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Densificación (No) (Non)Planned Planificada De Una Densification of a Metrópoli

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Densificación (No) (Non)Planned Planificada De Una Densification of a Metrópoli DENSIFICACIÓN (NO) (NON)PLANNED PLANIFICADA DE UNA DENSIFICATION OF A METRÓPOLI. EL CASO DEL METROPOLIS. THE CASE OF ÁREA METROPOLITANA DE THE METROPOLITAN AREA LIMA 2000-20141 OF LIMA, 2000-20141 Viktor Bensús Talavera2 Viktor Bensús Talavera2 Resumen Abstract La discusión sobre el boom inmobiliario en el The debate on the Peruvian real estate boom, Perú, iniciado en el 2006, se ha concentrado en su which began in 2006, focuses on its role in driving rol dinamizador de la economía nacional, obvian- the national economy, ignoring its consequences do sus implicancias en el acceso a vivienda para on the access to housing for vulnerable people los más pobres y sus efectos socioespaciales. Esta and its socio-spatial effects. This research starts investigación parte del análisis de los principales with analysis of the main policy and regulatory cambios en políticas y normativa a distintas esca- changes that have been taking place at different las de gobierno que han modificado las caracterís- governmental levels, which have also modified ticas de la gestión urbana a escala local en el Área the characteristics of local urban management Metropolitana de Lima –AML. En un segundo mo- within the Metropolitan Area of Lima (LMA). It mento, se analiza la oferta formal de departamen- then explores the formal supply of apartments tos, principal producto inmobiliario en el AML, y –which are regarded as the main real estate dos relevantes cambios socioespaciales que conlle- product within the MAL, and two major va: la intensificación de patrones de segregación y socio-spatial consequences associated with ARTÍCULO: Densificación (no) planificada de una metrópoli. El caso del Área Metropolitana de 33(92) : 9-51, may 2018 9 Lima 2000-2014 /Viktor Bensús Talavera la extensión de un modelo compacto de ciudad. this process: the intensification of segregation Se sugiere que estas dinámicas son resultado de la patterns and an extension of the compact city interacción, conjugación y disputa de intereses de model. It is suggested that these dynamics are distintos gobiernos nacionales, metropolitanos y the result of the interaction, convergence and locales, así como de actores inmobiliarios, bancos conflicts of interests among different national, y la demanda de vivienda. Para ello, se recurrió a metropolitan and local governments and among la sistematización y análisis de información censal real estate actors, banks and the demand for y de la actividad edificadora del mercado formal housing. To this end, this paper systematizes and entre 2000 y 2014. Esto se complementa con infor- analyzes census information and data of formal mación cualitativa obtenida a través de entrevistas building activity over the period 2000 to 2014. y un análisis espacial realizado con sistemas de in- This is complemented by qualitative information formación geográfica. obtained through interviews and a spatial analysis supported by geographic information systems. PALABRAS CLAVE: DENSIFICACIÓN HABITACIONAL, KEYWORDS: HOUSING DENSITY, REAL ESTATE MERCADO INMOBILIARIO, VIVIENDA, GESTIÓN MARKET, HOUSING, URBAN MANAGEMENT, LIMA. URBANA, LIMA. Recibido: 04-03-2016 Received: 04-03-2016 Aceptado: 11-12-2017 Accepted: 11-12-2017 1 La Dirección General de Investigación –PUCP apoyó esta inves- 1 Research based on the projects “Urban management of Lima tigación a partir de los proyectos “Gestión urbana de los distri- districts: Who is it aimed at: Neighbors or citizens?” (2012), “Lo- tos de Lima: ¿al servicio de vecinos o de ciudadanos?” (2012), cal management of urban densification in Lima: Challenges for “Gestión local de la densificación urbana de Lima: desafíos para the governance of an emerging metropolis” (2013) and “Urban la gobernabilidad de una metrópoli emergente” (2013), y “La densification in the 21st century and its challenges for the plan- densificación urbana en el siglo XXI como desafío para la plani- ning of metropolitan Lima” (2013-2015), funded by the Directora- ficación de Lima Metropolitana” (2013-2015). te-General for Research –PCUP. 2 Perú. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Correo electróni- 2 Peru. Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. Email: vbensus@ co: [email protected]. pucp.pe. 10 33(92) : 9-51, mayo 2018 ARTICLE:(Non)planned densification of a metropolis. The case of the metropolitan area of Lima, 2000-2014/Viktor Bensús Talavera Introducción Introduction De acuerdo con diversos autores, en las últimas According to diverse authors, Latin American décadas las ciudades latinoamericanas vienen cities have been experiencing major socio- experimentando importantes transformaciones spatial transformations over the last decades socio-espaciales (Mattos, 2002; Ciccolella y Mig- (Mattos, 2002; Ciccolella and Mignaqui, 2009). naqui, 2009). Estas transformaciones, que inclu- These transformations, which include urban yen fragmentación urbana, policentrismo, segrega- fragmentation, polycentrism and socio-spatial ción socio-espacial, entre otros fenómenos, son el segregation, amongst other phenomena, are the resultado del proceso de expansión de mercados result of the global expansion of markets —a a escala global iniciado en la década de 1970, e process that began during the 1970s and then implantado en la región en las décadas de 1980 implemented in the region during the 1980s y 1990 (Mattos, 2008; Portes & Roberts, 2005; and 1990s (Mattos, 2008; Portes and Roberts, Abramo, 2012; Ugarteche y Martinez-Ávila, 2013). 2005; Abramo, 2012; Ugarteche and Martínez- Dicho proceso va acompañado de una re-territo- Ávila, 2013). Such a process also involved the rialización (Brenner, 1998), que implica la reorga- emergence of reterritorialization (Brenner, nización de las jerarquías y la gestión territoriales, 1998), that is the reorganization of hierarchies y que se plasma a través de procesos de descen- and territorial management which are then tralización. De esta manera, los gobiernos locales reflected in decentralization processes. In this han asumido un rol más importante tanto para la way, local governments have assumed a major atracción como para el control de flujos económi- role when it comes to attracting and controlling cos (Mattos, 2008; Basualdo, 2013). economic flows (Mattos, 2008; Basualdo, 2013). Estas dinámicas se caracterizan, en lo económico, In economic terms, these dynamics are por combinar liberalización de mercados, apertura characterized by the convergence of market fiscal y la necesidad de gobiernos locales de gene- liberalization, fiscal openness and the needs of rar mayores recursos propios para poder gestionar governments to generate greater resources for sus territorios. En la dimensión espacial, el mer- territorial management purposes. In spatial cado se vuelve el principal elemento en la produc- terms, the market becomes the main element ción social del territorio – característica determi- within the context of the social production nante de lo que distintos autores han llamado la of territory –a defining characteristic of the “ciudad neoliberal” (Abramo, 2012; Janoshchka e so-called “neoliberal city” (Abramo, 2012; ARTÍCULO: Densificación (no) planificada de una metrópoli. El caso del Área Metropolitana de 33(92) : 9-51, may 2018 11 Lima 2000-2014 /Viktor Bensús Talavera Hidalgo, 2014). Este nuevo tipo de ciudad implica, Janoshchka and Hidalgo, 2014). Amongst other entre otros fenómenos, la agudización de la oferta phenomena, this new type of city implies the inmobiliaria especulativa tanto en mercados for- intensification of real estate speculation both in males como informales (Mattos, 2002). formal and informal markets (Mattos, 2002). Ahora bien, los mercados formal e informal no se However, formal and informal markets do not desarrollan por separado, sino que se influencian operate independently but influence each other mutuamente (Rodríguez, 1969; Jaramillo, 2003; (Rodríguez, 1969; Jaramillo, 2003; Roy, 2005). Roy, 2005). De hecho, Abramo (2012) sugiere que In fact, Abramo (2012) suggests that, within en Latinoamérica la convivencia de ambos merca- the Latin American context, the coexistence dos ha conllevado una morfología particular de las between these two markets has generated a grandes ciudades de la región: en ella se conjuga particular morphology in large cities: these are un modelo compacto de producción de ciudad con spaces where compact city models and dispersed uno disperso o difuso. El primer modelo estaría or diffused city models converge. While the más relacionado al mercado formal, mientras que first of these models is associated with the el segundo, al informal (Abramo, 2012). En otras formal market, the second model is related to palabras, el proceso de producción de la ciudad the informal market (Abramo, 2012). In other latinoamericana no respondería necesariamente a words, the productive process of Latin American directrices de planificación, sino a las lógicas de cities is not necessarily governed by planning los mercados formales e informales. guidelines, but by the principles of formal and informal markets. La identificación del vínculo entre ambos merca- dos no es algo reciente, por el contrario, ha sido The identification of a relationship between objeto de investigación de gran parte de estudios both markets is not recent; on the contrary, it sobre la urbanización de las grandes ciudades de has been explored by an important number of la región desde mediados del siglo pasado (Deler, studies about the urban development of large 1975; Calderón, 1999). Sin embargo, estas investi- Latin American cities since the mid-20th century gaciones
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