DOCSLIB.ORG

Arsenic and Heavy Metal Concentrations in Drinking Water in Pakistan and Risk Assessment: a Case Study

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Arsenic and Heavy Metal Concentrations in Drinking Water in Pakistan and Risk Assessment: a Case Study Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal ISSN: 1080-7039 (Print) 1549-7860 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/bher20 Arsenic and Heavy Metal Concentrations in Drinking Water in Pakistan and Risk Assessment: A Case Study Sardar Khan, Irfan Ali Shah, Said Muhammad, Riffat Naseem Malik & Mohammad Tahir Shah To cite this article: Sardar Khan, Irfan Ali Shah, Said Muhammad, Riffat Naseem Malik & Mohammad Tahir Shah (2015) Arsenic and Heavy Metal Concentrations in Drinking Water in Pakistan and Risk Assessment: A Case Study, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 21:4, 1020-1031, DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2014.950925 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2014.950925 View supplementary material Accepted author version posted online: 08 Aug 2014. Published online: 06 Dec 2014. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 619 View related articles View Crossmark data Citing articles: 14 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=bher20 Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 21: 1020–1031, 2015 Copyright C Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 1080-7039 print / 1549-7860 online DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2014.950925 Arsenic and Heavy Metal Concentrations in Drinking Water in Pakistan and Risk Assessment: A Case Study Sardar Khan,1 Irfan Ali Shah,1 Said Muhammad,2 Riffat Naseem Malik,3 and Mohammad Tahir Shah4 1Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan; 2Department of Earth Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan; 3Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; 4National Center of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan ABSTRACT The present study was performed to assess drinking water quality and poten- tial health risk in the Nowshera District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. For this purpose drinking water samples were collected from local available sources and an- alyzed for physico-chemical characteristics, arsenic (As) and heavy metals. Results revealed high levels of toxic heavy metals such as chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and As contaminations in the drinking water. Results were evaluated for chronic risk including average daily intake (ADI) and hazard quotient (HQ). Among heavy metals the HQ values were highest for Cd (5.80) and As (2.00). Therefore, populations in the study area may be at a low level of chronic toxicity and carcinogenic risk. Statistical analyses showed that contribution of different drinking water sources to the mean contaminant levels in the study area was insignificant (p = .53). Correlation analysis further revealed that anthropogenic activities were the main sources of contamination, rather than geogenic. This study strongly recom- mends the treatment of urban and industrial wastewater in the vicinity of the study area and provision of safe drinking water. Key Words: drinking water, hazard quotient, average daily intake, cancer risk, statistical analyses, Nowshera District. Received 8 March 2014; revised manuscript accepted 28 July 2014. Address correspondence to Sardar Khan, Department of Environmental Sciences, Univer- sity of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan. E-mail: [email protected]; or to Said Muhammad, Department of Earth Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan. E-mail: [email protected] Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www. tandfonline.com/bher. 1020 Arsenic and Heavy Health Risk Assessment via Drinking Water INTRODUCTION Drinking water contaminations have both natural (ore deposits, rocks weather- ing, and erosion) and anthropogenic (industries, mining, agriculture activities, and wastewater) origins (Muhammad et al. 2010; Khan et al. 2013; Li et al. 2014). Among contaminants the heavy metals are of global concern, which find their ways into water and food, impairing their quality and cause toxicity (Shah et al. 2012; Spayd et al. 2012; Hu et al. 2014). Among metals, sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) are essential and required at certain concentrations for normal body function and growth. However, others such as As, Cd, Ni, and Pb are non-essentials or toxic metals and causing numerous human health risks after ingestion (Muhammad et al. 2010, 2011). Toxic effects of these metals include abdominal pain, headache, irritability, blood pressure, kidney damage, nerve damages, skeletal damage, cancer, and affects intellectual functions (Khan et al. 2013). Characteristically, heavy metals are mostly carcinogenic in na- ture but their toxicity and targeted organs vary from metal to metal and also