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Universite D'antananarivo UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES FORMATION DOCTORALE EN SCIENCES DE LA VIE DEPARTEMENT D`ENTOMOLOGIE THESE DE DOCTORAT EN SCIENCES DE LA VIE SPECIALITE : ENTOMOLOGIE DIVERSITE DES FOURMIS TERRICOLES DANS LES DIFFERENTES FORMATIONS SAVANICOLES DES HAUTS PLATEAUX DE MADAGASCAR Présentée par : RAVELOMANANA Andrianjaka Soutenue publiquement le 12 mai 2015 Devant le jury composé de : Président Pr. RAZAFINDRASATA Fidimanana Directeur de thèse Pr. RAVAOMANARIVO RAVELOSON Lala Co-Directeur de thèse Pr. FISHER Brian L. Rapporteur interne Pr. RAKOTOARIMANANA Vonjison Rapporteur externe Pr. GOODMAN Steven M. Examinateur Pr. ANDRIANASOLO Ravoavy Jaonarivony “Hisaotra an’i Jehovah izay manome saina ahy aho... Fa ny fahasoavan’Andriamanitra no naha toy izaho ahy” Salamo 16 : 7a ; I Kor 15 : 10 A LA MEMOIRE DE MON PERE ET DE MON FRERE Nantenaina. A MA FEMME ET A MA FAMILLE Qui, seuls, savent les sacrifices que je leur ai imposés pour mener à bien ce travail. REMERCIEMENTS A l'issue de la rédaction de cette recherche, je suis convaincu que la thèse est loin d'être un travail solitaire. Cette présente thèse n`a pu se réaliser sans premièrement la grâce de Dieu et la collaboration entre le Département d’Entomologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Antananarivo et le « Madagascar Biodiversity Center », Antananarivo. Aussi, je n'aurais jamais pu réaliser ce travail doctoral sans le soutien d'un grand nombre de personnes dont la générosité, la bonne humeur et l'intérêt manifestés à l'égard de ma recherche m'ont permis de progresser. Je tiens à remercier tout particulièrement : Monsieur RAZAFINDRASATA Fidimanana, Professeur Titulaire Emérite au Département d’Entomologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Antananarivo, Responsable de l’option Entomologie dans la Formation doctorale en Sciences de la vie et de l’environnement, qui a été mon professeur depuis ma spécialisation en entomologie. Malgré ses fonctions très chargées, il a gentiment accepté la présidence du jury. Madame RAVAOMANARIVO RAVELOSON Lala, Professeur Titulaire au Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Antananarivo, j’adresse ma profonde gratitude pour la formation et encadrement qu`elle m`a prodiguée tout au long de mon parcours académique et l’honneur qu’elle m’a fait en acceptant d’être mon directeur de thèse et a apporté ses conseils constructifs pour la rédaction et l’amélioration de ce manuscrit. Qu’elle trouve ici le témoignage de notre profonde gratitude et de notre respectueuse admiration. Monsieur FISHER Brian L., Conservateur de musée au Département d’Entomologie au « California Academy of Sciences » (CAS), San Francisco, Californie, Etats-Unis, et Professeur Associé à l’Université de Californie, Berkeley, Californie, Etats-Unis, pour m'avoir encouragé à choisir ce sujet de thèse et pour avoir accepté d`être mon co-directeur de thèse. Je suis ravi d’avoir travaillé en sa compagnie car outre son appui scientifique, son partage d`expérience et son aide précieuse pour ma participation aux formations sur les fourmis. Il a accepté d’être le co-directeur de cette thèse. i Monsieur RAKOTOARIMANANA Vonjison, Professeur titulaire, qui m’a non seulement initié à l`étude des plantes en particulier les savanes, mais qui a également malgré ses nombreuses responsabilités, apporté des conseils précieux et des remarques constructives pour la rédaction de cette thèse, et qui a voulu être parmi les rapporteurs de cette thèse. Monsieur GOODMAN Steven M., Professeur HDR, MacArthur Biologiste de terrain au Département de Zoologie, « Field Museum of Natural History », Chicago, Illinois, Etats-Unis, et Conseiller Scientifique, Association Vahatra, Antananarivo, et Professeur au Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Antananarivo. Il m’a fait l’honneur de figurer à mon jury de thèse en qualité de rapporteur de mon travail. Ces connaissances de l’histoire naturelle de la biodiversité de Madagascar et les ouvrages qu’il a publiée ont été un grand soutien pour la rédaction de cette thèse. Je vous remercie pour le temps consacré à la lecture de cette thèse, et pour les suggestions et les remarques judicieuses qu’il m’a indiquées, Mankasitraka ! Monsieur ANDRIANASOLO Ravoavy Jaonarivony, Professeur Titulaire au Département d’Entomologie, Faculté des Sciences et à l’Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université d’Antananarivo, qui a bien voulu accepter d’examiner ce travail. Vos critiques et remarques constructifs