DOCSLIB.ORG

THE ASSYRIAN ARMY Antiqua & Orientalia I

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
THE ASSYRIAN ARMY Antiqua & Orientalia I Asszir_borito_Cavalry_ 2012.06.12. 2:16 Page 1 Tamás Dezső Tamás Dezső Tamás THE ASSYRIAN ARMY Antiqua & orientalia I. THE STRUCTURE OF THE NEO-ASSYRIAN ARMY 2. CAVALRY AND CHARIOTRY THE ASSYRIAN ARMY I/2 EÖTVÖS UNIVERSITY PRESS EÖTVÖS LORÁND UNIVERSITY AssyrianArmy_I-Cavalry_:press 2012.06.18. 12:37 Page 1 (Black plate) To the Memory of my Father AssyrianArmy_I-Cavalry_:press 2012.06.18. 12:37 Page 2 (Black plate) Antiqua et Orientalia 3 Monographs of the Institute of Ancient Studies, Faculty of Humanities, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest Assyriologia 8/2 Monographs of the Department of Assyriology and Hebrew, Institute of Ancient Studies, Faculty of Humanities, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest AssyrianArmy_I-Cavalry_:press 2012.06.18. 12:37 Page 3 (Black plate) Tamás Dezső THE ASSYRIAN ARMY I. THE STRUCTURE OF THE NEO-ASSYRIAN ARMY as Reconstructed from the Assyrian Palace Reliefs and Cuneiform Sources 2. Cavalry and Chariotry Budapest, 2012 AssyrianArmy_I-Cavalry_:press 2012.06.18. 12:37 Page 4 (Black plate) © Tamás Dezsô, 2012 Drawings: © Tamás Dezsô, 2012 ISBN 978 963 312 076 7 ISSN 0209 8067 ISSN 2063 1634 www.eotvoskiado.hu Executive publisher: András Hunyady Editorial manager: Júlia Sándor Printed by: Multiszolg Bt. Layout and cover: Tibor Anders AssyrianArmy_I-Cavalry_:press 2012.06.18. 12:37 Page 5 (Black plate) TABLE OF CONTENTS CAVALRY ................................................................................................................................................13 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE ASSYRIAN CAVALRY (883—745 B.C.) ........................................................14 The representations (1—4)..............................................................................................................14 Cuneiform sources ..........................................................................................................................16 THE CAVALRY OF THE IMPERIAL PERIOD (745—612 B.C.) ......................................................................19 The evolution of the Assyrian cavalry (5—22) ............................................................................19 Types of cavalry (regular cavalry – bodyguard cavalry)............................................................21 Lancers (mounted spearmen)..................................................................................................22 Mounted archers ......................................................................................................................23 Cavalry bodyguard ..................................................................................................................23 (1) Pēt‹alli šēpē (cavalry of the ‘personal guard’) ........................................................28 (2) Pēt‹alli ša—qurbūte (cavalry of the ša—qurbūte bodyguard) ................................29 (3) Pēt‹al qurubte (cavalry bodyguard)..........................................................................29 Home based units of the Assyrian cavalry (ki%ir šarrūti): the ‘city units’..........................32 Foreign units of the Assyrian cavalry ....................................................................................32 Cavalry of the high officials and governors ..........................................................................35 Cavalry officers and other cavalry personnel ..............................................................................39 Cavalry officers..........................................................................................................................39 (1) Šaknu (prefect) ............................................................................................................42 (2) Rab mūgi ša—pēt‹alli (cavalry commander) ............................................................42 (3) Rab ki%ir ša—pēt‹alli (cohort commander of the cavalry)......................................43 (4) Rab pēt‹alli (cavalry commander) ............................................................................43 (5) Mušarkisu (recruitment officer) ................................................................................43 Grooms ......................................................................................................................................44 The use of cavalry ............................................................................................................................45 Size of cavalry units ........................................................................................................................50 CHARIOTRY ..........................................................................................................................................55 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE ASSYRIAN CHARIOTRY (1317—745 B.C.) ..................................................56 The representations (23—25)..........................................................................................................56 Cuneiform sources ..........................................................................................................................60 THE CHARIOTRY OF THE IMPERIAL PERIOD (745—612 B.C.)....................................................................65 The representations (26—32)..........................................................................................................65 Cuneiform sources ..........................................................................................................................68 ASSYRIAN ARMY • Cavalry and Chariotry 5 AssyrianArmy_I-Cavalry_:press 2012.06.18. 