Proc Soc Antiq Scot, 129 (1999), 817-839

Ornamental structure medievae th n si l gardenf so Scott Cooper*

ABSTRACT This article examines evidence for the existence of ornamental structures within gardens belonging to the aristocracy of medieval Scotland. To complement this study it also evaluates evidence for closely related structures, such thoseas withinset castle courtyards huntingand parks. Like garden buildings, these were relatively small scale in apparently and designed with much,as more, ifnot concern for their aesthetic as their practical value. In this connection, the form, sources and iconography of the surviving fountain at Palace are closely assessed, and it is suggested that this sophisticated work of architecture must have consolidated and further inspired a tradition for creating ornamental buildings within the garden (and indeed the parks and courtyards) of Scotland's finest homes.

LITERARY GARDENS The study of gardens and their architecture during the medieval and Early Modern periods in Scotland suffers, as do so many other areas of the country's cultural history, from the scarceness of primary source material.1 Fro evidence mth contemporarf eo y poetry, howevere , b ther n eca little doubt that ornamental gardens playe significanda livee t rolth Scotland'f so n ei s courtiers kingsd e an eventTh . f Williao s m Dunbar's early 16th-century allegorical poem, e GoldenTh Targe, take place withi n'para mosf ko t plesere' tha replets i t e with 'flouris faire'; Thrissile th n i 2 anRois,e dth Dunbar's narrator 'enteri lusta n i ty gairding gent [beautiful . mos . ]. t dulcd ean redolen / Oft f her flou d tendid ban an r r plantis grensueitd An e/ , levi sdou w doinde n f gfleit',o 3 Tretise Mariita Th Tu n e i o th fWedo,e d Wemen th an poe e d th tan recount visisa 'ano t e gudlie grein garth, full of gay flouris, / Hegeit, of ane huge hicht, with hawthorne treis' where he happens upon 'thre gay ladeis sit in ane grene arbeir, / All grathit in to garlandis of fresche gudlie flouris.'4 Equall ydescriptione vivith e dar s penne Dunbar'y db s contemporary, Gavin Douglas, whose Palice of Honour begins with the poet walking at dawn through a garden in which

The fragrant flouris blomand in thar seis Ouirspre leuie d th naturef so s Tapestreis; Abone the quhilk with heuinly Harmoneis twystigreisbirdin e n o o t Th d ,ssa san Melodiously makand thair kyndlie gleis, Quhais schill noitis fordinned all the skyis.5

* Garden History Society, Glasite Meeting House, 33 Barony Street, EH3 6NX 818 | SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1999

While these gardens may have been imaginary, they surely drew on actual examples: certainly that describe Tayisn di Bankpoea — m generally attribute Dunbao dt Douglas'd an r s patron, Jameseem— relatV o ssI t Stobhalo et Perthshiren li , wher youne eth g king courte 'dyamens dhi t of delyt', Margaret Drummond, in a 'bour / with blosumes broun and blew, / Ofret with mony fair fresch flour, Helsu hevinlmf o y hew'.6 Evocative thoug thesl hal e lines are, beyon single dth e referenc 'grene th o et arbeir 'arbourn (a featura ' s wa 'e compose f vinedo s trained arounda wooden substructure, generally forming a tunnel or simple shelter) they offer no real indication of the actual layout and content of Scotland's medieval gardens. Sadly, there are no plans, topographical surveys, nor detailed written descriptions of such gardens prior to the 17th century; boneroyarathee y froth dr s i f e lst o mri accountth monastid san c chartularies that evidence must be gleaned. As a result, any suggestion as to their appearance must be conjectural. However, if it is accepted that immigration, foreign trading and the prevalence of monastic houses provided the country wit hculturaa l background typica northerf o l n European nations tha d climate an ,th t e was, at least for much of the 14th and 15th centuries, warmer than that of today, then the altogether more abundant documentation regarding the layout and content of demesnes elsewhere in might generally apply to those in Scotland too.7