ne pourront qu’améliorer davantage la qualité de cette thèse. Je vous remercie infiniment. Monsieur RAHERIMANDIMBY Marson, Doyen de la Faculté des Sciences et Monsieur RANDRIANARISOA Ernest, Chef du Département d’Entomologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Antananarivo, qui m’ont beaucoup aidé sur tous les processus administratifs pour que cette thèse soit à terme. Le personnel, les étudiants et les professeurs du Département d'Entomologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Antananarivo qui m’ont partagé leur amitié et leur vivacité d’esprit. J`adresse spécialement à Madame Ralisoa Randrianasolo Bakoly Olga, Professeur Titulaire Emérite ma profonde reconnaissance pour ces précieux conseils tout au long de mon parcours académique au sein de notre département. A la fondation de NORVIG Kris Family pour l’appui financier qui m’a permis d’arriver au terme de ce travail. Je tiens à remercier Monsieur RATSIMBAZAFY Jonah, Professeur titulaire pour ses précieux conseils, charisme, enthousiasme et son engagement pour la conservation de la biodiversité. Il m’a ii appris que le leadership est inséparable de la conservation. Merci d`avoir fortement inspiré cette thèse. Aussi, je remercie vivement le personnel administratif du MEF et du Missouri Botanical Garden qui m’ont accordé les permis de recherche ainsi que mon professeur Eugette Rakotonimparany et les étudiants du département dont : Aina Rakotomahafaly, Hardy Harisoa, Ricca Raveloson, Tahina Rajaonah, Fifaliana Radafison, Tsiriniaina Raveloson et les guides locaux, qui m’ont fourni non seulement une ambiance de travail scientifique mais aussi un environnement décontracté et amical. Ces remerciements seraient incomplets si je n'en adressais pas à l'ensemble de tous mes collègues du « Madagascar Biodiversity Center » pour leurs précieux conseils, leur soutien scientifique et moral ainsi que pour la très bonne ambiance que j'ai toujours trouvée au centre. Je remercie plus particulièrement Balsama Rajemison la représentante de CAS Madagascar, Jean- Jacques, Rafanomezantsoa, Chrislain Ranaivo, Tantely Randriambololona, Nicole Rasoamanana, Hanitriniana Rasoazanamavo, Claver Randrianandrasana, Valerie Rakotomalala, Dimby Raharinjanahary, Mihary Reine Razafimamonjy, Manoa Ramamonjisoa, Tsiry Rajoelison et Andry Ny Aina Rakotomalala. Enfin, je remercie toute ma famille et mes amis pour la grande patience, l’encouragement et la confiance qu`ils ont témoigné tout au long de ma thèse. Je tiens surtout à les remercier pour leur compréhension et leur son soutien moral ininterrompu durant ce parcours. Alors merci à vous tous. Mes derniers remerciements vont à ma mère et ma femme Malalatiana Andriantefinirina qui a particulièrement su me soutenir, me supporter, m’encourager jusqu’à ce que ce grand jour arrive et plus particulièrement durant les derniers mois de rédaction qui n’ont pas toujours été des plus agréables. Mankasitraka an-tsiaka rehetra ! iii TABLE DES MATIERES REMERCIEMENTS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i TABLE DES MATIERES -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------iv LISTE DES CARTES -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ix LISTE DES FIGURES --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x LISTE DES TABLEAUX ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ xv Glossaire ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- xvii Abréviations ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- xix Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 A. Problématiques, objectifs et hypothèses de recherches ---------------------------------------- 4 1. Problématiques ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 2. Objectifs et hypothèses ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 CHAPITRE I- CONSIDERATION GÉNÉRALE ---------------------------------------------------------------- 7 A. Généralité sur les fourmis ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 1. Diversité des fourmis dans le monde et à Madagascar -------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 2. Identification des espèces ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 3. Grand inventaire et les recherches sur les fourmis à Madagascar ------------------------------------------------------ 10 4. Etudes sur la biodiversité des fourmis entreprises à Madagascar ------------------------------------------------------- 11 5. Importance biologique des fourmis ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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