12:37 Page 6 (Black plate) TABLE OF CONTENTS Chariotry units reconstructed from cuneiform sources ......................................................69 Headquarters staff: chariotry element ..........................................................................69 (1) Ša—šēpē chariotry ................................................................................................70 (2) Ta‹līpu chariotry....................................................................................................70 (3) Pattūte chariotry ....................................................................................................71 Deportee unit ....................................................................................................................72 Chariot owners ................................................................................................................72 Palace chariotry ................................................................................................................74 Chariotry bodyguard ......................................................................................................76 Chariotry of the ša—šēpē guard......................................................................................76 Chariotry of the bodyguard of the ša—šēpē guard......................................................77 Open chariotry of the bodyguard of the ša—šēpē guard ............................................78 The ‘city units’ ..................................................................................................................78 (1) Aššurāia ..................................................................................................................78 (2) Arrap‹āia ................................................................................................................78 (3) Armāia ....................................................................................................................79 (4) Arzu‹ināia ..............................................................................................................79 (5) Arbailāia ..................................................................................................................80 Foreign units of the Assyrian cavalry of the royal corps (ki%ir šarrūti): The ‘provincial units’ ......................................................................................................81 (1) Unit 1 (Šarru-ēmuranni) ........................................................................................81 (2) Unit 2 (Marduk-šarru-u%ur) ..................................................................................82 (3) Unit 3 (Chaldean unit)............................................................................................83 (4) Unit 4 (Nabû-bēlu-ka’’in) ......................................................................................83 (5) Unit 5 (Taklāk-ana-Bēli)..........................................................................................84 (6) Unit 6 (Adallal) ......................................................................................................85 (7) Unit 7 (Nergal-šarrāni) ..........................................................................................85 Unit of stable officers ......................................................................................................87 Chariotry of the crown prince........................................................................................88 Open chariotry of the crown prince ..............................................................................88 Chariotry of the high officials and governors..............................................................88 Foreign chariotry..............................................................................................................92 The chariot crew and other chariotry
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Confrontation in Karabakh: on the Origin of the Albanian Arsacids Dynasty
    Voice of the Publisher, 2021, 7, 32-43 https://www.scirp.org/journal/vp ISSN Online: 2380-7598 ISSN Print: 2380-7571 To Whom Belongs the Land? Confrontation in Karabakh: On the Origin of the Albanian Arsacids Dynasty Ramin Alizadeh1*, Tahmina Aslanova2, Ilia Brondz3# 1Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS), Baku, Azerbaijan 2Department of History of Azerbaijan, History Faculty, Baku State University (BSU), Baku, Azerbaijan 3Norwegian Drug Control and Drug Discovery Institute (NDCDDI) AS, Ski, Norway How to cite this paper: Alizadeh, R., As- Abstract lanova, T., & Brondz, I. (2021). To Whom Belongs the Land? Confrontation in Kara- The escalation of the Karabakh conflict during late 2020 and the resumption bakh: On the Origin of the Albanian Arsa- of the second Karabakh War—as a result of the provocative actions by the cids Dynasty. Voice of the Publisher, 7, Armenian government and its puppet regime, the so-called “Artsakh Repub- 32-43. lic”—have aroused the renewed interest of the scientific community in the https://doi.org/10.4236/vp.2021.71003 historical origins of the territory over which Azerbaijan and Armenia have Received: December 6, 2020 been fighting for many years. There is no consensus among scientific experts Accepted: March 9, 2021 on this conflict’s causes or even its course, and the factual details and their Published: March 12, 2021 interpretation remain under discussion. However, there are six resolutions by Copyright © 2021 by author(s) and the United Nations Security Council that recognize the disputed territories as Scientific Research Publishing Inc. Azerbaijan’s national territory. This paper presents the historical, linguistic, This work is licensed under the Creative and juridical facts that support the claim of Azerbaijan to these territories.