depend on the ingested amount, body immunity of the individual, and exposure duration (Goyer et al. 2004). Heavy metals enter into the human body through several path- ways. However, oral ingestion, especially through drinking water, is one of the major sources for human exposure (Spayd et al. 2012; Khan et al. 2013). Humans need drinking water for sustaining life and social prosperity. Provision of clean water supplies is a high priority issue for safe guarding a population’s health (Simeonov et al. 2002). Clean drinking water and its adequate supply is a key factor contributing to decreased mortality and morbidity and improved economic development in the developing countries (Koc 2010). Therefore, human health risk assessment through drinking water consumption has become the prime focus of environmental researchers globally (Spayd et al. 2012). Being a developing country, Pakistan is facing a serious crisis in the supply of clean and safe portable water in its urban and rural areas. In the past, few studies have been reported on the drinking water contaminations in the northern region of Pakistan (Muhammad et al. 2010, 2011; Shah et al. 2012; Khan et al. 2013). Although, the Nowshera District hosts a population of more than 1.2 million, no research has been carried out on drinking water quality and it potential health risk. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the sources of drinking water contaminations and their potential health risk assessment in the selected district. METHODS AND MATERIALS Study Area The Nowshera District is located along the banks of the Kabul River and lies between 33◦–41 to 34◦–10 N latitudes and 71◦–39 to 72◦–16 E longitudes, with a total area of 1748 km2 (Figure 1). It is bounded on the east by the Attock Dis- trict of Punjab Province, on the west by Peshawar and on the northwest side by Charsadda, while on the northern side by the Mardan and Swabi Districts and on the south by the Kohat District. The district is cold (4◦C) in winter and very warm (43◦C) in the summer, receiving an annual precipitation of 600 mm. Generally, depth in water tables varies from 13–50 meters. The main professions of the local Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. Vol. 21, No. 4, 2015 1021 S. Khan et al. Figure 1. Map of the study area showing locations of the sampling sites. residents are agriculture, business and jobs in government institute, or the Aman- garh Industrial Estate (AIE). The AIE hosts a number of paper, textile, ceramics, tanneries, and ghee industries. The Kabul River enters this district at its western side and runs through the plain and joins the Indus River at a kund near Khairabad (DCR 1998). 1022 Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. Vol. 21, No. 4, 2015 Arsenic and Heavy Health Risk Assessment via Drinking Water Water Samplings and Analyses Inhabitants of the Nowshera District are using tube wells, bore wells, dug wells, and hand pumps as sources of water for drinking purposes. The district was classified into 39 sampling sites and each site into three spots (Figure 1). From each spot, water was collected in two plastic bottles. Basic parameters such as pH and electrical conductivity (EC) were measured on the spot using water quality checker U-10 Horriba-Japan. The location of each sampling site was noted using a global positional system (GPS). Water of one bottle was acidified at each sampling spot for As and heavy metal analyses, while another bottle was non-acidified and tested for anions including nitrate (NO3), sulphate (SO4), and chloride (Cl). Collected samples were transported and stored in the dark at 4◦C for further analyses (APHA 2005). Nitrate, SO4, and Cl were measured in non-acidified samples by the titration method adopted from the American Public Health Association (APHA 2005). Light metals (Na, K, Ca, and Mg) and heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni, Cd, and Zn) were measured using a graphite atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer, AAS-PEA-700), while As concentrations were measured using a mercury hydride system (MHS). Analyses were performed in triplicate. Reproducibility was found to be at 95% confidence level. Therefore, mean values of samples were used for results interpre- tation. Reliability and reproducibility of analyses were checked by analyzing blank and known standards after every 10 samples. Chemicals (acids and reagents) used in samples’ analyses were of analytical grade and purchased from MERCK & Co., Inc. All analyses were performed in the geochemistry laboratory of the National Centre of Excellence in Geology (NCEG), University of Peshawar, Pakistan. Potential Risk Assessment Exposure assessment For exposure assessment of the study area, the average daily intake (ADI) of metals through drinking consumptions is calculated according to the equation adopted from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA 1998) and Shah et al. (2012). ADI = CW × IR × EF × ED/BW × AT (1) where CW is the concentration of metals in water (mg/L), EF is the exposure frequency (365 days/year), IR is the ingestion rate of water (L/day), ED is expo- sure duration (30 years), BW is bodyweight (60 kg), and AT is averaging time, i.e., 365 days/year × ED for non-carcinogens and 365 days/year × 70 years for carcino- gens (ATSDR 2008; WHO 2011; Shah et al.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Participant List
