichexist insomecountriesandrestrict also tonationalworkers. workers’ righttogeographicalmobilityissubject onlytolimitationswhichapply or leave.Theyshouldnotbelockedupconfined totheirworkplace.Migrant visit familyorfriendsinthehostcountrytheir homecountryduringholidays their workplaceduringnon-workinghoursincludingatnight,andtravelto should beallowedto,forexample,gooutsocializationorleisureoutsideof the countryofwork,providingthattheyarelawfullywithinterritory.They Migrant workersarefreetomoveatanytimefromoneplaceanotherin 4.11 Freedomofmovement $PRQJWKHIXQFWLRQVDQGGXWLHVRIWKH6RFLDO:HOIDUH$WWDFKHVD 7KH([HFXWLYH2UGHUFLWHVDPRQJRWKHUV /DERXUDQG(PSOR\PHQWDQGWKH3KLOLSSLQH2YHUVHDV(PSOR\PHQW$J is determinedincoordinationwiththeDepartmentofForeignAffairs(DFA), ODUJHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRI2YHUVHDV)LOLSLQR:RUNHUV 2):V 7KHVH ([HFX WKHGHSOR\PHQWRIVRFLDOZRUNHUVDV6RFLDO:HOIDUH$WWDFKHVLQ LVVXHG 3KLOLSSLQHV WKH RI 3UHVLGHQW WKH  )HEUXDU\ ,Q $QH[DPSOHIURPWKH3KLOLSSLQHV %R[5ROHRIODERXUDQGVRFLDOZHOIDUHDWWDFKHVLQDVVLVWLQJ XPW HXDUSUV R K':DG )+P2¿H Q SODQV RQ 2I¿FH +RPH HQFRXQWHULQJGLI¿FXOWLHVLQWKHKRVWFRXQWU\ 2) RI ')$ VLWXDWLRQ WKH DQG RQ XSGDWHV '6:' DQG UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV WKH XQGHUWDNHQ WR UHSRUWV UHJXODU 6XEPLW their families 5HVSRQGWRDQGPRQLWRUWKHUHVROXWLRQRISUREOHPVDQGFRPSODLQW groups whichmaybemobilizedtoassistintheprovisionofappropriatesocialservices Establish anetworkwithoverseas-basedsocialwelfareagenciesand/orindividualsand UHKDELOLWDWLYHDQGSURWHFWLYHSURJUDPPHVIRUYLFWLPRIVXFKWUD WKH'HSDUWPHQWRI6RFLDO:HOIDUHDQG'HYHORSPHQW '6:' WRHVWD JRYHUQPHQW WKH$QWL7UDI¿FNLQJLQ3HUVRQV$FWRIPDQGDWLQJ provide protectiontoFilipinoworkersonallmattersarisingoutofemployment WKH/DERXU&RGHRIWKH3KLOLSSLQHVUHTXLULQJWKH/DERXU$WWDFKH VHUYLFHVWR2):V of Filipinomigrantworkerstoprovidecounseling,legalandwelfareassistanceother and OverseasFilipinosResourceCentersincountrieswheretherearelargeconcentrations WKH0LJUDQW:RUNHUVDQG2YHUVHDV)LOLSLQR$FWUHTXLULQJWKHHVW 76 75 UH VHOHFWHGGLSORPDWLFSRVWVZLWK DEOLVKPHQWRI0LJUDQW:RUNHUV OHFWLRQRIWKHGLSORPDWLFSRVWV I¿FNLQJ LH UH1 WGLUHFW WR  1R 2UGHU WLYH VDQGFRQVXODURI¿FLDOVWR HQF\ VTXHULHVRI2):VDQG JQLVVSHFL¿FDOO\ DJHQFLHV  V DWFOU\ WKRVH SDUWLFXODUO\ :V PLJUDQWZRUNHUV EOLVKDQGLPSOHPHQW QDFWLYLWLHV DQG 35 MIGRANT WORKERS’ RIGHTS 36 MIGRANT WORKERS’ RIGHTS 5 Socialandcivilrightsinhostcountry 5. they havetogobacktheirhomecountry. should begivenareasonableperiodoftimetodisposetheirpropertybefore workers, shouldnotincludemandatoryHIVtesting. for fitnesscarriedoutpriortoemploymentoronaregularbasismigrant Any routinemedicaltesting,suchastestingineithersendingorreceivingcountry take partinadvocacyandpreventioncampaigns. testing, counseling,treatmentorsupport.Theywillalsonotbeinapositionto able tocopewithAIDSbecauseitmakesdifficultforthemseekvoluntary for humanrightsleavesmigrantworkersmorevulnerabletoinfectionandless the riskofHIV/AIDSinfection.Aclimatediscriminationandlackrespect and urbanpropertybymigrantworkers. should makeprovisionfortheacquisition,possessionandtransmissionofrural Bilateral agreementsbetweenlabour-sendingandlabour-receivingcountries at leastthisisnotcontrarytothepolicyofhostcountry. citizenship afteraperiodofresidenceinthehostcountryatleastfiveyears,if to migrantworkers.However,workersshouldbeallowedapplyfor International labourstandardsdonotrequiresovereignStatestograntcitizenship Citizenship 5.1 and civilrightswhileworkinginthehostcountryasfollows: advantages enjoyedbythecountry’snationals.Theyshouldbeaccordedsocial Social policiesshouldenablemigrantworkersandtheirfamiliestosharein their religionandtoadhere totheirnationalcustomsandceremonies. same timetomaintain their ownculture.Theyalsohavetherightto practice in theculturallifeof countryonabasisofequalitywithnationals and atthe mother tongue.Migrantworkersandtheirfamilies havetherighttoparticipate with accesstoschoolsandfacilitiesacquire someknowledgeoftheirown language ofthecountrywheretheywork.Their childrenshouldbeprovided respect ofeducation,andinaddition,toassistance ifnecessaryinlearningthe Migrant workersandtheirfamilymembersare entitledtoequaltreatmentin 5.2 Educationandculture and affectedbyHIV/AIDS. provide counselingandotherformsofsocialsupporttomigrantworkersinfected the HIV/AIDSepidemicinworkplaceandonsociety,workplacesshould testing thatisprovidedbyqualifiedhealthservices. and theirrepresentativesshouldencourageconfidentialvoluntarycounseling 80 andpropertyrights 79 83 81 Atanyrate,regularmigrantworkers 82 77 78 Employers,migrantworkers Tomitigatetheimpactof 6 Return andrepatriation 6. that aresafer,morereasonableandefficient. country. Inpractice,moreworkneedstobedoneenableremittancetransfers to thewelfareoftheirfamilymemberswhohavestayedbehindinhome earnings andsavingsastheywish.Thisenablesthemtocontributesubstantially and exportofcurrencies,migrantworkershavetherighttotransferparttheir Within thelimitsallowedbynationallawsandregulationsconcerningimport 5.3 Transfer offunds tohomecountry with regardtoreturnand repatriation. provisions ineithersending orreceivingcountriestoprotectmigrant workers may leadtoinvoluntaryreturnofthemigrant workers.Thereareusuallyfew instances, lossofoccupationthroughillnessor injury,orsuddentermination, migrant status,forthehigherwagestheycanearn inthehostcountry.Insome Many migrantworkersaremotivatedtostay,even preferringtogointoirregular orderly orvoluntary. however, thereturnandrepatriationofforeign migrantworkersisnotalwaysso employment contractorwhentheyhavesaved enoughmoney.Inreality, country voluntarilyandinanorderlywayuponthecompletionoftheir It isgenerallyassumedthatforeignmigrantworkerswillreturntotheirhome free ofcharge. with interpretationandtranslationfacilities.Theseservicesshouldbeprovided offered, ifpossible,inthenativetongueofworkersconcerned,otherwise legal aid,socialsecurity,housing,transport,andrecreation.Servicesshouldbe facilities ineducation,vocationaltraining,languagehealthservices, assistance andadvice.Thiswouldnormallyincludeinformation,services In adaptingtoanunfamiliarsituation,migrantworkersareentitledreceive 5.5 Socialservices they areentitled. workers foraperiodcorrespondingatleasttothepaidannualholidaywhich which theyareentitled.Alternatively,thefamilyshouldbeallowedtovisit year shouldbeallowedtovisittheirfamiliesduringthepaidannualholiday cannot bereunited,migrantworkerswhohavebeenemployedforatleastone spouses anddependentchildren,fathermother).Incaseswherefamilies Governments shouldtakeallpossiblemeasurestofacilitatefamilyreunion(i.e. )DPLO\UHXQL¿FDWLRQDQGYLVLWV 86 85 84 37 MIGRANT WORKERS’ RIGHTS 38 MIGRANT WORKERS’ RIGHTS worker hasbeenrecruitedisanunacceptableformofdiscrimination. infection orillnessofanykindwhichhasnoeffectonthetaskfor Repatriation onthegroundsthatworkerconcernedissufferingfroman 6.1 Groundsofrepatriation 6.2 Appealagainstarbitrary decisions course oftheir employmentabroad. Their rightsinregardof socialsecuritywouldalsoincluderightsacquired inthe not beingobligedtosatisfy conditionsastopreviousresidenceoremployment. benefit, ifnecessary,and ifitexists,assistanceinobtainingwork,forexample, by have therighttoassistance whentheyreturn.Theyareentitledtounemployment If migrantworkershaveretainedthenationality oftheircountryorigin,they 6.5 Rightsofreturning migrants inhomecountry country toseekandobtainaremedyforoutstanding remunerationandbenefits. Migrant workersshouldbegivenareasonable periodoftimetoremaininthe treatment withnationalworkersregardingaccess tocourtsandlegalassistance. If anydifficultyarisesinobtainingtheseentitlements, theyshouldenjoyequal as wellas,incertaincases,thereimbursementofsocialsecuritycontributions. outstanding remuneration,severancepay,compensationforholidaysnottaken, Whether regularorirregular,returningmigrantworkershavearightto 6.4 Rightsofreturning migrants incountryofemployment to thefrontier. have topayforthecostsofimplementingorder,example,policeescorts the administrativeorjudicialproceduresleadingtoexpulsion.Nordothey may havetopaytheirowntravelcostsbuttheydonotbeartheof If migrantworkersandtheirfamilymembersareexpelledfromacountry,they of themselvesandfamilymembersauthorizedtoaccompanythem. other suitableemployment,theywillnothavetopaythecostsofreturntravel responsible for,tosecuretheemploymentforwhichtheyhavebeenrecruited,or the homecountry.However,ifmigrantworkersfail,forareasontheyarenot Existing ILOstandardsdonotprovideanabsoluterighttofreetravelback 6.3 Travel costs assistance ofaninterpreter. workers havethesamerighttolegalaidasnationalworkers,andadditionally to findalternativeemployment,andcompensationforlossofwages.Migrant are entitledtochallengethedecision,andifsuccessful,reinstatementortime employment ortodeprivethemoftheirresidentstatus.Theworkersaffected Migrant workershavetherighttoappealagainstadecisionterminatetheir 88 87 90 89