    [Show full text]
  • 23 History of Sesame Cultivation and Irrigation in the Armenian
    History of Sesame Cultivation 23 and Irrigation in the Armenian Highlands from the Kingdom of Urartu (Ararat) through Subsequent Periods Major Agricultural Innovation Dorothea Bedigian CONTENTS Agricultural Background, Environment, and Geography of Iron Age Urartu (Ararat) .................368 Urartian Innovation I: Irrigation Technology ................................................................................. 370 Urartian Innovation II: Introduced Summer Crops Sesame and Millet Expanded Growing Season ............................................................................................................................................ 373 Impact of Sesame: Urartian Sesame Milling Workshop at Fortress Teishebaini (Karmir Blur) ................................................................................................................................. 374 Sesame’s Economic Boon .............................................................................................................. 377 Knowledge of Harvest Methods Aided Identification of Assyrian Šamaššammū ......................... 378 Hints from Language: Sesame Names Reveal Distinct Sources .................................................... 378 Legacy: Ensuing Armenian Tradition ............................................................................................ 379 Impetus for Armenian Sesame Cultivation: Religious Fasts Require Abstinence from Animal Products .........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Etruscan News 19
    Volume 19 Winter 2017 Vulci - A year of excavation New treasures from the Necropolis of Poggio Mengarelli by Carlo Casi InnovativeInnovative TechnologiesTechnologies The inheritance of power: reveal the inscription King’s sceptres and the on the Stele di Vicchio infant princes of Spoleto, by P. Gregory Warden by P. Gregory Warden Umbria The Stele di Vicchio is beginning to by Joachim Weidig and Nicola Bruni reveal its secrets. Now securely identi- fied as a sacred text, it is the third 700 BC: Spoleto was the center of longest after the Liber Linteus and the Top, the “Tomba della Truccatrice,” her cosmetics still in jars at left. an Umbrian kingdom, as suggested by Capua Tile, and the earliest of the three, Bottom, a warrior’s iron and bronze short spear with a coiled handle. the new finds from the Orientalizing securely dated to the end of the 6th cen- necropolis of Piazza d’Armi that was tury BCE. It is also the only one of the It all started in January 2016 when even the heavy stone cap of the chamber partially excavated between 2008 and three with a precise archaeological con- the guards of the park, during the usual cover. The robbers were probably dis- 2011 by the Soprintendenza text, since it was placed in the founda- inspections, noticed a new hole made by turbed during their work by the frequent Archeologia dell’Umbria. The finds tions of the late Archaic temple at the grave robbers the night before. nightly rounds of the armed park guards, were processed and analysed by a team sanctuary of Poggio Colla (Vicchio di Strangely the clandestine excavation but they did have time to violate two of German and Italian researchers that Mugello, Firenze).