    Participant List 10/20/2019 8:45:44 AM Category First Name Last Name Position Organization Nationality CSO Jillian Abballe UN Advocacy Officer and Anglican Communion United States Head of Office Ramil Abbasov Chariman of the Managing Spektr Socio-Economic Azerbaijan Board Researches and Development Public Union Babak Abbaszadeh President and Chief Toronto Centre for Global Canada Executive Officer Leadership in Financial Supervision Amr Abdallah Director, Gulf Programs Educaiton for Employment - United States EFE HAGAR ABDELRAHM African affairs & SDGs Unit Maat for Peace, Development Egypt AN Manager and Human Rights Abukar Abdi CEO Juba Foundation Kenya Nabil Abdo MENA Senior Policy Oxfam International Lebanon Advisor Mala Abdulaziz Executive director Swift Relief Foundation Nigeria Maryati Abdullah Director/National Publish What You Pay Indonesia Coordinator Indonesia Yussuf Abdullahi Regional Team Lead Pact Kenya Abdulahi Abdulraheem Executive Director Initiative for Sound Education Nigeria Relationship & Health Muttaqa Abdulra'uf Research Fellow International Trade Union Nigeria Confederation (ITUC) Kehinde Abdulsalam Interfaith Minister Strength in Diversity Nigeria Development Centre, Nigeria Kassim Abdulsalam Zonal Coordinator/Field Strength in Diversity Nigeria Executive Development Centre, Nigeria and Farmers Advocacy and Support Initiative in Nig Shahlo Abdunabizoda Director Jahon Tajikistan Shontaye Abegaz Executive Director International Insitute for Human United States Security Subhashini Abeysinghe Research Director Verite
    [Show full text]
  • Quantification of Heavy Metals in Agricultural Soils of Swarna River Basin, Udupi
    International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 4, April 2017, pp. 2238–2245, Article ID: IJCIET_08_04_253 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=8&Issue=4 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316 © IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed QUANTIFICATION OF HEAVY METALS IN AGRICULTURAL SOILS OF SWARNA RIVER BASIN, UDUPI Hanna Soosan George Environmental Engineering, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India H.N Udayashankar Geology, Manipal University, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, Karnataka, India ABSTRACT Udupi district is essentially an agriculture district with more than 80% of population depends on agriculture for their livelihood whereas only 40% of the available land is used for agriculture. Paddy is the main crop raised by 75% of the cultivated area in kharif season. Swarna is one of the important west flowing rivers of Karnataka and the major source of agricultural land in Udupi. Heavy metal contamination is a major problem in the agricultural field nowadays. Hence, a study was conducted to analyze the heavy metal contamination of agricultural soils of Swarna river basin in Udupi. The studied soils were under paddy cultivation. The soil samples were found to be slightly acidic. Key words: AAS, Microwave Digestor, heavy metals, soil, paddy. Cite this Article: Hanna Soosan George and H.N Udayashankar, Quantification of Heavy Metals in Agricultural Soils of Swarna River Basin, Udupi. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(4), 2017, pp. 2238–2245. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=8&Issue=4 1. INTRODUCTION Heavy metal is a general term given to a group of elements that includes not only metals but also metalloids.
    [Show full text]
  • India Page 1 of 33
    India Page 1 of 33 India Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2002 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor March 31, 2003 India is a longstanding parliamentary democracy with a bicameral parliament. Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee, whose Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leads a multi party coalition, heads the Government. President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, who was elected in July by an electoral college consisting of Members of Parliament and members of state assemblies, is Head of State and also has special emergency powers. State Assembly elections held earlier in the year in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Uttaranchal, Manipur, and Goa were conducted generally in a free and transparent manner with little violence. In December elections were held in Gujarat where the BJP won a closely watched election following accusations of government failure to control riots in February to March that killed over 2,000 persons, mostly Muslims. The judiciary