policy interventionsandprotection. reintegration arethestagesofmigrationprocessthatleastcoveredby overseas andtraffickingvictimsfacethedangerofbeingre-trafficked.Return As aresultmanymigrantworkersarefrequentlypressuredtore-migrateforjobs the migrantworkers’remittancesforeconomicsurvivalorconsumptionpurposes. Economic problemsalsoabound,becausethefamiliesathomemayhaveutilized lack ofsuitableemploymentorproblemsinestablishingabusiness. and problemswithchildren)canaddtoreadjustmentdifficulties. Thisincludes problems causedbylongseparation(e.g.bondingwithpartnersoutsidemarriage are subjecttoharassmentandunclearextortions.Inthehomecommunity,family The problemoftenstartsuponarrivalinthehomecountrywhenreturningmigrants Reintegration canposearealchallengetoreturningmigrants,especiallywomen. occupation. they haveownedforanappreciabletimeandintendtouseinthecourseoftheir The customsexemptionsalsoincludehandtoolsandportableequipmentwhich their familiesshouldbeexemptfromcustomsdutyonpersonalpossessions. As inthecaseofarrivalcountryemployment,migrantworkersand 39 MIGRANT WORKERS’ RIGHTS

1 WhatistheILO? 1. The governmentdesignates theemployerandworkerdelegateafterconsultations one delegateeachrepresents theemployersandworkersfromeach country. delegates totheannualConference. Twodelegatesrepresentthegovernment, and Each ofthe181member States(asof1August2007)isrepresented byfour Body. (SeeBox21.) standards. TheILCadoptsthebudgetandelects themembersofGoverning together todiscuss,adoptandsupervisetheapplication ofinternationallabour labour issues.EachyearinJune,tripartitedelegations fromallmemberStatescome of theILO.Itprovidesaforumfordebateanddiscussion onimportantsocialand The InternationalLabourConference(ILC)is the principalpolicy-makingbody 1.1 TheInternational LabourConference Governing Body,andtheInternationalLabourOffice. The ILOhasthreemainorgans:theInternationalLabourConference, Labour Conference. and workers’representativesrespectivelyfromeachcountryattheInternational these threeparties,withtwovotesfromgovernmentandoneeachemployers employers andworkers.TheILOisbuiltondialoguecooperationamong It iscomposednotonlyofgovernments,butthreepartners: The ILOisuniqueamongUNagenciesbecauseitatripartiteorganization. standard-setting, technicalcooperationandsharingofinformation. race, sex,genderorsocialorigin.TheILOpursuesthisaimbyacombinationof and promotedecentworkformenwomeneverywhereregardlessoftheir is aspecializedagencyoftheUnitedNationssystemwhichpursuessocialjustice The InternationalLabourOrganization(ILO)wasestablishedin1919.ILO LABOUR STANDARDS (PSOR\HUV INTERNATIONAL THE ILOAND oenet Workers Governments 7ULSDUWLWH 4 41 THE ILO AND INTERNATIONAL LABOUR STANDARDS 42 THE ILO AND INTERNATIONAL LABOUR STANDARDS an with themostre D f The Governin 1.2 TheGoverning Body T Office, or‘ or approva o 21:ILOStructure Box h irector-General ofthe ILO, itschiefexecutiveofficial,forafive- d e Governin

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ects t b b ers, 14 u dg h et e 2 Whatareinternationallabourstandards? 2. 7KH,QWHUQDWLRQDO/DERXU2I¿FH are permanentlyrepresentedontheGoverningBodyandotherselected. employer membersand14workermembers.Representativesof10governments for workersofallnationalities.Theytakethelegalformeither: employed. Internationallabourstandardsaredesignedtopromotedecentwork outline areasofaction,orprovideguidanceonmeansandprocedurestobe articulate rightsanddutiesofemployersworkers,establishpolicyobjectives, achievement ineconomicandsocialdevelopment.Theylayoutbasicprinciples, International labourstandardsareuniversalreferencepointsmarkinglevelsof inspection. health, conditionsofwork,labouradministration,industrialrelationsand and vocationaltraining,microfinance,socialsecurity,occupationalsafety employment policies,labourmarketinformation,enterprisedevelopment fields suchaslabourlawreform,thefundamentalprinciplesandrightsatwork, of internationallabourstandards,andprovidestechnicalcooperationcovering ILO providesassistancetoitsmemberStateswiththeratificationandapplication The organization’sOfficeheadquartersareinGenevaandithas58fieldoffices. co-operation andpublications. to carryouttheactivitiesofILO,includingresearch,investigations,technical The InternationalLabourOfficeisthepermanentsecretariatandfocalpoint considered up-to-date. 76 internationallabour Conventions, 5Protocolsand79Recommendations are make thenecessaryadjustments toraiseproductivityandincomelevels. Todate, as aleverliftingpeople outofpoverty,whileprovidingspacetoeconomies to authoritative guidanceon work-relatedmatters,sothatworkcanfulfillits function In today’sworld,theroleofinternational labour standardsistoprovide but theycanalsobeautonomous,i.e.notlinked toanyspecificConvention. advocacy. UsuallyRecommendationsaccompany andsupplementaConvention more specificguidancefornationallawandpractice, aswellforinternational and workers’organizationsfromthememberstates. Recommendationsprovide negotiations andresultingagreementbetweenthe ILOgovernments,employers’ Conventions setouttheminimumstandards thatweresubjecttoextensive Conventions International LabourConference. not havetoberatifiedandbecomeeffectiveuponadoptionatthe Recommendations be appliedbyratifyingcountries,or may beratifiedbymemberStates,layingdownthebasicprinciplesto 92 or Protocols : non-binding,butauthoritativeguidelinesthatdo 91 : legallybindinginternationaltreatiesthat 43 THE ILO AND INTERNATIONAL LABOUR STANDARDS 44 THE ILO AND INTERNATIONAL LABOUR STANDARDS 5. 4. How areinternationallabourstandards applied? Howareinternationallabourstandards developed? 3. :KDWLVUDWL¿FDWLRQ" The applicationofinternationallabourstandardsismostcommonlydonethrough means considerationwithaviewtogivingeffectin assemblies forinformationandconsideration.InthecaseofConventions,this States arerequiredundertheILOConstitutionto Once astandardisadoptedattheInternationalLabourConference,member Recommendation tobeadopted. majority ofthevotescastisrequiredforaninternationallabourConventionor in thelightoftheirownexperience,andmakecommentsonit.Atwo-thirds gives Conferenceparticipantssufficienttimetoexaminethedraftinstrument draft isamendedasnecessaryandproposedforadoption.This‘doublediscussion’ comments andsubmittedfordiscussionatthefollowingConference,where A secondreportisthenpreparedbytheOfficewithadraftinstrumentfor International LabourConference. to workers’andemployers’organizationsforcommentsisdiscussedatthe with regardtotheissueatstake.ThereportiscirculatedmemberStatesand Office preparesareportthatanalyzesthelawsandpracticesofmemberStates agenda ofafutureInternationalLabourConference.The Conference. Asafirststep,theGoverningBodyagreestoputanissueon employers andworkersareadoptedattheannualInternationalLabour International labourstandardsaredrawnupbyrepresentativesofgovernments, ratifies aConvention,it islegallyboundbyitscontents. government. Itisasovereign andvoluntaryactofaState.Whengovernment Ratification Chapter 5.) practices ofthevastmajorityILOmember countries.(Formoredetailssee Conventions andRecommendationshavebeen incorporatedintothelawsand the standardsintoconcretepoliciesandaction. Standardssetinnumerous adopted. Throughthissupervisorysystem,theILOhelpsitsmemberstotranslate the ConventionsthattheyhaveratifiedandRecommendations application. Acomprehensivesupervisorysystemhelpscountriesimplement dialogue andpersistentpersuasion,proceduresareinplacetoensuretheir their ratification isaformalacceptance of aninternationalconventionortreatybya . national lawandpractice submit 93 ittotheirlegislative andto 6 Processofdialogue andaccesstotheILO 6. ILO ont and workers’or an acce d After aConventionisratified,it d p D p t p D R h c W u d b l C c ratified b invo start ofa Amon o international treaties, wit an a ratifies aConvention,andcontinuesafterthe Convention hasbeenratified.The No. 97 o an app R a oget pp ountries res ountr esira e ate o o ot artici rovisions oftheConvention. ur ave rati n f p b onvention. ue toitstripartitestructure,t ia t ig ati d d d f or eration de our Conventionscannot ore rati h p ro l l isapp reac t h h y t ogue p f l reservations,an ld ose o r h ves t ying anILOConventionist ts o e o ted intheirentiret bl h p ta f p g er toensuret wi y rati h riate lawsand er internationa ate initsactivitiesand access toitsmechanismsa e t the31Asia-PacificMemberStatesonl k mustsu h h e Conventioninnationa fi e. f y h bl d e ILO.Un as A h b e h p 37StateParties.(SeeratificationtableinAnnex3.) h f acommonun e, ConventionsNo.97an l 95 fi igations t t d e etween t fy ica e progressinapp b rocess ofdialo at government,emp b ll cation. T ConventionNo.143.T p etween t h f 94 in een rati MigrantWor o ectivel bl e ll g ( e inHongKongasaSpecia See Box22. owing: aConvention,itis d ia b g mit re l h o anizations discuss y h fi e ILOan g (asof1Au h h ey area l e ue is h at nationa