    [Show full text]
  • Urartu Tanrı İsimleri Üzerine Bir İnceleme1
    Colloquium Anatolicum 2016 / 15 Keywords: Urartian religion, Names of divinities, Haldi, Teişeba, Şiuini Urartu Tanrı İsimleri Üzerine th 1 Emerging in the second half of the 9 century BC in Lake Van Basin and becoming one of the Bir İnceleme important powers of its era, many aspects of the Urartian state still remains obscure, despite the increasing number of the researches for the last twenty years. The ethnic origin of the ruling caste and their homeland is still a matter of debate. The names of the divinities and the geography related to these names provides a valuable research area on the mentioned subject. Neither the name of the chief god Ḫaldi, nor the names of most of the divinities can be explained with the help of the ‘Urartian’ language, used by the warrior elites. Additionally, the geography connected to the prior divinities cannot be related to the eastern part of the Lake Van Basin, in other words, 2 Mahmut Bilge BAŞTÜRK the Urartian ‘heartland’. This paper tries to make an understanding of the identity of the entity called as ‘Urartu’, by analysing the names of the primary Urartian divinities, in their relation |32| with the contemporary cultures. |33| Anahtar Kelimeler: Urartu Dini, Tanrı İsimleri, Haldi, Teişeba, Şiuini mö 9. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Van Gölü Havzası’nda ortaya çıkan ve kısa süre içinde çağının önemli devletlerinden biri haline gelen Urartu Krallığı’nın pek çok yönü, son yirmi yıldır büyük ivme kazanan çalışmalara rağmen bilinmezliğini korumaktadır. Bu bilinmezlerin başında, Urartu hanedanını oluşturan kimliğin kökeni ve Urartu coğrafyasına geliş yönleri bulunmak- tadır. Urartu tanrı isimleri ve tanrılarla ilişkili olan coğrafya, Urartu hanedanının kökenleri ile ilgili en önemli bilgi kaynağı olma özelliğini halen korumaktadır.
    [Show full text]
  • The Display of Esarhaddon's Succession Treaty at Kalḫu As Ameans of Internal Political Control
    01 Barcina display_Antiguo Oriente 07/07/2017 11:43 a.m. Página 11 THE DISPLAY OF ESARHADDON’S SUCCESSION TREATY AT KALḪU AS A MEANS OF INTERNAL POLITICAL CONTROL CRISTINA BARCINA [email protected] University of Tartu Estonia Summary: The Display of Esarhaddon’s Succession Treaty at Kalḫu as a Means of Internal Political Control In 672 B.C. Esarhaddon made the citizens of Assyria swear a loyalty oath to his cho- sen heir, Ashurbanipal, in the Nabû Temple of Kalḫu. This is known through three let- ters belonging to the royal archives of Nineveh. This oath and its related stipulations were written in unusually big tablets and left on display in the Throne Room of the Temple. However, the identity of those pledging their loyalty to Ashurbanipal in the tablets that preserve the relevant lines (city-lords from the Eastern periphery of the empire) is at odds with the letters’ information. The identical oath-tablet recently exca- vated in a temple at Tell Ta’yinat (South-West Turkey), sworn by the provincial gover- nor and “apparat” of Kullania, forces a reassessment of the reasons behind the display of the tablets seemingly intended for the Eastern chieftains. The religious nature of Esarhaddon’s Succession Treaty by reason of the visual, textual and findspot aspects of the tablets, extensively analyzed by previous scholarship, should not obscure the fact that Esarhaddon may have taken advantage of those aspects, and earlier practices con- cerning the display of vassal-treaties, to hide his fears of treason from his intended tar- get audience: Assyrian officials of high-rank.
    [Show full text]
  • ﺔﻄﺳاﻮﺑ :Almoheet Arabs Are a Population Inhabiting the Arab
    ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ .ﻣﻨﺼﺔ إﻟﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﺸﺮ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﻮﺳﻮﻋﻴﺔ، ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎون ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ARABS ﻓﺒﺮاﻳﺮ Posted on 2018 ,4 Category: English almoheet: ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ Arabs are a population inhabiting the Arab world. They primarily live in the Arab statesin Western Asia, North Africa and the Horn of Africa. They also form a significant diaspora, with Arab communities established around the world. According to tradition, Arabs are descended from a southern Arabian ancestor, Qaḥṭan, forebear of the "pure” or “genuine” Arabs (known as al-Arab al-Aribah), and a northern Arabian ancestor, Adnan, forebear of the “Arabicized” Arabs (al-Arab al-Mustaribah). Arabs Page: 1 https://almoheet.net/arabs/ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ .ﻣﻨﺼﺔ إﻟﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﺸﺮ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﻮﺳﻮﻋﻴﺔ، ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎون ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ The Arab League Today, Arabs primarily inhabit the 22 Arab states within the Arab League: Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emiratesand Yemen. The Arab world stretches around 13 million km2, from the Atlantic Oceanin the west to the Arabian Seain the east, and from the Mediterranean Seain the north to the Horn of Africaand the Indian Oceanin the southeast. Beyond the boundaries of the League of Arab States, Arabs can also be found in the global diaspora. Etymology The earliest documented use of the word "Arab" to refer to a people appears in the Kurkh Monoliths, an Akkadian language record of the ninth century BC Assyrian conquest of Aram, which referred to Bedouins of the Arabian Peninsula under King Gindibu, who fought as part of a coalition opposed to Assyria.
