ColdCold ClimateClimate ViticultureViticulture inin VermontVermont

Lorraine P. Berkett Dept. of Plant & Soil Science University of Vermont http://pss.uvm.edu/grape/ --CultivarCultivar SelectionSelection-- FactorsFactors toto ConsiderConsider aVine Hardiness aFruit Characteristics aSeason of Ripening (early, mid, late) aDisease and Insect Resistance aVine Characteristics

Source: Midwest Production Guide, 2005 AA KeyKey FactorFactor inin CultivarCultivar SelectionSelection inin VermontVermont…….. aaVineVine HardinessHardiness aFruit Characteristics aSeason of Ripening (early, mid, late) aDisease and Insect Resistance aVine Characteristics HardinessHardiness RangesRanges a“tender” 0°F to -10°F a“slightly hardy” -5°F to -15°F a“moderately hardy” -10°F to -20°F a“hardy” -15°F to -25°F a“very hardy” -25°F to -35°F

Source: Midwest Grape Production Guide, 2005 VitisVitis viniferavinifera aMost tender aFruit buds injured at -10 F aVines are often killed at -15 F or lower. FrenchFrench--AmericanAmerican HybridsHybrids havehave beenbeen RatedRated as:as: a“Moderately Hardy” a“Hardy” a“Very Hardy” (a few) http://ohioline.osu.edu/b919/0005.html Vermont Hardiness Zones

Source: Perry, L. New Vermont Hardiness Map. http://www.uvm.edu/~uvmext/publications/oh/oh53.htm WhyWhy isis therethere aa developingdeveloping winegrapewinegrape industryindustry inin VermontVermont now?now? WhyWhy isis therethere aa developingdeveloping winegrapewinegrape industryindustry inin VermontVermont now?now?

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BecauseBecause ofof availabilityavailability ofof coldcold--hardyhardy winegrapewinegrape cultivarscultivars suchsuch asas …… ““NewNew”” ColdCold--HardyHardy WineWine GrapeGrape CultivarsCultivars

St.St. CroixCroix

FrontenacFrontenac

LaLa CrescentCrescent ElmerElmer SwensonSwenson ÅÅ ++ ÆÆ Univ.Univ. ofof MinnesotaMinnesota PartialPartial ListList ofof GrapeGrape CultivarsCultivars aaFrontenacFrontenac aaSt.St. CroixCroix aaFrontenacFrontenac GrisGris aaSt.St. PepinPepin aaLaCrescentLaCrescent aaSwensonSwenson WhiteWhite aaLouiseLouise SwensonSwenson aaLaCrosseLaCrosse aaMNMN 12111211 ()(Marquette) aaSabrevoisSabrevois aaPrairiePrairie StarStar TheThe followingfollowing CultivarCultivar InformationInformation comescomes fromfrom MinnesotaMinnesota sourcessources suchsuch as:as:

•University of Minnesota - Commercial Fruit Production in Minnesota - : http://fruit.coafes.umn.edu/grape/index.htm

•Minnesota Grape Growers Association - Varieties: http://www.mngrapes.org/varieties.html a Origin: MN 89 x Landot 4511; U of M, 1996. Uses: Red .

a More vines of are growing in MN than of any other variety, due to overall viticultural performance and excellent wine quality.

a Very cold-hardy vine and has borne a full crop after temperatures as low as -30° F.

FrontenacFrontenac a The small black berries are produced on medium to large clusters that are usually slightly loose.

a Consistently heavy producer; may require cluster thinning.

a Ripens in late midseason.

a Wine typically has a pleasant cherry aroma with berry and plum evident in many cases a . Found growing at the University of Minnesota as a sport of Frontenac.

a Culturally, it is identical to Frontenac, having high vigor and yields.

a Hardy to at least -38 F.

a Small grey berries are born on medium sized, loose clusters.

a Suitable for high quality table and dessert , possibly as well.

a Ripens mid-season with aromas that include peach, apricot, citrus, and pineapple. Frontenac & FrontenacFrontenac GrisGris a Labrusca and herbaceous aromas have not been detected. a White wine grape variety - makes a Germanic character wine reminiscent of or

a Origin: St. Pepin x ES 6-8-25; U of M, 2002

a Very winter hardy with trunks surviving temp. as low as -36 F

a Mid-season variety with an average date of Sept. 26 in Minnesota (approx. 45-degree latitude)

a Yields and vigor are moderate LaLa CrescentCrescent a Small to medium amber berries on medium clusters that are slightly loose to loose

a Wine quality is high when finished in a semi-sweet style, and aromas include apricot, citrus, and pineapple with no herbaceous or labrusca aromas. a Origin: Elmer Swenson, 1983.

a

a Hardy to -32 F or better

a Many award winning wines have been made from St. Croix [ it’s relatively easy to make good quality wine from this grape] St.St. CroixCroix a Vinifera-like, with good fruit and low tannin

a Ripens mid season LatestLatest NamedNamed MNMN WinegrapeWinegrape CultivarCultivar a Origin: MN 1094 and the French Hybrid cultivar Ravat 262

a Withstands temperatures as low as -36˚ F without serious injury.