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45 THE ILO AND INTERNATIONAL LABOUR STANDARDS 46 THE ILO AND INTERNATIONAL LABOUR STANDARDS 7. WherecanIgetmore information ontheILO standards? publication intheirlibrary. migration policyisstrongly recommendedtohaveacopyofthesestandards and the interestsofmigrant workers,aswelleveryorganizationconcerned with included inAnnex1.Every tradeunionorsimilarorganizationlooking after A listofILOstandards and selectedpublicationsrelevanttomigrantworkers is and judicialdecisions. information suchaslaws,regulationsorotherofficial documentssuchaslandtitles the valueofsuchcommentsfortheirworkif the commentscontainverifiable done: Migrant workerscanalsosendinformationdirectlytotheILO.Thisbe that meetingorconferenceisscheduledtostart. must besubmittedtotheDirector-GeneralofILOatleastonemonthbefore ILO. ForanNGOonthespeciallisttoparticipateinameeting,writtenrequest NGOs wishingtobeonthelistcansendarequestDirector-Generalof example, AmnestyInternational. NGOs whichtakeanactiveinterestinquestionsaffectingmigrantworkers,for Commission, areamongtheNGOsonSpecialList,aswellseveralother the CenterforMigrationStudies,andInternationalCatholic and coveranumberofcountriesintheirwork.Anti-SlaveryInternational, with thespirit,aimsandprinciplesofILO.NGOsshouldworkinternationally activities inthefollowingmanner: tripartite structure.However,theycanparticipateinILOmeetingsandother Migrant workersasindividualsdonothaveaformalpositionwithintheILO The CommitteeofExpertsandtheConference Committeehaveemphasized The ILO’sSpecialListisalistofNGOswhoseaimsandactivitiesareinharmony by sendingtheinformationthemselves. made upofindigenousandtribalpeoples through anyworkers’oremployers’organization–includingthose ILO SpecialListofNon-GovernmentalInternationalOrganizations. as representativesofanon-governmentalorganization(NGO)onthe as advisorstothedelegationsatInternationalLabourConference organizations, includingasorganizationsrepresentingmigrantworkers as representativesofgovernments,orworkers’andemployers’ national andlocalorganizations. collaboration attheoperationallevelwithavarietyofinternational, organizations thatmeetcertaincriteria according consultativestatustonon-governmentalinternational the integrationofnon-governmentalsocialpartnersinILOitself 97 1 Regular supervision (reporting system) 1. ILO memberStatesarerequiredtosubmit 1.1 Reports bygovernments complaints procedures. ILO’s supervisorysystemaretheregularsupervisionorreportingand complaints fromitsconstituentsandactonthem.Thekeymechanismsofthe mechanisms tosupervisetheapplicationofratifiedConventionsandreceive only setsthestandards,butalsoensurestheirapplication.TheILOhasitsown The ILOisdifferentfromotherUNstandards-settingbodiesinthatitnot regard tomattersdealtwithinunratifiedConventionsorRecommendations. have ratifiedand a. Periodicreports LABOUR STANDARDS government ordirectly to theILO. from theemployersand workersmaythenbecommunicatedtothe organizations inthecountry fortheircomments.Thecomments must besenttothe most representativeemployers’andworkers’ visits, andbudgetaryorothermeasures.Periodic reportsbygovernments is madeeffectivethroughlegislation,courtdecisions, labourinspection and inactualpractice,particularlytheextentto whichtheConvention The contentsofthereportincludeinformation onthesituationinlaw State tosubmitadetailedreportifitfeelsnecessary. Conventions. However,theCommitteeofExperts mayrequirethe and thefourpriorityConventions Conventions: everysecondyearfortheeightfundamentalConventions Thereafter, theratifyingStatemustsubmitperiodicreportsonratified The firstreportisdueoneyearaftertheConventioncomesinfoforce. submit reportsonhowtheConventionisbeingappliedincountry. Once anILOmemberStateratifiesaConvention,itisrequiredto INTERNATIONAL selected reports APPLICATION OF onthepositionofState’slawandpracticewith periodic reports 98 andeveryfifthyearforallother ontheConventionsthey 5 47 APPLICATION OF INTERNATIONAL LABOUR STANDARDS 48 APPLICATION OF INTERNATIONAL LABOUR STANDARDS Application ofStandardsexaminethereportssubmitted bygovernments. Conventions andRecommendationsthe Conference Committeeonthe supervised bytwobodies.TheCommitteeof ExpertsontheApplicationof The implementationofallratifiedandunratified ConventionsoftheILOare 1.2 Reviews ofreportsbygovernments andfollow-up DQG5HFRPPHQGDWLRQV,QWHUQDWLRQDO/DERXU&RQIHUHQFH ,/2 6RXUFHV OHDUQIURPWKHH[SHULHQFHVRIRWKHUV KLJKOLJKWLQJWKHVHYDULRXVLQQRYDWLYHSUDFWLFHVWKH&RPPLWWHH WKHPIURPDFFHSWLQJZRUNLQZKLFKWKH\DUHOLNHO\WREHH[SRVHG the conditionsofworkandlifefacingtheminhostcountryalsotoattemptdissuade interested inaspecialservicesetupbythePhilippinestoinformprospectivefemalemigrantsof SURYLGHVUHLQWHJUDWLRQDVVLVWDQFHWRPLJUDQWVUHWXUQLQJWRWKHL entry migrantworkerswhoalreadyhavepermissiontoworkinthecountry,andthatGermany 7KH&RPPLWWHHDOVRQRWHGWKDWLQ6ZLW]HUODQGWKHSXEOLFHPSOR\P KRVWFRXQWU\DUHJXDUDQWHHGEDVLFSURWHFWLRQIURPDEXVHDQGH[S ensure thatmigrantswhomaybeunfamiliarwiththestandardsandtermsofemploymentin PLJUDQWV¶FRQWUDFWVPXVWEHGUDZQXSLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKDSUHVF while inAntiguaandBarbuda,Bulgaria,CroatiatheUnitedRepublicofTanzania(Zanzibar), employment contractsineithertheirmothertongueoralanguagewhichtheycanunderstand, %HODUXVDQG,VUDHOIRUH[DPSOHLWLVREOLJDWRU\IRUHPSOR\HUV FRXQWULHVZLWKDYLHZWRDSSO\LQJWKHSULQFLSOHVRILQWHUQDWLRQ The Committeenotedwithinterestsomeofthevariedandinnovativepoliciespursuedby PLJUDQWZRUNHUVLQ,/2PHPEHUVWDWHVZKHWKHURUQRWWKH\KDGU ,QWKH,/2¶V&RPPLWWHHRI([SHUWVXQGHUWRRND*HQHUDO6XU 23:GeneralSurveyonConventionsandRecommendations Box .The CommitteeofExpertsontheApplicationConventions and a. b. Specialreports Recommendations(CEACR) Migrant Workers, ILO, identify meansofovercomingtheseobstacles. the difficultiesindicatedbygovernmentsintheirapplication,and examine theimpactofConventionsandRecommendations,toanalyze law andpractice.ThissurveyenablestheCommitteeofExpertsto publishes anin-depthannualGeneralSurveyonmemberStates’national by employers’andworkers’organizations,theCommitteeofExperts of reportsreceivedfrommemberStatesandinformationtransmitted or nottheyhaveratifiedtheConventionsonthattopic.Onbasis and practiceintheircountrieswithregardtoacertaintopic,whether At regularintervals,memberStatesarerequestedtoreportonthelaw basis oftheirindependent standing,impartialityandexpertisein Committee ofExperts is madeupof20legalexpertschosenonthe The CEACRreviews theperiodicreportsbygovernments.This Rules oftheGame:AbriefintroductiontoInternationalLabourStandards *HQHUDO6XUYH\RIWKH&RPPLWWHHRI([SHUWVRQWKH$SSOLFDWLRQR th 6HVVLRQ5HSRUW,,,3DUW,% RUUHFUXLWHUVWRIXUQLVKPLJUDQWVZLWK DOPLJUDQWZRUNHUVVWDQGDUGV,Q UFRXQWU\RIRULJLQ,WZDVIXUWKHU YH\RIODZDQGSUDFWLFHUHJDUGLQJ RI([SHUWVHQDEOHVFRXQWULHVWR DWL¿HGWKHUHOHYDQWFRQYHQWLRQV ULEHGPRGHO7KLVLVLQWHQGHGWR WRDEXVHDQGH[SORLWDWLRQ%\ ORLWDWLRQ HQWVHUYLFHLVIUHHIRUUHJXODU 99 *HQHYDS I&RQYHQWLRQV 2 Complaint procedures 2. concerning migrantworkers thathavebeenbroughtundersuchprocedures. procedures. Followingare complaintproceduresandsomeexamplesofcomplaints Convention ithasratified, complaintsmaybesubmittedtotheILOunder several When anindividualStateisnotcomplyingwith theobligationsunderanyILO .The ConferenceCommitteeontheApplicationofStandards b. General Report. Situations ofspecialconcernarehighlightedin special paragraphsofits examined bytheConferenceCommitteeare published initsreport. technical assistance.Thediscussionsandconclusionsofthesituations take specificstepstoremedyaproblemorinviteILOmissions Committee drawsupconclusionsrecommendingthatgovernments question totheConferenceCommittee.Inmanycases in thesecommentsareinvitedtoprovideinformationonthesituation it anumberofobservationsfordiscussion.Thegovernmentsreferredto employer, andworkerdelegates.Itexaminesthereportselectsfrom Conference, theConferenceCommitteeismadeupofgovernment, the ApplicationofStandards.Asonestandingcommittees following June,whereitisexaminedbytheConferenceCommitteeon December, issubmittedtotheInternationalLabourConference The annualreportoftheCommitteeExperts,usuallyadoptedin application ofConventions: requirements. Itprovidestwotypesofcommentsasguidanceonthe identifies discrepanciesbetweennationalpracticeandtheConventions’ country’s applicationwithratifiedinternationallabourstandards,and the fieldsoflawandlabour.TheCommitteeassessesstatea are listedinAnnex5.) (Selected examplesofCEACRobservationsanddirectrequests public website. in theCommittee’sannualreportbutareavailableonILO’s clarification onspecificissues.Directrequestsarenotincluded organizations concerned,seekingmoreinformationor Direct requests made availabletothepublic. annual reporttotheInternationalLabourConference,andare cases ofprogress.ObservationsarepublishedintheCommittee’s cases ofagovernment’sfailuretofulfillitsobligations,orfornoting Observations 102 (SeeBox24.) aregenerallyusedformoreseriousorlong-standing 101 aresubmitteddirectlytogovernmentsand 100 49 APPLICATION OF INTERNATIONAL LABOUR STANDARDS 50 APPLICATION OF INTERNATIONAL LABOUR STANDARDS 6RXUFH,/2 /DERXU ,QWHUQDWLRQDO RI $SSOLFDWLRQ WKH RI 6XSHUYLVLRQ Recommendations  %R[ ILOConventiononIndigenousandTribalPeoples,1989(No.169):Amanual

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2.1 Representations underArticle24oftheILO Constitution examine t c C b th co p v f R r The ILOGoverningBodywillfirstdetermine whetherarepresentationis and theresponse(Article 25). an em report describesthestepstakenbyittoexamine therepresentation,presents individuals andN 7ULSDUWLWH ailure toapplyaratifiedConvention.Arepresentationcanbemade ece to onsi iew, ass onrelevantinformationthrou e drawntotheattention oftheCommitteeExpertsonApplication of Direct requests onventions andRecommendations. Wherethe epresentations un e n G c d iv l d ecisions to overnments us ab h p ere I as notproper i lo nformation andperiodicreportsfromgovernments o l e.