is independent. Although the 28 state governments have primary responsibility for maintaining law and order, the central Government provides guidance and support through the use of paramilitary forces throughout the country. The Union Ministry for Home Affairs controls most of the paramilitary forces, the internal intelligence bureaus, and the nationwide police service; it provides training for senior police officers of the state-organized police forces. The armed forces are under civilian control. Members of the security forces committed numerous serious human rights abuses. The country is in transition from a government-controlled to a largely market-oriented economy. The private sector is predominant in agriculture, most nonfinancial services, consumer goods manufacturing, and some heavy industrial sectors.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantification of the Heavy Metals in the Agricultural Soils of Mardan District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
    J. Glob. Innov. Agric. Soc. Sci., 2014, 2(4): 158-162. ISSN (Online): 2311-3839; ISSN (Print): 2312-5225 DOI: 10.17957/JGIASS/2.4.460 http://www.jgiass.com QUANTIFICATION OF THE HEAVY METALS IN THE AGRICULTURAL SOILS OF MARDAN DISTRICT, KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN Nida Gul1,*, Mohammad Tahir Shah1, Sardar Khan2 and Said Muhammad3 1 National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan 2Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Pakistan 3Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, COMSATS, Abottabad, Pakistan * Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected] Soil samples were collected from Mardan district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan and were analyzed for physico-chemical parameters (pH, EC, SOM), major cations (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn) and heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cd, As) concentrations using atomic absorption spectrometer. Based on concentration values, the major cations was found in order of Na> Ca >Fe> K > Mg >Mn. Increasing order of the heavy metal concentrations were as Zn > Cr > Ni > Cu >Pb> As > Cd. The enhanced values of heavy metals in the studied soils could be due to sulfide and mafic minerals in the soils of the study area. Metal concentrations were used to quantify pollution contamination factors (CFs) and pollution load index (PLI). It can be concluded from this classification that soils of the study area are polluted with some of the heavy metals. Keywords: major cations, heavy metals, contamination factor, pollution load index INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS Soil is an important part of the nature. The presence of Study Area Profile: Mardan district is among the major major cations and heavy metals, soil organic matter (SOM), districts of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
    [Show full text]
  • Permanent Missions to the United Nations
    ST/SG/SER.A/301 Executive Office of the Secretary-General Protocol and Liaison Service Permanent Missions to the United Nations Nº 301 March 2011 United Nations, New York Note: This publication is prepared by the Protocol and Liaison Service for information purposes only. The listings relating to the permanent missions are based on information communicated to the Protocol and Liaison Service by the permanent missions, and their publication is intended for the use of delegations and the Secretariat. They do not include all diplomatic and administrative staff exercising official functions in connection with the United Nations. Further information concerning names of members of permanent missions entitled to diplomatic privileges and immunities and other mission members registered with the United Nations can be obtained from: Protocol and Liaison Service Room NL-2058 United Nations New York, N.Y., 10017 Telephone: (212) 963-7174 Telefax: (212) 963-1921 website: http://www.un.int/protocol All changes and additions to this publication should be communicated to the above Service. Language: English Sales No.: E.11.I.8 ISBN-13: 978-92-1-101241-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-92-1-054420-7 Contents I. Member States maintaining permanent missions at Headquarters Afghanistan.......... 2 Czech Republic..... 71 Kenya ............. 147 Albania .............. 4 Democratic People’s Kuwait ............ 149 Algeria .............. 5 Republic Kyrgyzstan ........ 151 Andorra ............. 7 of Korea ......... 73 Lao People’s Angola .............. 8 Democratic Republic Democratic Antigua of the Congo ..... 74 Republic ........ 152 and Barbuda ..... 10 Denmark ........... 75 Latvia ............. 153 Argentina ........... 11 Djibouti ............ 77 Lebanon........... 154 Armenia ............ 13 Dominica ........... 78 Lesotho ........... 155 Australia............ 14 Dominican Liberia ...........
    [Show full text]
  • Diplomatic List