    [Show full text]
  • Assyrian Period (Ca. 1000•fi609 Bce)
    CHAPTER 8 The Neo‐Assyrian Period (ca. 1000–609 BCE) Eckart Frahm Introduction This chapter provides a historical sketch of the Neo‐Assyrian period, the era that saw the slow rise of the Assyrian empire as well as its much faster eventual fall.1 When the curtain lifts, at the close of the “Dark Age” that lasted until the middle of the tenth century BCE, the Assyrian state still finds itself in the grip of the massive crisis in the course of which it suffered significant territorial losses. Step by step, however, a number of assertive and ruthless Assyrian kings of the late tenth and ninth centuries manage to reconquer the lost lands and reestablish Assyrian power, especially in the Khabur region. From the late ninth to the mid‐eighth century, Assyria experiences an era of internal fragmentation, with Assyrian kings and high officials, the so‐called “magnates,” competing for power. The accession of Tiglath‐pileser III in 745 BCE marks the end of this period and the beginning of Assyria’s imperial phase. The magnates lose much of their influence, and, during the empire’s heyday, Assyrian monarchs conquer and rule a territory of unprecedented size, including Babylonia, the Levant, and Egypt. The downfall comes within a few years: between 615 and 609 BCE, the allied forces of the Babylonians and Medes defeat and destroy all the major Assyrian cities, bringing Assyria’s political power, and the “Neo‐Assyrian period,” to an end. What follows is a long and shadowy coda to Assyrian history. There is no longer an Assyrian state, but in the ancient Assyrian heartland, especially in the city of Ashur, some of Assyria’s cultural and religious traditions survive for another 800 years.
    [Show full text]
  • An Archaeometrical Analysis of the Column Bases from Hegmatâneh to Ascertain Their Source of Provenance
    Volume III ● Issue 2/2012 ● Pages 221–227 INTERDISCIPLINARIA ARCHAEOLOGICA NATURAL SCIENCES IN ARCHAEOLOGY homepage: http://www.iansa.eu III/2/2012 An Archaeometrical Analysis of the Column Bases from Hegmatâneh to Ascertain their Source of Provenance Masoud Rashidi Nejada*, Farang Khademi Nadooshana, Mostafa Khazaiea, Paresto Masjedia aDepartment of Archaeology at Tarbiat Modares University, 14115-139 Tehran, Iran ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: As a political and social statement, the style of the Achaemenid architecture was predicated on gran- Received: 15 April 2012 diose buildings and masonry, with the column as one of its primary elements. Often, the trunk of the Accepted: 15 November 2012 columns was made of either wood or stone, although their bases were always made of stone; a practice unique to ancient Iran. Consequently, access to stone for building these columns was of major impor- Key words: tance This paper deals with the sources used in the making of the column bases of Hegmatâneh follow- Achaemenid ing non-destructive techniques of petrography and XRD (X-ray Diffraction Spectrometry) analysis in Hamadan conjunction with geological data. In order to study them, we collected six samples from Hamadan and Hegmatâneh nine from column bases. Historical texts and geological formations were also taken into consideration. Petrography This study attempts to demonstrate the relationship between archaeological and environmental data by XRD statistical analysis, to be used as a tool for the identification of mineral resources in the future. 1. Introduction BC) (Grayson 1975, 106, 56). According to the Greek sources, Cyrus invaded Media because he wanted a political Petrography and XRD are two methods for the recognition independence (Brosius 2006, 8).