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t t h h g e h aworkers’orem e government’sresponse.T r e h in p e mi 103 artite committeema d a y isentit n a d ld s g f ainst an O est o bservations published h d rm as rati f in annualRepor y. Lega orm o l e u g d l overnment’s res *HQHYDS ates topu y s

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of theobligationsbycountriesthathaveratifiedILOConventions. Complaints underArticles26–34typicallyconcernseriousandpersistentviolations of theILO Constitution 2.2 ComplaintsunderArticles26–34 deem wiseandexpedient” tosecurecompliancewiththerecommendations. the GoverningBodymayrecommendtoConference anyaction “as itmay When acountryfailstocarryouttherecommendations ofaCommissionInquiry, complaint. Todate,11CommissionsofInquiry havebeenestablished. recommendations onmeasurestobetakenaddress theproblemsraisedby a fullinvestigationofthecomplaint,ascertaining allthefactsofcase.Itmakes is theILO’shighest-levelinvestigativeprocedure. Itisresponsibleforcarryingout Inquiry, consistingofthreeindependentmembers. ThisCommissionofInquiry Upon receiptofacomplaint,theGoverningBodymayappointCommission own capacity. observance ofaratifiedConventionbyState,or(iii)theGoverningBodyinits same Convention,(ii)adelegatetotheInternationalLabourConferenceon against anothermemberState,providedbothStateshaveratifiedthe Various partiesmayfileacomplaintunderthisprocedure:(i)onememberState an effectivemeanstoensuregovernments’compliancewiththeILOstandards. application throughtheregularsupervisorysystem,whichisgenerallyperceivedas regular systemofsupervision.ForthemostpartILOconstituentspursueissues usually asalastresort,whenthoroughinvestigationisnotpossibleunderthe serious natureofthiscomplaintsprocedure,ithasbeenusedinfrequentlyand LQWKHFRXUVHRILWVUHJXODUVXSHUYLVLRQRIWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRI 7KH&RPPLWWHHRI([SHUWVKDVEHHQIROORZLQJXSRQWKHVHUHFRPPH The GoverningBodyissuedrecommendationson: KDUPIXOIRU)LOLSLQRZRUNHUVDQGLQYLRODWLRQRI$UWLFOHRIW affecting thewagesandsocialsecurityrightsofforeigndomesticworkerswhichwere 7KHDOOHJDWLRQVUHODWHGWRFHUWDLQPHDVXUHVDSSURYHGE\WKH*RY RI&RQYHQWLRQ1RZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKH6SHFLDO$GPLQLVWUDWLYH 7UDGH WKH E\ PDGH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ 3KLOLSSLQHV 78&3 XQGHUDUWLFOHRIWKH,/2&RQVWLWXWLRQD D H[DPLQH WR XS VHW FRPPLWWHH $WLWVWK6HVVLRQ 1RYHPEHU WKH*RYHUQLQJ%RG\DSSURY %R[([DPSOHRIDUHSUHVHQWDWLRQORGJHGXQGHU$UWLFOH WKHPLQLPXPZDJHIRUIRUHLJQGRPHVWLFZRUNHUV WKHHPSOR\HHV¶UHWUDLQLQJOHY\LPSRVHGRQWKHHPSOR\HUVRIDOO foreign domesticworkerstoobtainsuchservices the residencerequirementtobeeligibleforpublichealth-careservices,andabilityof KH&RQYHQWLRQ &E\+RQJ.RQJ6$5 OOHJLQJQRQREVHUYDQFHE\&KLQD 5HJLRQ 6$5 RI+RQJ.RQJ QGDWLRQVZLWKWKHJRYHUQPHQW HUQPHQWRI+RQJ.RQJ6$5 HGWKHUHSRUWRIWKHWULSDUWLWH PLJUDQWZRUNHUV QR&QUVRWKH RI &RQJUHVV 8QLRQ 105 Duetothe 51 APPLICATION OF INTERNATIONAL LABOUR STANDARDS 52 APPLICATION OF INTERNATIONAL LABOUR STANDARDS 2.3 Complaintsonviolationsoffreedom ofassociation including: The CFAonlyexaminesallegationsofviolations offreedomassociation, the purposeofexaminingcomplaintsaboutviolations offreedomassociation. In 1951,theILOsetupCommitteeonFreedom ofAssociation(CFA)for The CommitteeonFreedomofAssociation of associationareexaminedbytheCommittee on FreedomofAssociation. Bargaining Convention,1949(No.98).Thecomplaints forviolationsoffreedom Organize Convention,1948(No.87)andtheRighttoCollective Conventions, namelytheFreedomofAssociationandProtectionRightto this subjectcanbemadeevenifacountryhasnotratifiedtherelevantILO Because theobligationsoriginatefromILOConstitution,complaintson or employers’organizationandrequestthemtoactontheirbehalf. complaints directlytotheILO,butcanpassonrelevantinformationaworkers’ government. Likeinthecaseofarepresentation,individuals complaints canbemadebyaworkers’oremployers’organization,another related totherightsofworkersorganizeandbargaincollectively.These States forthefailuretofulfilltheirobligationsunderILOConstitutionas Complaints onviolationsoffreedomassociationaremadeagainstindividual by theGoverningBodyunderarticle33ofILOConstitutiononsubjectMyanmar RI,QTXLU\,QWKH,/&DGRSWHGDQRWKHU purpose ofsecuringtheimmediateimplementationrecommendationsCommission EHQH¿WRIIXUWKHUWHFKQLFDOFRRSHUDWLRQRUDVVLVWDQFHH[FHSWW a WKH³FRQWLQXHGZLGHVSUHDGXVHRIIRUFHGODERXU´OHDGWKH,QWHUQ 6HULRXVGLVDSSRLQWPHQWE\WKH*RYHUQPHQW¶V³ÀDJUDQWDQGSHUVLVW WDVNV and maintenanceofroads,railwaysbridges,otherinfrastructureworkarange E\WKHDXWKRULWLHVRUWKHPLOLWDU\VRPHWLPHVIRUWKHSUR¿WRI LQVXSSRUWRIWKHPLOLWDU\ZRUNRQDJULFXOWXUHORJJLQJDQGRW including portering,theconstruction,maintenanceandservicingofmilitarycamps,otherwork civilian populationthroughoutMyanmarbytheauthoritiesandmilitaryforarangeoftasks LVVXHGLQWKDWWKHUHZDVZLGHVSUHDGDQGV\VWHPDWLFXVHRI LQ GHWDLOHG D was not,however,givenaccesstoMyanmar)theCommissionofInquiryconcludedinareport $IWHU  & RI 0\DQPDU RI REVHUYDQFH D WKH HVWDEOLVKHG H[DPLQH %RG\ *RYHUQLQJ WKH  0DUFK LQ &RQIHUHQFH WKH )ROORZLQJDFRPSODLQWXQGHUDUWLFOHRIWKH,/2&RQVWLWXWLRQ %R[([DPSOHRIFRPSODLQWVORGJHGXQGHU$UWLFOHVDQG RIWRSHUSHWXDWHRUH[WHQGIRUFHGODERXUSUDFWLFHV relations withMyanmar,inparticulartoensurethatsuchcouldnotbetakenadvantage requesting ILOconstituents,internationalorganizationsandtheUnitedNationstoreviewtheir Resolution onthewidespreaduseofforcedlabour the righttostrike and furtheringtheirinterests atwork the rightofworkersand employerstoorganizewithaviewdefending Resolution concerningthemeasuresrecommended LQ0\DQPDULQGHQ\LQJ0\DQPDUWKH SULYDWHLQGLYLGXDOVWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQ KHUSURGXFWLRQSURMHFWVXQGHUWDNHQ DWLRQDO/DERXU&RQIHUHQFHWRDGRSW RWKHH[WHQWWKDWLWZRXOGEHIRUWKH IURP:RUNHUV¶GHOHJDWHVWR HQW´IDLOXUHWRDSSO\&DQG IRUFHGODERXULPSRVHGRQWKH HWJWR XLJ KFLW ZKLFK GXULQJ YHVWLJDWLRQ RPVLQ I QXUWR ,QTXLU\ RI &RPPLVVLRQ cannot makesuch , 3 TheILO Multilateral Framework onLabourMigration 3. not limitedtoonlythose principleswhereaninternationalagreementhas already in originandhostcountries. Asasetofnon-bindingguidelinesforpolicy, itis drawn frominternational labourandhumanrightsstandardsaswellbest practices The MultilateralFramework comprisesinternationalguidelinesand principles principles forpoliciesbasedonbestpracticesand internationalstandards.” migration whichtakesaccountoflabourmarket needs,proposingguidelinesand of anon-bindingmultilateralframeworkfor rights-basedapproachtolabour important andinnovativecomponentoftheAction Planisthe“development action inpartnershipwithotherrelevantinternational organizations.Themost This ResolutioncallsupontheILOanditsconstituents tocarryoutaplanof of a Labour Conference2004,wastheadoptionbyconsensusof177membercountries A majoroutcomeoftheGeneralDiscussiononMigrantWorkersatInternational framework togoverncross-borderlabourmobility. and equitableprocessofglobalizationhighlightedtheneedforamultilateral entitled The reportoftheWorldCommissiononSocialDimensionGlobalization over 2,500cases.(SeeBoxes27and28.) through aprocessofdialogue.Inover50yearswork,theCFAhasexamined to addresstheproblemdirectlywithgovernmentofficialsandsocialpartners also choosetoproposea‘directcontacts’missionthegovernmentconcerned aspects ofthecasemaybereferredtoCommitteeExperts.TheCFA In caseswherethecountryhasratifiedrelevantinstruments,legislative to reportontheeffectgivenitsrecommendations. how thesituationcouldberemedied.Governmentsaresubsequentlyrequested it issuesareportthroughtheGoverningBodyandmakesrecommendationson that therehasbeenaviolationoffreedomassociationstandardsorprinciples, case, itestablishesthefactsindialoguewithgovernmentconcerned.Iffinds employer, andworkergroupsoftheGoverningBody.Ifitdecidestoreceive independent chairpersonandthreerepresentativeseachfromthegovernment, The CFAisatripartitebodythatmeetsthreetimesyear.Itcomposedofan Resolution ConcerningAFairDealForMigrantWorkers InAGlobalEconomy A FairGlobalization,CreatingOpportunitiesforAll conditions ofemployment(‘collectivebargaining’). the rightofworkersandemployerstocollectivelynegotiateterms against actsofinterferencebyeachother the rightofworkers’andemployers’organizationstobeprotected the rightofworkerstobeprotectedagainstanti-uniondiscrimination exercise oftradeunionrights the protectionofcivilliberties,particularlythoseessentialtonormal calledforafullyinclusive . 