SCOTLAN EUROPD DAN E The appearance of European gardens may be used, then, as the backdrop against which the particulars of those in Scotland might be projected, and for this purpose the painted miniatures that illuminate contemporary French and Flemish manuscripts cannot be bettered. These indicate tha finese th t t Scottish medieval gardens would have adorne homee dth aristocratf so clergr so y would an d very probably have feature lawa d n interspersed with flowers, shrubs trelliw lo , s covered with vines or roses, turf benches and perhaps a pool and orchard. Regarding ornamental

structures they would have most commonly contained either a fountain or8 an arbour. However,

other types of garden buildings are known to have existed across Europe9 . Summer-houses were constructed amid the gardens created at Palermo by Roger II (r. 1129-54), the Norman king of SicilyIberiae th t a ; n garde Tafallf no a (begun 1405)Royae th t a ;l Mews, Charing Cross (erected 1440-1); and upo islanRiven e na th n dri Thames near (erecte 1380s).e th n di 10 Aviaries were constructe Winchestedat r Castle durin 12tgthe h century Westminsteat , r Palacein

the 13th century and at the Spanish estate of Olite around the turn of the 15th century. At the

1 2 1

French palac Hesdinf eotheo e th 1 n r o ,hand , Count Rober Artoif o I I t s enclose dpara 1295n ki , within which he constructed not only an aviary but also a pavilion amongst marshland, a revolving summer-house, a chapel of glass and a stone tower.13 It seems reasonable to assume that at least basic of these sorts of building would have ornamented Scotland's gardens littlA . e evidenc indeen eca e possibl e founth db r fo de existence of three such structures: these are a fountain or well-head at Edinburgh, an aviary at Dumbarto summer-housa d nan Pertht ea . Founde Davi y endowed b Canone an dI th r dfo s Regula rule Sainf th eo f ro t Augustine, Holyrood Abbe constructes ywa s presenit n di t position from 1128. Around this timwa t ei bestowed wit churce hCuthbert th S f ho t (whic locates hwa d belo walle w th Edinburg f so h Castle) dependenciess it l al d an , amongst whicploa s f lano t hwa d bounde afonte y fountaida b — r no well-hea thad— t rose 'nea corne king'e e rth th f rso garde roae th dn nleadino Saingo t t Cuthbert's church'.14 Whatever the nature of the structure, given its association with a royal garden, it seems likely to have been in some way ornamental.15 COOPER: ORNAMENTAL STRUCTURES IN MEDIEVAL GARDENS | 819

In 1326, the manor of Cardross on the River Clyde was acquired by . It is recorde havins da g possessed bot hgardea parka 132d y n B .an roya e hous9a th r l efalconfo s swa repaired and re-roofed at a cost of two shillings. Whether this aviary was ornamental can not be determined, however, the fact that it was surrounded by a hedge suggests that it may not only

have been set within a garden but also constructed with some regard to its aesthetic value. 6

Finally, Perth tradition relate a referencs a 'Gilte o t e n Arbour e town'th t a s' former 1 Dominican Priory, an occasional residence for the nation's monarchs. Reputedly attached to the Priory and overlooking the North Inch, the structure is said to have been enriched with gilded (hence 'gilten') detailing, and to have contained an elaborate ceiling decorated with allegorical astronomicad an l figures, whil s rooeit claimes i f havo dt e provide platfore dth m from which

Robert III viewed the notorious 'Battle of the Clans' in 1396. This anecdotal account of an 7

arbour wit hstoua t roopainted an f d ceiling18 set t quitsi e apart from typical, vine-clad1 , trellis- work examples; rather it describes a highly elaborate building more closely related to the open

