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The Migration Phenomenon in East Asia: Towards a Theological Response from God's People As a Host Community

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The Migration Phenomenon in East Asia: Towards a Theological Response from God's People As a Host Community The migration phenomenon in East Asia: Towards a theological response from God's people as a host community [Published by Regnum in 2015 as: Theologising Migration: Otherness and Liminality in East Asia] Paul Woods This dissertation is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Theology) of AGST Alliance 2012 I declare that this dissertation is my own account of my research and contains as its main content work which has not previously been submitted for a qualification at any tertiary education institution. Paul Woods.................................................................................... Abstract This dissertation works towards a theological response from the East Asian church to intra-regional migration. It provides an introduction to migration theory and the experiences of people on the move, as the basis of a theological reflection. Migration is a significant part of modern life, and the Asian church has begun to respond and reach out to migrants. However, this concern for the Other (someone different and distinct from oneself) is patchy and lacks robust theological foundations. Migration brings those in the host countries face to face with racial and social Others, who may face ill-treatment and exploitation, to which the church is sometimes perceived as indifferent. The principal motifs employed in the work are Otherness and liminality. Through these, this research explores the commandments in the Pentateuch which require fair treatment of the alien in Israel. A similar approach is applied to Christ’s life and teaching and the example of the early church in the New Testament. The same motifs of Otherness and liminality are used to examine the status of God’s followers before Him and other nations. The apparent tension in the Bible between social inclusivity and religious exclusivism towards aliens and religious Others is investigated by means of an attractive vector operating inside a space of acceptance to move non-believers towards faith in Yahweh. This space originates within the Godhead and extends out into the wider world. The church draws on the Triune God by a process of cascading, through which various aspects of His nature and experience flow down from Him, to the church and thence through it into the broader society. Finally, the work synthesises the findings from the scriptures into suggestions for a theological response from the church, as individuals and as a group within society, and gives some pointers towards concrete action within the transnational space. Acknowledgements I wish to thank my wife, Nadine, and children, Daniel, Benjamin, and Heather, for their unceasing support and encouragement for me and this research work. My wife and I are migrants into each other’s families and cultures. My children have spent most of their lives as migrants in Singapore. They have kept me focused and productive; well, most of the time. My parents, Harry and Jo, brought me up to look at the world with wonder and have always encouraged me in every academic endeavour. Although a long way from where this work was carried out, they showed consistent concern and interest. My research supervisor, Jonathan Ingleby, is a rare combination of hugely insightful mind and gracious character. He has been demanding and thorough and I have benefitted immensely from his experience and dedication. I am grateful to the good people at St George’s, Tanglin, Singapore for often asking me for progress reports and expressing interest and sympathy at different stages of the work. Thanks also to the Chinese congregation of St John’s St Margaret’s Church, Dover, Singapore for making a significant contribution towards the fees for the PhD. The principal, faculty, and particular close friends at Singapore Bible College deserve a special mention. My previous dean and the principal granted me a one semester sabbatical when it was sorely needed. Friends in the OT departments of both the English and Chinese schools did a great job in spurring me on. Finally, praise be to God for bringing me salvation and direction. I have drawn deeply on His word and His purposes for humanity as I have looked at migration. “…He marked out their appointed times in history and the boundaries of their lands... so that they would seek him and perhaps reach out for him and find him, though he is not far from any one of us.” Acts 17:26-27 Contents [Page numbers removed] Chapter 1 Introduction Introductory Comments Migration and Globalisation The Rise of East Asia in a Multipolar World Changing Church and Changing Missions in East Asia The Purpose of this Research The Basic Approach of the Research The Scope of the Research The Structure of the Dissertation Chapter 2 Migration in East Asia Introduction Migration as a Global Phenomenon Migration in East Asia Migration Theory A Cultural and Historical Sketch of the Host Nations The Underlying Worldview of the Six Host Nations The Migration Experience Advocacy for Migrants in East Asia Concluding