53 APPLICATION OF INTERNATIONAL LABOUR STANDARDS 54 APPLICATION OF INTERNATIONAL LABOUR STANDARDS labour migrationmaybe maximized,andthenegativeeffectsminimized. develop moreeffective labourmigrationpolicies,sothatthepositive effectsof The mainobjectiveof the MultilateralFrameworkistoassistmember Statesto integration. to thetreatmentofmigrantworkers,sharing gainsfrommigration,andsocial align nationalpolicieswithinternationalprinciples, frompoliciesonadmissions into accounttheneedofcountriesforaflexible wayinwhichtoprogressively laws thatcanserveasmodelsforpolicyreform insome20specificareas,taking been negotiated.Itcontainsappropriatelydetailed descriptionsofpoliciesand SURWHFWLRQDJDLQVWDFWVRIDQWLXQLRQGLVFULPLQDWLRQ7KH&)$F that theremainingremediesforundocumentedworkerswereinadequatetoensureeffective $IWHUKDYLQJH[DPLQHGWKHFDVHWKH&RPPLWWHHRI)UHHGRPRI$VV 1/5$  GLVPLVVHGIRUH[HUFLVLQJWKHWUDGHXQLRQULJKWVSURWHFWHGE\WK an undocumentedworkerwasnotentitledtobackpayforlostwagesafterhavingbeenillegally XQGRFXP 6WDWHVIROORZLQJWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV6XSUHPH&RXUWUXOLQJWKDWE PLOOLRQ  HVWLPDWHG DQ RI ULJKWV DVVRFLDWLRQ RI IUHHGRP FRPSODLQW RIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV7KHDOOHJDWLRQVLQ&DVH1RUHIHUUHG D ¿OHG &70  :RUNHUV 0H[LFDQ RI &RQIHGHUDWLRQ WKH DQG In 2002,theAmericanFederationofLaborandCongressIndustrialOrganizations(AFL-CIO) $)/&,2DQG&70YV*RYHUQPHQWRI8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD  %R[([DPSOHVRIFRPSODLQWVIRUYLRODWLRQVRIIUHHGRPRIDVV &RQYHQWLRQZLWKWKHDLPRIIXUWKHULQJDQGGHIHQGLQJWKHLULQWHU emphasized thatunionsmusthavetherighttorepresentandassistworkerscoveredby ZKDWVRHYHU ZLWKWKHH[FHSWLRQRIPHPEHUVRIWKHDUPHGIRUFHVD &RQYHQWLRQ1RZKLFKJXDUDQWHHVWKHULJKWWRRUJDQL]HIRUD 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 f 55 APPLICATION OF INTERNATIONAL LABOUR STANDARDS 56 APPLICATION OF INTERNATIONAL LABOUR STANDARDS 4. Practical guidelinestoprotect therightsofmigrant workers Some practicalguidelinesforthesekeyactorsareprovidedbelow. governments, employers’organizations,workers’andcivilsociety. based oninternationallawandstandards,aswellactivecooperationamong The protectionoftherightsmigrantworkersrequiresasoundlegalfoundation finally, ofcourse,thepromotionmigrantworkersrights. security andothersocialprotectionentitlementsthroughinnovativeschemes promoting socialintegrationofmigrantsinhostsocieties,development making remittancetransfersefficientandmoreproductiveinsendingcountries, practices throughthestrengtheningandcreationofinstitutionalcapacities, agreements, promotionofethicalrecruitmentprocedures,preventionabusive of managedmigrationforemploymentthroughbilateralandmultilateral of issues.Theseinclude,aboveallthepromotionDecentWork, The MultilateralFrameworkisfairlyencompassinganddealswithawiderange 4.1 Role ofgovernments including, forexample: Establish mechanismsfor regularlabourmarketanalysiswithagender lens, Adopt, implementandenforcelegislationpoliciesthat: of AllMigrantWorkersandMembersTheirFamilies. Conventions, andthe1990UNConventiononProtectionofRights ILO ConventionsNo.97and143,theeightfundamental human, labourandgenderequalityrightsofmigrantworkers,inparticular Ratify andfullyimplementallinternationallegalinstrumentsthatpromote eliminateallformsofdiscriminationagainstmigrantworkersin - ensurerespectfortheminimumageadmissiontoemploymentand - protectmigrantworkersfrom conditions offorcedlabour,including - sex-disaggregation incollectionandanalysesofdata - guaranteebothmenandwomen migrant workerstherighttofreedom - work forwomen. measures forwomenwhichrestrictentryintoproductive andsafemigrant medical examinationforHIVstatusorpregnancy and‘protective’ employment andoccupation,forexample, eliminate discriminatory and forcedlabourofmigrantchildren ofmigrantworkers effectively prohibittheworstformsofchildlabour, includingtrafficking conditions or groupsofmigrantworkerswhoareespeciallyvulnerabletosuch debt bondageandtrafficking,inparticularmigrantswithirregularstatus organizations of associationandensurecompliancebyemployers’workers’ 106 inspection authoritieshave necessaryresourcesandstaffadequatelytrained supervise compliancewith employmentcontracts.Alsoensurethatlabour employed, inorderto effectively monitortheirworkingconditions and Extend labourinspection toallworkplaceswheremigrantworkers are law andpractice. of employmentinaccordancewithrelevantILO instruments,andnational their wagesastheywish,andthatare paiduponthetermination directly tothemonaregularbasis,thattheyhave thefreedomtodisposeof Adopt measurestoensurethatallmigrantworkers arepaidtheirwages instruments. Suchaprogrammeshouldincludeatleastthefollowing: protection, incorporatingthesubstantiveprovisionsofILOmigration Formulate, aspartofacomprehensivemigrationpolicy,programme and protection,suchasdomesticwork. authorities, particularlyinsectorsoutsidetheusualavenuesofregulation passports oridentitytraveldocuments,andthreatofdenunciationto underpayment ordelayedpaymentofwagesandbenefits,retention restriction ofmovement,debtbondage,forcedlabour,withholdingor against migrantworkers,includingphysicalorsexualharassmentviolence, Intensify measuresaimedatdetectingandidentifyingabusivepractices community-levelactiontoaddresstherootcausesandimpactofmigration - legislationandpoliciestoprevent abusivepractices,migrantsmuggling, - remedialmeasuresand‘safeplaces’ forvictimsoftraffickingandabuse, - socialservicestoassistmigrant workersonaccesstosafehousing, - effectiveenforcementmechanisms fortheprotectionofmigrantworkers’ - supervisionofprivaterecruitment agenciestopreventfraudulent - specificlabourpoliciesandlegislationtoaddressinequalitiesby(i)covering - orientationstoprovidemigrant workerswithadequateinformationin - and traffickingwithafocusongenderinequalities. trafficking inpersons,andirregularlabourmigration especially womenandchildren opportunities education andlanguagetraining,assistanceinfindingemployment in migration rights andtrainingonhumantoallgovernmentofficialsinvolved practices effective consularserviceswithbothfemaleandmalestaff the languagetheyunderstandandotherassistanceservices,including work. protection, wages,occupationalsafetyandhealthotherconditionsof in specificoccupationsandtheareasofemployment,maternity and vulnerabilitiesforwomenmigrantsirregularmigrantworkers, economic sectorswithmanywomenmigrants,and(ii)identifyingrisks 57 APPLICATION OF INTERNATIONAL LABOUR STANDARDS 58 APPLICATION OF INTERNATIONAL LABOUR STANDARDS 4.2 Role ofemployers’ organizations 4.3 Role oftrade unions women migrantworkers. in addressingmigrantworkers’rightsandthedifferentneedsofmen with assistancethroughout themigrationprocess. ensure thatmigrantworkers areinformedoftheirrightsandprovided Network withworkers’ organizationsinoriginanddestinationcountries to ILO Conventionsandinternational instrumentsthatapplytothem. workers, includingmigrantunderstand theirrightsandimportant Inform membersabouttheILOanditsmachinery, andensurethatall representation. forming theirownorganizationstoensurethatthey haveeffectivevoiceand Actively organizemigrantworkers,including women, andassistthemin through theprovisionofvocationaltrainingandeducationalopportunities. Improve thelabourmarketpositionsofmigrantworkers,forexample, collective bargainingprocessesandsocialdialogue. Integrate thespecificconcernsofmenandwomenmigrantworkersin labour. smuggling, traffickinginpersons,andpracticesofforcedlabourchild prevention andprotectionagainstabusivemigrationpracticessuchas informed, transparentandrights-basedmigrationpolicies,includingthe Cooperate withgovernments,tradeunions,andNGOstoadvocatefor employment contracts. Adopt andpromoteemployers’codeofpractice,includingtheusewritten workers. to promotetheprincipleofequaltreatmentbetweennationalsandmigrant Raise awarenessofhiringpracticesandworkingconditionsamongemployers promoting migrants’rightsandwelfare. those thathirelargenumbersofmigrants,andsecuretheirinvolvementin Raise awarenessofmigrantworkerissuesamongemployers,particularly and thegeneralconditionsoflifeworkindestinationcountry. their departureandonarrivalconcerningthemigrationprocess,rights information, trainingandassistanceinalanguagetheyunderstandpriorto facilitate migrantworkers’departure,journey,andreceptionbyproviding Ensure thatemployers,recruitmentagenciesorconcernedauthorities 4.4 Role ofothercivilsociety organizations informed, transparentandrights-basedmigrationpolicies. with government,employers’associationsandNGOstoadvocatefor Maintain goodworkingrelationships,cooperateandexchangeinformation Conventions. supervisory systemtosecuretherightsofmigrantworkersunderratified Utilize thefullarrayofformalmeansavailabletounionswithinILO collective bargainingprocessesandsocialdialogue. Integrate thespecificconcernsofmenandwomenmigrantworkersin better representationandparticipationineconomic,socialpoliticallife. Work withothersocialpartnersandmigrantworkerassociationstoensure and womenmigrantworkers inoriginanddestinationcountries. transnational businessinitiatives andmicro-enterprisedevelopmentby men Create incentivesforenterprisecreationand development,including initiatives. Promote linkagesbetweentransnationalcommunities andbusiness Create andreinforcecommunitysupportnetworks formigrantworkers. skills andopportunities. (budgeting andremittances),vocationalskillsdevelopment,organizing Strengthen trainingformigrantworkersinlegalliteracy,financialeducation contributions migrantworkersmaketothecountriesinwhichtheywork. Promote publiceducationandawareness-raisingcampaignsregardingthe xenophobia anddiscriminationonthebasisofsexmigrationpolicy. diversity, preventionofdiscriminationandmeasuresagainstracism, Advocate forsocialintegrationofmigrantworkers,respectcultural information tothedialogue. of Non-GovernmentalInternationalOrganizations),byprovidingpertinent (through workers’andemployers’organizations,ortheILOSpecialList participating intheprocessofdialoguewithILOanditsconstituents Advocate fortheobservanceofmigrantworkers’rightsbyactively maintain goodrelationshipwithemployersandthegovernment. Form partnershipswithexistingtradeunionsorworkers’associations,and 59 APPLICATION OF INTERNATIONAL LABOUR STANDARDS 60 ENDNOTES ENDNOTES 6 5 4 3 2 1 Protocol toPrevent,Suppress andPunish protection oftherights migrantworkers: also servedasimportantinstruments inthe Organized Crimeadopted in2000have UN ConventionAgainst Transnational Two UNProtocolssupplementingthe Workers andMembersoftheirFamilies. Protection oftheRightsAllMigrant the InternationalConventionon In 1990,theUnitedNationsadopted migration foremploymentandsettlement. for trainingandthetransferoflabour,including adequate guaranteesforallconcerned,offacilities a meanstotheattainmentofthisendandunder to thecommonwell-being;…provision,as attainments andmaketheirgreatestcontribution of givingthefullestmeasuretheirskilland occupations inwhichtheycanhavethesatisfaction will achieve:…theemploymentofworkersin among thenationsofworld,programmeswhich the InternationalLabourOrganizationtofurther Conference recognizesthesolemnobligationof migrant workersinParagraphIII(c): makes specificreferencetotheproblemsof and incorporatedintotheILOConstitution, Declaration ofPhiladelphia aims andpurposesoftheILO,knownas therein.” TheDeclarationconcerningthe treatment ofallworkerslawfullyresident have dueregardtotheequitableeconomic with respecttotheconditionsoflabourshould that “thestandardsetbylawineachcountry laid thebasisforILOin1919,provides Article 427oftheTreatyVersailles,which Ibid Ibid ROM Documentation,February2006. in TotalMigrantStock:The2005revision Social Welfare,PopulationDivision, United NationsDepartmentofEconomicand October 2005,p.83. Commission onMigration,Switzerland, directions foraction, Migration inanInterconnectedWorld:New Global CommissiononMigration(GCIM), , pp.6-7. , pp.15-17. Report oftheGlobal , adoptedin1944 Trends , CD- The 9 8 7 education and(2)thoseadmitted temporarily specifically forpurposes oftrainingand two furthercategories:(1) personscoming farers, whileConvention No. 143excludes of theliberalprofessionsandartists,sea workers, theshorttermentryofmembers specific categoriesofworkerssuchasfrontier he orsheisnotanational.”C.97excludes a remuneratedactivityinStateofwhich engaged, isengagedorhasbeenin migrant workeras“apersonwhoistobe U.N. Doc.A/45/49(1990)definesa 45 U.N.GAORSupp.