    [Show full text]
  • The Arabs of North Arabia in Later Pre-Islamic Times
    The Arabs of North Arabia in later Pre-Islamic Times: Qedar, Nebaioth, and Others A thesis submitted to The University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2014 Marwan G. Shuaib School of Arts, Languages and Cultures 2 The Contents List of Figures ……………………………………………………………….. 7 Abstract ………………………………………………………………………. 8 Declaration …………………………………………………………………… 9 Copyright Rules ……………………………………………………………… 9 Acknowledgements .….……………………………………………………… 10 General Introduction ……………………………………………………….. 11 Chapter One: Historiography ……………………………………….. 13 1.1 What is the Historian’s Mission? ……………………………………….. 14 1.1.1 History writing ………………………...……....……………….…... 15 1.1.2 Early Egyptian Historiography …………………………………….. 15 1.1.3 Israelite Historiography ……………………………………………. 16 1.1.4 Herodotus and Greek Historiography ……………………………… 17 1.1.5 Classical Medieval Historiography …………………….…………... 18 1.1.6 The Enlightenment and Historiography …………………………… 19 1.1.7 Modern Historiography ……………………………………………. 20 1.1.8 Positivism and Idealism in Nineteenth-Century Historiography…… 21 1.1.9 Problems encountered by the historian in the course of collecting material ……………………………………………………………………… 22 1.1.10 Orientalism and its contribution ………………………………….. 24 1.2 Methodology of study …………………………………………………… 26 1.2.1 The Chronological Framework ……………………………………. 27 1.2.2 Geographical ……………………………………………………….. 27 1.3 Methodological problems in the ancient sources…...………………….. 28 1.3.1 Inscriptions ………………………………………………………… 28 1.3.2 Annals ……………………………………………………………… 30 1.3.3 Biblical sources ...…………………………………………………... 33 a. Inherent ambiguities of the Bible ……………………………… 35 b. Is the Bible history at all? ……………………………………… 35 c. Difficulties in the texts …………………………………………. 36 3 1.4 Nature of the archaeological sources …………………………………... 37 1.4.1 Medieval attitudes to Antiquity ……………………………………. 37 1.4.2 Archaeology during the Renaissance era …………………………... 38 1.4.3 Archaeology and the Enlightenment ………………………………. 39 1.4.4 The nineteenth century and the history of Biblical archaeology…….
    [Show full text]
  • (IOWP) Arabs in Late First Millennium BC Babylonia
    Imperium and Officium Working Papers (IOWP) Arabs in late first millennium BC Babylonia Version 00 April 2014 Reinhard Pirngruber (University of Vienna, Department of Oriental Studies) Abstract: This brief article discusses and aims to contextualize the references to Arabs in the corpus of the Astronomical Diaries. © Reinhard Pirngruber 2014 [email protected] Reinhard Pirngruber 1 Arabs in late first millennium BC Babylonia1 Introduction Throughout the first millennium BC, the large entities reigning over Mesopotamia – the native Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian Empires as well as the subsequent foreign, Iranian and Graeco-Macedonian respectively, rulers of the Achaemenid, Seleucid and Parthian dynasties – were in frequent contact with a people called “Arabs”, designated in the Akkadian language by means of the nisbah lúArbāya. The earliest attestation of this ethnonym in the cuneiform sources dates to the year 853 BC, when the so-called Kurkh-monolith, a victory stela of the Neo-Assyrian king Shalmaneser III commemorating his success in the battle at Qarqar on the Orontes river, mentions the “1,000 camels of the Gindibu’ the Arab” reinforcing a coalition of several local rulers headed by Ahab of Israel and Hadad-ezer of Damascus. The following two centuries of the Neo-Assyrian Empire until its demise early in the second half of the 7th century BC are then the most abundantly documented era in Ancient Near Eastern History as regards Arabs. Arab tribal leaders often occur in royal inscriptions as victims of the expansionist ambitions of the Neo-Assyrian kings, bearing tribute and swearing oaths of loyalty, whereas epistolographic sources document the efforts of Assyrian administrators in Syria of coming to terms with nomadic Arab tribal elements within the empire.