    United States Department of State Diplomatic List Spring 2020 Preface This publication contains the names of the members of the diplomatic staffs of all missions and their spouses. Members of the diplomatic staff are those mission members who have diplomatic rank. These persons, with the exception of those identified by asterisks, enjoy full immunity under provisions of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. Pertinent provisions of the Convention include the following: Article 29 The person of a diplomatic agent shall be inviolable. He shall not be liable to any form of arrest or detention. The receiving State shall treat him with due respect and shall take all appropriate steps to prevent any attack on his person, freedom, or dignity. Article 31 A diplomatic agent shall enjoy immunity from the criminal jurisdiction of the receiving State. He shall also enjoy immunity from its civil and administrative jurisdiction, except in the case of: (a) a real action relating to private immovable property situated in the territory of the receiving State, unless he holds it on behalf of the sending State for the purposes of the mission; (b) an action relating to succession in which the diplomatic agent is involved as an executor, administrator, heir or legatee as a private person and not on behalf of the sending State; (c) an action relating to any professional or commercial activity exercised by the diplomatic agent in the receiving State outside of his official functions. -- A diplomatic agent’s family members are entitled to the same immunities unless they are United States Nationals. ASTERISKS (*) IDENTIFY UNITED STATES NATIONALS.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Report PSP 2017 (1).Xlsx
    Directory of the Productive Scientists of Pakistan 2017 S.No Name/ Designation/ Department/ Organization Sci ID -index Score Grants h Cit/Article Supervision Total Patents Total AwardsTotal Patents score Patents Total Citations Total Score for Books Total Publications Total 5% 0f ScoreScaled 5% 0f ScoreScaled 5% 0f ScoreScaled 5% 0f ScoreScaled Total ScoreTotal for PhD Awards Total Score Total Impact Total Factor Grand Score 10% 10% 0f ScoreScaled 20% 0f ScoreScaled 10% 0f ScoreScaled 15% 0f ScoreScaled 15% 0f ScoreScaled 10% 0f ScoreScaled Total ScoreTotal for (I/ARO ScoreTotal for (I/ARO Total Ph.Ds Supervised Total Ph.Ds Total External Total Research Books Published/ Edited Published/ Books Research Output (I/ARO) Research Output Applicant's Impact Factor Applicant's Total Innovation/ Applied Applied Innovation/ Total Applicant's Citations Score Citations Applicant's Total ScoreTotal forGrants Res. Earth & Environmental D. Sciences Dr. Riffat Naseem Malik Professor 1 1606 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 8 37.5 1.08 5 15 1.23 140 374 82.154 5.95 2428 17.343 1.10 624.24 3.48 28 8.77 3 9 1.24 0 0 0 0.00 22.858 Department of Environemtal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad Prof. Dr. Sardar Khan Professor 2 686 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 11 47.5 1.37 4 13.75 1.13 83 175.6 34.008 2.46 2588 31.181 1.98 541.75 3.02 28 8.77 2 10 1.38 0 0 0 0.00 20.115 Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vitae
    CURRICULUM VITAE DR. MOHAMMAD TAHIR SHAH T.I. DESIGNATION: Professor and Director ORGANIZATION: NCE in Geology, University of Peshawar (UoP), Pakistan: an institution of higher learning and research having Administrative and Financial autonomy under the Act of Parliament 1976. Run under the Board of Governor where Director is the Principal Accounting Officer and Secretary of the Board and Vice Chancellor (UoP) is the Chairman of the Board. OFFICE ADDRESS: NCE in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan HOME ADDRESS: H-C47, Ayub Manzil, St # 3, Canal Town, Nasir Bagh Road, Peshawar Phone: Res = (091) 5850124; Off = (091) 9218182; Fax = (091) 9218183; Mobile = 03339129958 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] PERSONAL Date of birth: July 20, 1956 Domicile: Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Marital status: Married EDUCATION Fulbright Post-Doctoral Fellowship for research in the University of Nevada, Reno, USA (1999-2000) Host Scientist: Dr. Paul Lechler, Geochemist, Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, Reno, USA Research topic: Litho and stream sediments geochemical investigations in the Dir and Swat Kohistan, northern Pakistan. Commonwealth Post-Doctoral Fellowship in the Department of Geology, University of Leicester, UK (2001-2002) Host Scientist: Dr. C.J. Moon, Professor, Department of geology, Ph.D., November 1991, University of South Carolina Columbia, U.S.A (8/87-11/91). Major advisor: Dr. John W. Shervais, Professor, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29280, USA Dissertation: Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry of the Sulfide Mineralization and associated rocks in areas around Besham and Dir, Northern Pakistan. M.Phil., May, 1986, University of Peshawar, Pakistan (8 /83-6/86).