(No.49A)at262, Their Families,G.A.res.45/158,annex, of AllMigrantWorkersandMembers Convention ontheProtectionofRights Similarly, Article2(1)the(UN)International admitted asamigrantforemployment.” account, andincludesanypersonsregularly employed otherwisethanhis[orher]own country toanotherwithaviewbeing worker’ as“apersonwhomigratesfromone (Revised), 1949(No.97)definesa‘migrant ILO MigrationforEmploymentConvention C. 97,art.11(1);143,(1).The p. 5a.f. Alliance againstForcedLabour For moreinformation,seeILO, national orapermanentresident.” a StatePartyofwhichthepersonisnot benefit, oftheillegalentryapersoninto or indirectly,afinancialothermaterial procurement, inordertoobtain,directly Organized Crimedefinessmugglingas“the Nations ConventionagainstTransnational Sea andAir,supplementingtheUnited the SmugglingofMigrantsbyLand, Article 3ofthe(Palermo)Protocolagainst are ofspecificrelevancetomigrantworkers. are mentionedinthisGuidewheneverthey Protocols, aswellotherUNconventions Air. ThisUNConventionanditsrespective Smuggling ofMigrantsbyLand,Seaand and Children,ProtocolAgainstthe Trafficking inPersons,EspeciallyWomen , Geneva,2005, A Global

20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 Brief ILO, Ibid Workers Exploitation andAbuseof WomenMigrant GENPROM, p. 14. GCIM, Workers Exploitation andAbuseofWomenMigrant GENPROM, September 2006. to hope,womenandinternationalmigration State ofWorldPopulation2006:Apassage United NationsPopulationFund(UNFPA), Workers Exploitation andAbuseofWomenMigrant GENPROM, migrant workers,Geneva,2003. Why thefocusonwomeninternational information guide and AbuseofWomenMigrantWorkers:An Office, (GENPROM), InternationalLabour Gender PromotionProgramme Idem 29. Gender Equality ILO, pp. 32and53. Conference, 75thSession,Geneva,1988, Recommendations, InternationalLabour on theApplicationofConventionsand Survey bytheCommitteeofExperts in EmploymentandOccupation, her occupationalfuture.ILO, as farmers—oracastedetermineshisor a class,socio-occupationalcategory—such arises whenanindividual’smembershipin Discrimination onthebasisofsocialorigin or foreignoriginofcitizensinacountry. on thebasisofplacebirth,ancestry National extractioncoversdistinctionsmade workers onoff-shoreinstallations. workers, itinerantseafarersand as italsocoversfrontierworkers,seasonal than thatcontainedintheILOinstruments, worker intheUNConventionisbroader set periodoftime.Thedefinitionmigrant to undertakespecifictasksforalimitedand to acountryattherequestoftheiremployer , p.10. , March2007,Box4,p.9. . Global EmploymentTrends forWomen ABC ofWomenWorkers’Rightsand , Booklet1,pp.9-10. , Booklet1,p.10. , Booklet1,p.9. Preventing Discrimination,Exploitation Migration inanInterconnectedWorld , ILO:Geneva,2000,pp.28- , Booklet1Introduction: Preventing Discrimination, Preventing Discrimination, Preventing Discrimination, General Equality , , 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 ratified it.Countriesthat haveratifiedC. remains bindingoncountries thathave ratification. However, theConvention Convention No.107is nowclosedfor 2003. Peoples, 1989(No.169):Amanual ILO, Declaration Information, United NationsDepartmentofPublic C. 111arefundamentalConventions. Recommendation (No.191).C.100and Convention, 2000(No.183)and (No. 165);andtheMaternityProtection 1981 (No.156)andRecommendation with FamilyResponsibilitiesConvention, and Recommendation(No.90);theWorkers Remuneration Convention,1951(No.100) and Recommendation(No.111);theEqual Occupation) Convention,1958(No.111) the Discrimination(Employmentand their accompanyingRecommendations: are reflectedinfourILOConventionsand The keygenderequalityrightsatwork Brief ILO, to WomenMigrantWorkers UNIFEM, Workers Exploitation andAbuseofWomenMigrant GENPROM, Migration, p.2. March 2007–SpecialIssueonWomenand Gender News Market: Globalchallengesandtrends,” ILO, “FemaleMigrantWorkersintheLabour under CEDAW,11July2003,p.20. Human RightsofWomenMigrantWorkers UNIFEM BriefingPaper Applicable toWomenMigrantWorkers:A (UNIFEM), Nations DevelopmentFundforWomen workers haduniversitydegree.United In oneILOstudy,23percentofdomestic ILO: Bangkok,2007,p.23. 2007: Integrations,challengesandopportunities ILO, Brief ILO, p. 14. GCIM, , p.9. , p.12. ILO ConventiononIndigenousandTribal Global EmploymentTrendsforWomen Global EmploymentTrendsforWomen Labour andSocialTrendsinASEAN , Booklet1,p.15. Migration inanInterconnectedWorld , NewYork,1996,p.11. Human RightsProtectionsApplicable , InternationalWomen’sDay,8 Platform forActionandtheBeijing Human RightsProtections Preventing Discrimination, , Roundtableonthe , p.4. , Geneva, ILO , , 61 ENDNOTES 62 ENDNOTES 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 when theyratifyC.169 107 automaticallydenouncetheConvention C. 97,art.6. C. 143. paras. 21and22. art. 6(c),andAppendixII, art.7(c);R.100, C. 97,art.6(1)(a)(iii); 97,AppendixI, 10 and11. 97, art.2.SeealsoC.AppendixII,arts. R. 151,para.2(a)inconjunctionwithC. C. 97,AppendixIII,art.1. R. 86,Annex,art.12. R. 100,para.7. 100, para.8. C. 97,art.5;R.86,paras.12and14; 6, andAppendixII,arts.47. C. 97,art.2;AppendixI,arts.4and 22. art. 6.SeealsoR.86,ModelAgreement, C. 97,AppendixI,art.5,andII, C. 95,art.9. C. 181,art.7. C. 97,art.7;AppendixI,4. Appendix II,art.3. C. 97,art.3;AppendixI,3,and C. 97,art.2. below. R. 86,para.5(2).Seealsoendnote45 10 and12(g). C. 97,art6;111,art.1(a);143,arts. C. 182,art.7(2)(d). (No. 146),para.16(a). Minimum AgeRecommendation,1973 151, para.2(g). R. 143;C.141;149;143,art.10; C. 87;97,art.6(1)(a)(ii);98;135; following endnotes. Recommendation asindicatedinthe of aConventionortheparagraph wording ofarightcanpickupthearticle Readers interestedinthepreciselegal permit. workers whostayinacountrywithout the purposeoftrainingoreducation,and persons enteringacountryspecificallyfor term visits,seafarers,theself-employed, of theliberalprofessions,artistsonshort- following groups:frontierworkers,members exclude fromtheirscopeoneormoreofthe mendations referredtointhischapter Certain oftheConventionsandRecom- Ibid , p.5. 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 R. 100,para.51. Ibid Ibid World ofWork ILO CodeofPracticeonHIV/AIDS andthe C. 143,art.14(a)and(c). paras. 33and34. C. 97,art.6(1)(d);143,9(2);R.151, R. 115,para.12(3). R. 115,para.4. R. 115,para.12(2). (No. 115). Workers’ HousingRecommendation,1961 Extensive guidancemaybefoundinthe C. 143,art.9(1) C. 97,art.6 C. 157;R.167. 46 and47;C.143,art.10;R.151,para.34; C. 118;97,art.6(1)(b);R.100,paras.45, R. 195,para.12. R. 151,para.2(a)and(b). 2(c). R. 100,paras.38,39and40;151,para. C. 143,art.8. C. 143,art.8;R.151,para.2(d). C. 143,art.14(a). 21 and22. R. 100,paras.45and46;151,20, C. 143,art.12(g). C. 143,art.9(1). and migrantworkersalike. is applicabletonationalsofthehostcountry regarding wagepayment.TheConvention 1949 (No.95)laysdownfurtherstandards The ProtectionofWagesConvention, identical, butequivalent. to meantreatmentwhichisnotnecessarily “No lessfavourabletreatment”isunderstood where theseformpartofremuneration...” remuneration, includingfamilyallowances to itsownnationalsinrespectof...(i) no lessfavourablethanthatwhichitapplies States tosecuremigrantworkers“treatment Art. 6(1)(a)ofC.97requiresratifying 97. 1964 (No.122)andinart.6(1)(a)ofC. 111, theEmploymentPolicyConvention, although thestandardisreiteratedine.g.C. This isessentiallythesubjectofC.100, and 36;R.151,para.2. C. 97,art.6(1)(a)(i);R.100,paras.23,25 , para.9. , para.5.2. , para.8.1. 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 ngo/relngios.htm. See http://www.ilo.org/public/comp/civil/ system andothermechanisms Asian NGOstotheinternational humanrights Center et.al., to theILOforNGOs,seeAsianMigrant For morespecificinformationonaccess Peoples, 1989(No.169), ILO, 1976 (No.144). (International LabourStandards)Convention, (No. 129);andtheTripartiteConsultations Inspection (Agriculture)Convention,1969 Convention, 1964(No.122);theLabour 1947 (No.81);theEmploymentPolicy 22 includetheLabourInspectionConvention, The priorityConventionsreferredtoinBox Bangkok, 1990,p.41. ILO, workers. categories ofworkers,includingmigrant freedom ofassociation,aswellspecific administration, tripartiteconsultation,and child labour,maternityprotection,labour occupational safetyandhealth,forcedlabour, addressing anumberofissuessuchaswages, Conventions and199Recommendations As of1July2007,theILOhasadopted188 been ratified. Protocol iftheunderlyingConventionhas work forwomen.AStatecanonlyratifya can departfromtheprohibitionofnight 1948, providesconditionsinwhichStates Work (Women)Convention(Revised), example, theProtocolof1990toNight A ProtocolpartiallyrevisesaConvention.For C. 97,AppendixIII,art.2;R.86,para.20. and 34. C. 143,art.9(1)and(2);R.151,paras.33 C. 143,art.9(3). C. 97,AppendixII,art.9;R.100,para.10; R. 151,paras.32,33and34. C. 97,art.2;R.151,paras.7(1)(a)and24. 