Remarks Appendix: Numbers of Migrants and Migrant Advocacy in East Asia Chapter 3 Literature Review Introduction Evangelical Writings on Migration Ecumenical Writings on Migration Roman Catholic Perspectives Orthodoxy: Zizioulas’ Communion and Otherness Two Modern Jewish Philosophers: Buber and Levinas Miroslav Volf’s Exclusion and Embrace Liminality and Communitas Concluding Remarks Chapter 4 Migration and the Ancient Faith Community Introduction An Expanding Envelope of Community and Mission God Three Old Testament Aliens: Abraham, Joseph, and Moses Egypt and Exodus: I, Thou, Eternal Thou The Mission of Israel: Being before Going? Who is the Alien? The Alien Mandate in the OT Law through the Lenses of Otherness and Liminality Aliens within Israel: Some Thumbnail Sketches Summary And Concluding Thoughts Chapter 5 Migration and the Expanding Faith Community Introduction Jesus the Other Relevant Teaching in the Gospels Jesus and Four Individual Others Jesus and The Gentiles: Thumbnail Sketches Acts The Epistles and Revelation Summary and Concluding Thoughts Chapter 6 Towards a Response to Migration in East Asia Introduction Summary and Synthesis of OT and NT Themes Anchoring a Response to Migration within Existing Scholarship Towards a Theological Response Towards a Missiological Response Conclusion Chapter 7 Conclusions, Implications, and Suggestions Introduction Conclusions from this Research Implications for a Missiological Response Suggestions for Future Work Concluding Remarks References List of Figures Fig 1 Wright’s paradigmatic relationship between the covenants Fig 2 The expanding community and the faith interface Fig 3 The balance between spiritual redemption and social justice Chapter 1 Introduction Introductory Comments This chapter lays out some of the basic questions and issues which underlie this research, and briefly introduces some of the major concepts of the discussion. These core ideas will be developed and applied in greater depth in the main body of the work. Migration has been described as ‘one of the defining issues of the twenty-first century’ (IOM, 2009). In addition, the International Organization for Migration claims that migration is ‘an essential, inevitable and potentially beneficial component of the economic and social life of every country and region’ (IOM, 2009). Any phenomenon which is described in such striking terms deserves the attention and response of the church. However, for Christians the most significant aspect of migration is not that it is hugely important or affects every country and region, but that it is fundamentally about people. In the secular world much attention has already been paid to migration. In some countries migration is seen as a good thing, bringing in new people with skills and money. In other locations, so-called Kleenex workers - use once and throw away - are used (and abused) to carry out tasks which locals do not wish to do. Migrants may be associated with cultural renewal or ghetto-forming; they may be seen as people who quickly adopt the standards and life-style of the host country and culture, or perhaps as outsiders who endanger the status quo. For these reasons migration theory and policy has spawned a whole host of sub-disciplines such as voluntary and involuntary migration, international and domestic migration, human rights, migration law, protection for workers as well as companies, gender and family issues, acculturation and identity, racism, repatriation, and so on. It is probably fair to say that this kind of detailed study in many countries and through many institutions has not yet been mirrored in the Christian community (Groody, 2009). This point will be enlarged upon a little later, but for the present it should be sufficient to say that migration is a complex phenomenon which merits urgent and comprehensive study by the church, theologians, and missiologists, and while there have been some encouraging moves by God's people, much remains to be done. This study constitutes a modest attempt to advance the study of migration from a theological perspective. In a sense, migration is people, people on the move. For a whole host of reasons, and with a whole variety of implications and consequences, people are moving as never before. Each of these people who travel across borders is made in God's image and precious to Him. Their very presence thus represents a challenge and an opportunity to churches and for mission endeavours. In addition, from a missiological perspective, migration is unique because it brings people of no belief or other belief directly into environments where Christians live and practise their faith. Migration thus undermines old dichotomies of home outreach and foreign missions; the arrival of strangers in the midst of our societies requires us to reapply the Great Commission (Mt 28:16-20) and Great Commandment (Mt 22:36-40) in new, old, and creative ways. Migration and Globalisation Migration is seen as a relatively recent phenomenon, linked with globalisation. Although in many ways these two are modern trends, at least in terms of their present scope and influence, migration is as old as humanity and globalisation (or perhaps the globalising tendency) is also older than many would imagine.
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