    [Show full text]
  • Participant List
    Participant List 10/20/2020 12:59:08 PM Category First Name Last Name Position Organization Nationality CSO Jamal Aazizi Chargé de la logistique Association Tazghart Morocco Luz Abayan Program Officer Child Rights Coalition Asia Philippines Babak Abbaszadeh President And Chief Toronto Centre For Global Canada Executive Officer Leadership In Financial Supervision Amr Abdallah Director, Gulf Programs Education for Employment - United States EFE Ziad Abdel Samad Executive Director Arab NGO Network for Lebanon Development TAZI Abdelilah Président Associaion Talassemtane pour Morocco l'environnement et le développement ATED Abla Abdellatif Executive Director and The Egyptian Center for Egypt Director of Research Economic Studies Nabil Abdo MENA Senior Policy Oxfam International Lebanon Advisor Baako Abdul-Fatawu Executive Director Centre for Capacity Ghana Improvement for the Wellbeing of the Vulnerable (CIWED) Maryati Abdullah Director/National Publish What You Pay Indonesia Coordinator Indonesia Dr. Abel Executive Director Reach The Youth Uganda Switzerland Mwebembezi (RTY) Suchith Abeyewickre Ethics Education Arigatou International Sri Lanka me Programme Coordinator Diam Abou Diab Fellow Arab NGO Network for Lebanon Development Hayk Abrahamyan Community Organizer for International Accountability Armenia South Caucasus and Project Central Asia Aliyu Abubakar Secretary General Kano State Peace and Conflict Nigeria Resolution Association Sunil Acharya Regional Advisor, Climate Practical Action Nepal and Resilience Salim Adam Public Health
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Geochemistry of Attock and Haripur Basins, Pakistan
    ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY OF ATTOCK AND HARIPUR BASINS, PAKISTAN BY SHAZIA JABEEN NATIONAL CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE IN GEOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR PAKISTAN 2013 ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY OF ATTOCK AND HARIPUR BASINS, PAKISTAN A MANUSCRIPT PRESENTED TO THE NATIONAL CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE IN GEOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ENVIRONMENTAL GEOSCIENCES BY SHAZIA JABEEN NATIONAL CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE IN GEOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR PAKISTAN 2013 IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, MOST COMPASSIONATE, EVER MERCIFUL ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS “In the name of Allah the most merciful and beneficent” All prayers for Almighty Allah, the most merciful and beneficent, without Whose consent and consecration nothing would ever be imaginable. I am absolutely beholden by my Lord’s generosity in this effort. Praises be to Holy Prophet for He is a beacon as I pace on in my life and work. First of all I want to acknowledge my supervisor Dr. Mohammad Tahir Shah, Professor, National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan without whom I may have not been able to compile this research thesis than I am indebted to co-supervisor Dr. Sardar Khan, Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Pakistan for his kind support during the entire period of my PhD. I like to gratitude my foreign supervisor Dr. Andrew Meharg, Professor, Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom for his help in completing ICPMS work for my thesis. I am thankful to external evaluators and internal viva examiners for their kind suggestions to improve the quality of research presented in this thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • FARA Semi-Annual Report Ending June 30, 2014
    U.S. Department of Justice . Washington, D.C. 20530 Report of the Attorney General to the Congress of the United States on the Administration of the . Foreign Agents Registration Act . of 1938, as amended, for the six months ending June 30, 2014 Report of the Attorney General to the Congress of the United States on the Administration of the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, as amended, for the six months ending June 30, 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................... 1-1 AFGHANISTAN......................................................1 ALGERIA..........................................................2 ANGOLA...........................................................3 ANTIGUA & BARBUDA................................................4 ARUBA............................................................5 AUSTRALIA........................................................6 AUSTRIA..........................................................9 AZERBAIJAN.......................................................10 BAHAMAS..........................................................13 BAHRAIN..........................................................14 BANGLADESH.......................................................15 BARBADOS.........................................................17 BELGIUM..........................................................19 BERMUDA..........................................................20 BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA...............................................21 BRAZIL...........................................................22
    [Show full text]
  • Permanent Missions to the United Nations
    Permanent Missions to the United Nations ST/PLS/SER.A/306 Protocol and Liaison Service Permanent toMissions the United Nations Nº 306 November 2017 United Nations, New York Note: This publication is prepared by the Protocol and Liaison Service for information purposes only. The listings relating to the permanent missions are based on information communicated to the Protocol and Liaison Service by the permanent missions, and their publication is intended for the use of delegations and the Secretariat. They do not include all diplomatic and administrative staff exercising official functions in connection with the United Nations. Further information concerning names of members of permanent missions entitled to diplomatic privileges and immunities and other mission members registered with the United Nations can be obtained from: Protocol and Liaison Service Room S-0209 United Nations New York, NY, 10017 Telephone: 212-963-2938 Telefax: 212-963-1921 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://protocol.un.org All changes and additions to this publication should be communicated to the above Service © 2017 United Nations Language: English Sales No.: E.16.I.9 ISBN: 978-92-1-101339-9 e-ISBN: 978-92-1-058235-7 Print ISSN: 0252-0079 Online ISSN: 2412-1371 United Nations Protocol and Liaison Service Address: Protocol and Liaison Service of the United Nations 405 East 42nd Street, Room S-0201 New York, NY 10017 Telephone: 212-963-7170, 212-963-7171 (General) 212-963-7181 (Accreditation) Telefax: 212-963-1921 E-mail: [email protected] Website: protocol.un.org 212-963-7175 Mr. Peter Van Laere [email protected] Chief of Protocol 917-367-4320 Ms.
    [Show full text]