17, 18and19. C. 143,art.13;R.151,paras.13,14,15,16, C. 97,art.9. R. 151,para.7. R. 100,para.49(d)and(e);C.143,art.12(f); R. 86,para.18. 18. Model AgreementinAnnextoR.86,art. ILO ConventiononIndigenousandTribal ILO StandardsandWomenWorkers A UNRoadMap:guide for pp. 70-71. , 2nded.,2004. , 104 103 102 101 100 99 98 representation: Itmust: following conditionsofreceivabilityfora Labour Organizationprovidesthe of theConstitutionInternational representations underarticles24and25 the procedureforexaminationof Art. 2(2)oftheStandingOrdersconcerning employers orworkers.” Constitution is“industrialassociationof The termusedinarticle24oftheILO p. 77. International LabourStandards ILO, ilolex/english/. further informationat:http://www.ilo.org/ See ILOLEXdatabaseonILOwebsitefor Conference. may bediscussedattheInternationalLabour observations ratherthandirectrequestsand employers’ organizationsaretakenupin Most communicationsfromworkers’and 1999. Labour Conference,87thSession,Geneva, 1975, ReportIII(Part4B),International (No. 143),andRecommendation151), (Supplementary Provisions)Convention (No. 86),1949,andtheMigrantWorkers (No. 97),andRecommendation(Revised) for EmploymentConvention(Revised) survey onthereportsMigration in 1998.ILO:MigrantWorkers.General General SurveybytheCommitteeofExperts migrant workerswerethesubjectofa specifically aimingattheprotectionof The ConventionsandRecommendations See endnote94. thesaidConvention. observancewithinitsjurisdiction of madehasfailedtosecure theeffective thattheMemberagainst whichitis - indicateinwhatrespect itisalleged party Memberagainstwhichitismadea - refertoaConventionwhichthe - concernaMemberoftheOrganization theILOConstitution - makespecificreferencetoarticle24of employersorworkers - comefromanindustrialassociationof LabourOfficeinwriting - becommunicatedtotheInternaional Rules oftheGame:Abriefintroductionto , Geneva,2005, 63 ENDNOTES 64 ENDNOTES 106 105 2004, pp.71-72. and Management:Trainingmodules workers” inILO, to protecttherightsandwelfareofmigrant 2005. Seealso“Checklist:Meansofaction migration guidelines forarights-basedapproachtolabour on LabourMigration:Non-bindingprinciplesand Migration. ILO, the ILOMultilateralFrameworkonLabour More detailedguidelinescanbefoundin the Conventionstheyratifiedinpast. States, buthaveretainedobligationsunder countries thatarenolongerILOmember complaints canalsobemadeagainst are usuallyILOmemberStates.However, Countries againstwhichcomplaintsaremade , Geneva,31October-2November ILO MultilateralFramework Labour MigrationPolicy , Bangkok, .12SocialSecurity (MinimumStandards) Convention,1952. Protection ofWagesConvention,1949. C. 102 LabourClauses (PublicContracts)Convention,1949. C. 95 Employment ServiceConvention,1948. C. 94 LabourInspection Convention,1947. C. 88 Minimum Wage-Fixing MachineryConvention,1928. C. 81 EqualityofTreatment(Accident Compensation)Convention,1925. C. 26 C. 19 Workers Some ILOConventionsandRecommendations withSpecificConcernsofMigrant Migrant Workers(SupplementaryProvisions)Convention,1975. C. 143 MigrationforEmploymentConvention(Revised),1949. C. 97 Migrant-specific ILOConventionsandRecommendations WorstFormsofChildLabourConvention,1999. C. 182 MinimumAgeConvention,1973. C. 138 Child Labour AbolitionofForcedLabourConvention,1957. C. 105 ForcedLabourConvention,1930. C. 29 Forced Labour Discrimination(EmploymentandOccupation)Convention, 1958. C. 111 EqualRemunerationConvention,1951. C. 100 Equality atWork RighttoOrganizeandCollectiveBargainingConvention,1949. FreedomofAssociationandProtectiontheRighttoOrganizeConvention,1948. C. 98 C. 87 Freedom ofAssociation Fundamental ILOConventions ANNEX 1 .11 MigrantWorkersRecommendation,1975. R. 151 ProtectionofMigrantWorkers(UnderdevelopedCountries)Recommendation, R. 100 MigrationforEmploymentRecommendation(Revised),1949. R. 86 WorstFormsofChildLabourRecommendation,1999. R. 190 MinimumAgeRecommendation,1973. R. 146 ForcedLabour(IndirectCompulsion),1930. R. 35 Discrimination(EmploymentandOccupation)Recommendation,1958. R. 111 EqualRemunerationRecommendation,1951. R. 90 1955. INTERNATIONAL LABOURSTANDARDS RELEVANT TO MIGRANTWORKERS 65 ANNEX 66 ANNEX may beobtainedfromvariousdatabases,whicharepubliclyaccessiblethroughtheILOwebsite: Conventions andRecommendationslistedhere.Informationconcerninginternationallabourstandards All partiesinterestedintherightsofmigrantworkersshouldhavecopiesatleastsome,ideallyall, Information SourcesonILOConventionsandRecommendations SafetyandHealthinAgricultureConvention,2001. C. 184 MaternityProtectionConvention,2000. C. 183 PrivateEmploymentAgenciesConvention,1997. C. 181 SafetyandHealthinMinesConvention,1995. C. 176 WorkingConditions(HotelsandRestaurants)Convention,1991. C. 172 IndigenousandTribalPeoplesConvention,1989. C. 169 EmploymentPromotionandProtectionagainstUnemploymentConvention,1988. C. 168 SafetyandHealthinConstructionConvention,1988. C. 167 TerminationofEmploymentConvention,1982. C. 158 MaintenanceofSocialSecurityRightsConvention, 1982. C. 157 OccupationalSafetyandHealthConvention,1981. C. 155 NursingPersonnelConvention,1977. C. 149 HumanResourcesDevelopmentConvention,1975. C. 142 RuralWorkers’OrganizationsConvention,1975. C. 141 Workers’RepresentativesConvention,1971. C. 135 MinimumWageFixingConvention,1970. C. 131 LabourInspection(Agriculture)Convention,1969. C. 129 EmploymentPolicyConvention,1964. C. 122 EmploymentInjuryBenefitsConvention,1964. C. 121 EqualityofTreatment(SocialSecurity)Convention,1962. C. 118 SocialPolicy(BasicAimsandStandards)Convention,1962 C. 117 PlantationsConvention,1958. C. 110 .18PrivateEmploymentAgenciesRecommendation,1997. R. 188 MaintenanceofSocialSecurityRightsRecommendation, 1983. R. 167 OccupationalSafetyandHealthRecommendation,1981. R. 164 HumanResourcesDevelopmentRecommendation,2004. R. 195 RuralWorkers’OrganizationsRecommendation,1975. R. 149 Workers’RepresentativesRecommendation,1971. R. 143 EmploymentPolicy(Supplementary Provisions)Recommendation,1984. R. 169 EmploymentPolicyRecommendation,1964. R. 122 Workers’HousingRecommendation, 1961. R. 115 (http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/norm/index.htm) providesinformation on The ILOhomepageonInternational LabourStandards freedom ofassociationand therighttobargaincollectively cfm?Lang=EN& hdroff=1) isadatabasewithreportsfromtheILOsupervisory bodieson Libsynd (http://webfusion.ilo.org/public/db/standards/normes/libsynd/index. containing informationoninternationallabourstandards. of nationallabourlegislation,butalsofeatureslinks tocountryprofilesandotherwebsites NATLEX (http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex_browse.home) isoriginallyadatabase regarding thereportingobligationsofratifyingStates atanygiventime. less comprehensive,butfeaturescomparativeinformation onratificationsaswelldetails APPLIS (http://webfusion.ilo.org/public/db/standards/normes/appl/index.cfm?lang=EN) is supervisory bodies. Recommendations, aswellvariousreportson the applicationofstandardsfromILO ILOLEX (http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/english/)contains thetextofallConventionsand Geneva 22,Switzerland. publications fromILOlocalofficesorPublications,InternationalLabourOffice,CH-1211 The fulltextofalltheaboveConventionsandRecommendationscanalsobeobtainedasseparate (http://www.aseansec.org/19264.htm) the RightsofMigrantWorkersadoptedat12th ASEAN Summit,Cebu(Philippines),January2007. mentioned inthecontextofAsiaPacificisASEAN DeclarationontheProtectionandPromotionof There isagreatvarietyofregionalinstrumentsaround theworld.Onethatparticularlydeservestobe Regional InstrumentsRelevanttoMigrantWorkers United NationsInstrumentsRelevanttoMigrantWorkers Child Pornography,2001. Convention ontheRightsofChildSaleChildren,Prostitution,and Convention ontheRightsofChild(CRC),1989andOptionalProtocolto Convention AgainstTransnationalOrganizedCrime,2000. Protocol AgainsttheSmugglingofMigrantsbyLand,SeaandAir,SupplementingUN 2000. Children, SupplementingtheUNConventionAgainstTransnationalOrganizedCrime, Protocol toPrevent,SuppressandPunishTraffickinginPersons,EspeciallyWomen members ofTheirFamilies(MWC),1990. International ConventionfortheProtectionofRightsAllMigrantWorkersand Punishment, 1984. Convention againstTortureandOtherCruel,InhumanorDegradingTreatment 1979. Convention ontheEliminationofAllFormsDiscriminationagainstWomen(CEDAW), International CovenantonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRights(ICESCR),1966. International CovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights(ICCPR),1966. 