a Open and orderly growth habit

a Ripens mid-season, a few days before the standard cultivar Frontenac.

a Wines have been excellent, exceeding nearly all MarquetteMarquette non-V. vinifera varieties in quality ratings. MN1211 Tasters have noted an attractive deep red color, MN1211 desirable aromas of cherry, black pepper, spice, and berry, and substantial tannin structure rarely found in hybrid wines. The passing of an influential person…

Source: http://www.littlefatwino.com/swensonmemorial.html University of Minnesota Breeding Program OnOn--LineLine ResourcesResources -- CultivarsCultivars a University of Minnesota - Commercial Fruit Production in Minnesota - Grapes: http://fruit.coafes.umn.edu/grape/index.htm a Minnesota Grape Growers Association -Varieties: http://www.mngrapes.org/varieties.html a Cornell University - The Less Risky Varieties, Old and New: http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/hort/faculty/reisch/winehando ut.html TheThe LessLess RiskyRisky Varieties,Varieties, OldOld andand NewNew Bruce I. Reisch and Steve Luce NYS Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University Geneva, Presentation to the Finger Lakes Grape Growers' Convention, March 4, 2005 VermontVermont VineyardsVineyards PartialPartial ListList ofof WinegrapeWinegrape CultivarsCultivars PlantedPlanted inin VermontVermont aaArcticArctic RieslingRiesling aaMarquetteMarquette aaVidalVidal blancblanc aaBacoBaco NoirNoir aaPrairiePrairie StarStar aaVignolesVignoles aaBiancaBianca aaRieslingRiesling aaZweigeltZweigelt aaCayugaCayuga WhiteWhite aaSabrevoisSabrevois aaFrontenacFrontenac aaSeyvalSeyval aFrontenac Gris aFrontenac Gris aaSt.St. CroixCroix aaLaCrescentLaCrescent aaSt.St. PepinPepin aaLaCrosseLaCrosse aSwenson Red aaLeonLeon MillotMillot aSwenson Red aaLouiseLouise SwensonSwenson aaSwensonSwenson WhiteWhite aaMarechalMarechal FochFoch aaTraminetteTraminette VVermontermont –– SARESARE PartnershipPartnership GrantGrant EvaluateEvaluate HorticulturalHorticultural PerformancePerformance ofof SelectedSelected GrapeGrape CultivarsCultivars underunder VermontVermont ConditionsConditions CultivarCultivar SelectionSelection aVine Hardiness aFruit Characteristics aSeason of Ripening (early, mid, late) aaDiseaseDisease andand InsectInsect ResistanceResistance aVine Characteristics MajorMajor GrapeGrape DiseasesDiseases aPowdery Mildew aDowny Mildew aBlack Rot aBotrytis bunch rot and blight aCrown Gall aAngular Leaf Scorch aPhomopsis cane and leaf spot DiseasesDiseases ObservedObserved inin VermontVermont DiseaseDisease ResistanceResistance inin MNMN a Frontenac -- “very disease-resistant, with good resistance to powdery mildew and near-immunity to downy” a Frontenac Gris – “Good, with moderate susceptibility to powdery mildew and black rot, and very low susceptibility to downy mildew” a -- “ low susceptibility to powdery mildew and black rot, moderate susceptibility to downy mildew (on the leaves)” a St. Croix – “Susceptible to downy mildew, but resists powdery mildew and black rot” a Marquette – “Resistance to downy mildew, powdery mildew and black rot has been excellent and the vine requires only a minimal spray program” DiseaseDisease ResistanceResistance inin VermontVermont 2004:2004: NonNon--SprayedSprayed

Powdery Downy mildew Black rot % Total mildew Cluster Area infected** Cultivar % Incidence % Incidence % Incidence Leaves Leaves leaves

Frontenac 66 b 2 c 23 a 19 c

Leon 79 b 99 a 8 a 56 b Millot Riesling 100 a 70 b 7 a 92 a

St. Croix... 27 c 0 c 23 a 25 c DiseaseDisease ResistanceResistance inin VermontVermont 20052005:: NonNon--SprayedSprayed

Powdery Downy Black rot % Total mildew mildew Cluster Area infected** Cultivar % % Incidence % Incidence Leaves Incidence Leaves Leaves Frontenac 0 8 69 44

Leon 48 95 2 57 Millot…

Riesling ------

St. Croix.. 0 0 60 32 GrapeGrape InsectInsect PestsPests aGrape Berry Moth aGrape Leafhopper aGrape Phylloxera (leaf form) UniversityUniversity ofof VermontVermont -- ColdCold ClimateClimate GrapeGrape ProductionProduction WebsiteWebsite http://http://pss.uvm.edupss.uvm.edu/grape/grape// SomeSome VermontVermont VineyardsVineyards…… VermontVermont CollaboratorsCollaborators aaChamplainChamplain ValleyValley VineyardVineyard aaLincolnLincoln PeakPeak VineyardVineyard andand NurseryNursery aaShelburneShelburne VineyardVineyard aaSnowSnow FarmFarm VineyardVineyard AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

EPA Pesticide Environmental Stewardship Grant ThankThank YouYou !!!!