    [Show full text]
  • MUSE, Volumes 39, 40, & 41, 2005-2007
    MVSE VOLUMES THIRTY-NI NE, FORTY & FORTY-ONE 2005 - 2007 Annual of the Museum of Art and Archaeology University of Missouri MVSE VOLUMES THIRTY-NINE, FORTY & FORTY-ONE 2005 - 2007 Annual of the Museum of Art and Archaeology University of Missouri 1 Pickard Hall Columbia, MO 65211 Telephone: (573) 882-3591 Web site: http:/ /maa.missouri.edu Jane Biers editor Sarah Carter editorial assistant MU Printing Services graphic design © 2008 by the Curators of the University of Missouri ISSN 0077-2194 ISBN 0-910501-35-1 The Museum of Art and Archaeology is open from 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Tuesday through Friday and from noon to 4 :00 p.m. Saturday and Sunday. Admission is free. The museum is closed on Mondays, from December 25 through January 1, and on University of Missouri holidays: Martin Luther King Day, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day and the Friday following. Guided tours are available, if scheduled two weeks in advance. The Museum Store is open from 10 :00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Tuesday through Friday and from noon to 4:00 p.m. Saturday and Sunday. Back numbers of Muse are available from the Museum of Art and Archaeology. All submitted manuscripts are reviewed. Front cover: Ed Paschke (American, 1939-2004) Kiss I Oil on linen Gilbreath-McLorn Museum Fund (97.17) Back cover: Anonymous (French, fifteenth century) January page from a Book of Hours (recto), ca. 1460 Ink, pigments, and gold on parchment Gilbreath-McLorn Museum Fund (2003.2) TABLE OF CONTENTS Directors' Report 2005 - 2007 Jane Biers, Alex W.
    [Show full text]
  • The Medo-Persian Kings Cyrus and Darius
    BIBLICAL AND BIOGRAPBIOGRAPHICALHICAL SKETCHES OF THTHEE MEDOMEDO----PERSIANPERSIAN KINGS --- DARIUS AND CYRUS JASON HILBURN INTRODUCTION 1 As one studies the history of God’s people recorded in the Bible, he must remember that the world of Bible times was filled with many other peoples and nations besides Israel. Changes were constantly occurring in the world in which God’s people lived—nations were forming and nations were falling as God was working out His will. Secular scholars have marveled at the achievements of men like Cyrus the Great, wondering how such a person could conquer so quickly and dominantly: The violent collapse of the mighty Assyrian Empire after the fall of Nineveh in 612 to a coalition of the Medes and Babylonians has sometimes been called a “scandal of history." The sudden appearance of the Persians in Near Eastern history and the lightning campaigns of Cyrus ll, the Great, pose questions for the historian that are urgent both in their breadth and in their complexity. In two decades (550-530), the Persian armies led by Cyrus ll conquered the Median, Lydian, and Neo-Babylonian kingdoms in succession and prepared the ground for Persian domination of the Iranian Plateau and Central Asia. How can we explain this sudden outburst into history by a people and a state hitherto practically unknown? How can we explain not only that this people could forge military forces sufficient to achieve conquests as impressive as they were rapid but also that, as early as the reign of Cyrus, it had available the technological and intellectual equipment that made the planning and building of Pasargadae possible? (Briant 13).
    [Show full text]