1965. International ConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsRacialDiscrimination(ICERD), Universal DeclarationofHumanRights(UDHR),1948. and linkstoresearchpromotionalmaterials. (i.e. theAnnualReviews);informationandperspectivesreleasedthroughGlobalReports; and RightsatWork;informationgatheredundertheDeclaration’sFollow-Upmechanism mation onthelatestdevelopmentsrelatedtoILODeclarationFundamentalPrinciples (http://www.ilo.org/dyn/declaris/DECLARATIONWEB.INDEXPAGE) providesinfor- The ILOhomepageonFundamentalPrinciplesandRightsatWork background information the lateststandards-relatedinformation,aswelllinkstodatabases,promotionalmaterialsand 67 ANNEX 68 ANNEX 2001. Management Systems ILO, employment/skills/index.htm. 2007. http://www.ilo.org/public/English/ Regulation, monitoringandenforcement ILO, – SpecialIssueonWomenandMigration. News Market: Globalchallengesandtrends,” ILO, “FemaleMigrantWorkersintheLabour Conference, 75thSession,Geneva,1988. Recommendations, InternationalLabour on theApplicationofConventionsand General SurveybytheCommitteeofExperts ILO, Equality ILO, Pacific against SexualHarassmentatWorkinAsiaandthe Thomas, Constance&McCann,Deirdre, Haspels, Nelien,Kasim,ZaitunMohamed, Migration, Switzerland,October2005. for action, Migration inanInterconnectedWorld:Newdirections Global CommissiononMigration(GCIM), 2003. Migrant Workers:Aninformationguide Discrimination, ExploitationandAbuseofWomen Gender PromotionProgramme,ILO, at Work, Chappell, Duncan&DiMartino,Vittorio, Bibliography ANNEX 2 , InternationalWomen’sDay,8March2007 , ILO,Bangkok,2001. ABC ofWomenWorkers’RightsandGender Guidelines onOccupational Safety andHealth Equality inEmploymentandOccupation, Guide toPrivateEmploymentAgencies: , Geneva,2000. 3rded.,ILO,Geneva,2006. Report oftheGlobalCommissionon BIBLIOGRAPHY ANDRESOURCEMATERIALS , ILO-OSH2001,Geneva, ILOGender , Geneva, , Geneva, Preventing Violence Action ILO, insertion inOSCE/IOM/ILO on Migration,”Working paperpreparedfor Landuyt, Katerine,“International LegalFramework ILO, International LabourConference,2004. Global Economy ILO, International LabourStandards ILO, III, PartIB. Labour Conference,87thSession,1999,Report Conventions andRecommendations,International Committee ofExpertsontheApplication ILO, Training modules ILO, 2007. Integrations, challengesandopportunities ILO, 1990. ILO, March 2006. Governing Bodyatits295thSession,Geneva, October-2 November2005,endorsedbytheILO by theTripartiteMeetingofExperts,Geneva,31 a rights-basedapproachtolabourmigration Migration: Non-bindingprinciplesandguidelinesfor ILO, Peoples, 1989(No.169):Amanual ILO, March 2007. ILO StandardsandWomenWorkers Violence atWork, Towards aFairDealforMigrantWorkersinthe Labour andSocialTrendsinASEAN2007: Global EmploymentTrendsforWomenBrief Rules oftheGame:Abriefintroductionto ILO ConventiononIndigenousandTribal Migrant Workers Labour MigrationPolicyandManagement: ILO MultilateralFrameworkonLabour , ReportVI,92ndSessionofthe , Bangkok,2004. 3rd ed.,Geneva,2006. , GeneralSurveyofthe , Geneva,2005. , Geneva,2003. Handbook on , Bangkok, , Bangkok, , adopted , Organizing forSocialJustice A GlobalAllianceAgainstForced Labour The EndofChildLabour:Within Reach Equality atwork:Tacklingthechallenges reports areavailableatwww.ilo.org/declaration.) Labour ConferenceeachJune.Allofthefollowing Global ReportissubmittedtotheInternational Fundamental principlesandrightsatwork,a As afollow-uptothe1998Declarationon Principles andRightsatWork ILO GlobalReportsonFundamental and internationalmigration of WorldPopulation2006:Apassagetohope,women United NationsPopulationFund(UNFPA), under CEDAW,11July2003. the HumanRightsofWomenMigrantWorkers Workers: AUNIFEMbriefingpaper Human RightsProtectionsApplicabletoWomenMigrant United NationsFundforWomen(UNIFEM), York, 1996. Platform forActionandtheBeijingDeclaration United NationsDepartmentofPublicInformation, Documentation, February2006. Total MigrantStock:The2005revision Social Affairs,PopulationDivision, United NationsDepartmentofEconomicand APCITY/UNPAN009846.pdf. un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/ National AIDSPolicyofIndia,http://unpan1. employees Workplace: Agoodpracticeguideforemployersand Muslim CouncilofBritain,The, A, 2002. and Selection,CaseStudySeries1/2004,Appendix of ResponsibleEmploymentPractices Ministry ofManpowerSingapore, Countries ofOriginandDestination Establishing EffectiveLabourMigrationPoliciesin , London,2005. , September2006. , 2004. , 2006. , Roundtableon (Tripartite) Code , Recruitment Muslims inthe , 2007. , CD-ROM , 2005. , 2006. Trends in , New State Your VoiceatWork Stopping ForcedLabour A FuturewithoutChildLabour Time forEqualityatWork opportunities forall of , World CommissionontheSocialDimension Origin andDestination Effective LabourMigrationPoliciesinCountriesof Migration (IOM)&ILO, (OSCE),InternationalOrganizationfor Organization forSecurityandCooperationin No. 129,Geneva,2002. ILO, enforcement Exploitation: Guidanceforlegislationandlaw ILO, Equinox Publishing,Jakarta,2006. as domesticworkersinAsia, Anggraeni, Dewi, Migrant Workers Other PublicationsonMigrationand Book 6:Module9‘ASmart JobSeeker’. Terhorst &NelienHaspels, ILO,Bangkok,2006, Representation 3-R Trainers’KitonRights, Responsibilitiesand Empowerment forChildren,YouthandFamilies: ed-manuals/un-road-map.php. edition, 2004,http://www.equitas.org/english/ Forum onWomenLawandDevelopment,2nd Human RightsFoundation,andtheAsiaPacific the AteneoHumanRightsCenter,Canadian Joint publicationoftheAsianMigrantsCenter, international humanrightssystemandothermechanisms A UNRoadMap:guideforAsianNGOstothe Rights Safe MigrationandMigrantWorkers’ Training andResourceMaterialson Migrant Workers Human TraffickingandForcedLabour , Geneva,2005. . BusakornSuriyasarn, Rosalinda , Geneva,2004. , 2000. A FairGlobalization:Creating Dreamseekers: Indonesianwomen , 2006. , 2001. , LabourEducation2002/4 , 2003. Handbook onEstablishing ILOJakartaandPT , 2002. . 69 ANNEX 70 ANNEX www.migrantsrights.org Convention ontheRights ofMigrants:http:// Global CampaignfortheRatification ofthe (GAATW): http://www.thai.net/gaatw Global AllianceAgainstTraffickinginWomen (CATW): http://www.catwinternational.org/ Coalition AgainstTraffickinginWomen http://ww.thaiembdc.org/info/bdim.html Bangkok DeclarationonIrregularMigration: migrants.org Asian MigrantCenter:http://www.asian- http://www.unesco.org/most/apmrn.htm Asia-Pacific MigrationResearchNetwork: antislavery.org Anti-Slavery International:http://www. amnesty.org Amnesty International:http://www.web. Migration Useful WebsitesonInternational Women, ILO,Bangkok,April2007. Project toCombatTraffickinginChildrenand migrant workersinThailand Travel Smart–WorkSmart:A‘smart’guidefor Labour, ILO,2006. Special ActionProgrammetoCombatForced Recruitment ofMigrantWorkers:Trainingmanual Trafficking forForcedLabour,HowtoMonitor Geneva, 2002. unions. Promoting GenderEquality:Aresourcekitfortrade 2003. Gender PromotionProgramme,ILO,Geneva, of WomenMigrantWorkers:Aninformationguide Preventing Discrimination,ExploitationandAbuse modules. Labour MigrationPolicyandManagement:Training ILO,Bangkok,2004. Gender PromotionProgramme,ILO, . MekongSubregional . . tiprpt/ Persons Report:http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/ US StateDepartmentAnnual Traffickingin http://www.un.org/esa/population/unpop.htm International MigrationReport2002: United NationsPopulationDivision: Refugees (UNHCR):http://www.unhcr.ch United NationsHighCommissionerfor (UNIFEM): http://www.unifem.org United NationsDevelopmentFundforWomen scalabrini.asn.au Scalabrini MigrationCenter:http://www. world-psi.org/migration and WomenHealthWorkers:http://www. Public ServicesInternational(PSI)–Migration http://www.poea.gov.ph Philippine OverseasEmploymentAdministration: http://www.solidar.org Network ofMigrantWorkersOrganizations: migrantwatch.org Migrant RightsInternational:http:// migrationinformation.org Migration InformationSource:http://www. www.iom.int International OrganizationforMigration:http:// www.hrlawgroup.org International HumanRightsLawGroup:http:// Unions (ICFTU):http://www.icftu.org International ConfederationofFreeTrade migrant/ilmdb/index.htm http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/ ILO InternationalLabourMigrationDatabase: ilo.org International LabourOffice(ILO):http://www. hrw.org Human RightsWatch(HRW):http://www. L ovninN.9 ILO ConventionNo.97 STATUS: ANNEX 3 NMC Signatories UN MWC: ILO ConventionNo.143 International ConventionontheProtectionofRightsAllMigrantWorkers Cameroon Cambodia Burkina Faso Brazil +HU]HJRYLQD Bosnia & Bolivia Benin Belize Belgium Barbados Bahamas $]HUEDLMDQ Armenia Argentina Algeria Albania ILO MigrantWorkers(SupplementaryProvisions)Convention,1975(No.143) RATIFICATION STATUSOFMIGRANTWORKERSCONVENTIONS State ILO MigrationforEmployment(Revised)Convention,1949(No.97) and MembersofTheirFamilies(UNMWC),1990 5DWL¿FDWLRQ -XQH 'F1RY 'HF 0\ $QQH[HV,WR,,, 0D\ HW$Q[V,W, -XO\ $QQH[HV,WR,,, 6HSW -XO\ XH H 1RY 'HF 'HF -XQH $QQH[,,, -XQH -XQH -Q -DQ -DQ 2W$Q[, $SU $QQH[,, 2FW D$QQH[HV,WR,,, 0D\ 0DU ,/2& State Parties:37 23 ratifications 47 ratifications As of1August2007 Annexes excluded IURPUDWL¿FDWLRQ RI& : 15 3DUW,,H[FOXGHG 5DWL¿FDWLRQ -XQH 6HS ,/2& V VLJQDWXUHRQO\ 5DWL¿FDWLRQRU 27 Sep2004(s) 15 Sep2005(s) 7 Oct1998(s) Accession 27 Feb2007 -DQ -XQH 2FW UN MWC 71 ANNEX 72 ANNEX Mali Malawi Madagascar Jamahariya Libyan Arab Liberia Lesotho Kyrgyzstan Kenya Jamaica Italy Israel Indonesia 6$5 +RQJ.RQJ &KLQD +RQGXUDV Guyana Guinea-Bissau Guinea Guatemala Granada Germany Gabon Egypt (O6DOYDGRU Ecuador Dominica Cyprus Cuba Comoros Colombia Chile Cape Verde State 0UK $QQH[,, 0DUFK 6S QHHR,,-XQH $QQH[HV,WR,,, 6HSW 5DWL¿FDWLRQ -Q$QQH[,,, -XQH $QQH[HV,WR,,, -XQH -XQH -DQ )E$QQH[HV,WR,,, )HE $SULO 1Y QHHR,,$SULO $QQH[HV,WR,,, 1RY )E 0DUFK )HE 0DU 0DU XH $QQH[HV,WR,,, -XQH 2W -XQH 2FW SL$Q[V,W, )HE $QQH[HV,WR,,, $SULO X\ $QQH[HV,WR,,, -XO\ ,/2& Annexes excluded IURPUDWL¿FDWLRQ RI& 5DWL¿FDWLRQ XH 6HSW -XQH ,/2& V VLJQDWXUHRQO\ 5DWL¿FDWLRQRU 12 Sept2000(s) 22 Sept2000(s) 22 Sep2004(s) 22 Sep2004(s) 15 Sep2005(s) 15 Dec2004(s) 0DUFK 6HSW 0D\ 6HS 6HS $XJ Accession )HE 0DU -XQ 6HSW -XQ UN MWC DLLWQSLSL-DQ 'HF $SULO Trinidad &Tobago DR ofTimor-Leste 0D\ $SULO Macedonia Republic of 0D\ 7KHIRUPHU