loggia — a form that may well have been known to Scotland's nobility. 9

The predominance of arbours and fountains within Europe's garden1 s continued into the Early Modern period 16td , hmi thoug e centur typth w y structurf heb ne o ybanquetina e th e— g house — was also finding favour. Between 1414 and 1417, Henry V of England had an enclosed quadrangular pleasanc f fouo e r acres created withi marsa n h adjoinin e 'Greath g t Poolt a ' Kenilworth. Enclosed by two moats it contained towers at each of its corners with a banqueting house at its heart, and outside a dock for boats to bring parties of courtiers on summer outings from the castle.20 A year after its completion James I, then aged 24, was incarcerated at the castle as part of his 18-year internment amongst the royal and Lancastrian residences of England.21 This remarkable creation must have intrigue capturee dth d king;22 certainl engages wa e y h d b the vista from his cell in the 'Marshal's Tower' at Windsor, describing the castle's gardens in his autobiographical love poem The Kingis Quhair.23 Between 1420-2, James accompanied his captor o trina Franceo pt muse h therd o tan , ehavto e see goona d man f Europe'yo s most splendid estates.24 Therefore, given James's experience of, and evident sensitivity for, fine gardens, it seems likely that when he came to lay out his own at in 1435, its appearance would have recalled those he had seen in his youth, and, as such, might well have included aviaries, loggias, banqueting houses, fountain arbourd san t leas a latte e sth t — thes f ro likel e ear havo yt e

been created subsequently at the royal hunting lodge of Falkland. 5

Durin regence gth y which followed James I's deat 1437n hi long-establishee th , 2 d policf yo raising the influence of Scottish royalty abroad through propitious marriage was continued. The hand of a Burgundian princess was negotiated for the heir and in 1449, at the age of 19, James II

was married to Marie of Gueldres. As the daughter of the Duke of Gueldres and niece of the 6

Duk f Burgundyo e e credentialth , e king' th wifw f ne eo ss were impeccable2 . Howevere th , improved statucours hi Europn f i tso e appear havo t t e sno bee n celebrate architecturn di e with any significant patronage comparative Th . e sparsit f majoyo r commissions during James II's reign is perhaps symptomatic of the low priority he gave the arts. As such it is remarkable to find the regular recording of royal garden-work beginning during his reign, with a gardener at Falkland first noted as being employed from 1451 onwards and improvement work being undertaken at a garden within Castle two years later.27 Now, if the garden at this time 'was the especial province of women',28 it might be suggested that this modest surge in royal gardening was achieved through the efforts of the new queen. Certainly it seems reasonable to assume that Marie would have been familiar wit aesthetie hth allegoricad can l valu gardena f eo . Contemporary miniatures contained within illuminated manuscripts depict the palaces of Marie's blood-relatives enveloped by enclosed gardens of arbours and covered walks.29 The garden and | SOCIET 0 82 ANTIQUARIEF YO SCOTLANDF SO , 1999

'

ILLU S1 Extract fro Monte mth DuJunef e ho th Berry'e ed n i , s Tres Riches Heures, illuminate Po y Limbourde b d l n gi 1409-16. (Musee Conde, Chantilly, )

its architecture were essential to the mechanics of the Burgundian ducal court and quickly assume t onldno practicalya symbolia t bu , c significance.30 Amongst these hortuse th , conclusus (that is, the 'enclosed garden') represented the qualities of the Virgin and was assumed by Duchess Isabell devicen Marie' thereforas — ow i r t I . he st surprisin s auna eno — t fino ge t dth queen undertaking gardening workr personahe t sa l residenc Falklanf eo d withir nyeaa he f o r husband's death. n 3146 I 1Exchequee 1th r Rolls revea creatioe roomo th l tw f sno within na

existing gallery at the Palace. By implication, the gallery was both within the main building and 2

acting as more than a simpl3 e corridor. Such a gallery was without precedent in Scotland or England and was perhaps an early example of Marie's influence, inspired by examples from the European mainland. alteratioe 33Th gallere th f no y coincided with payment creatioe th r a sfo f no

new chambe queee th r nr fo wit hdooa rpleasur w leadinne a eo gt garden below. intriguins i t I g 4

to consider a relationship between these variou3 s features, since if, as is likely, stairs led from the queen's chamber (presumably at or above the first floor), to gardens below, the arrangement may have been simila demesnee th o rt Marie'f so s uncle Due Berrth ,e ed y (illu ).s1 35 James III inherited something of his mother's evident finesse becoming the greatest patron

of Scottis hthao t art tp u sdate. Expandin s grandfather'ghi s palac t Linlithgoa e w along 6

Italianat established e ha lines e h dgardea 3 n deat s therhi 1488.n y hi e b thi f I reflectivs si a f eo

7 8 3

fancy for the ar3 t of gardening amongst the King's myriad interests, then the employment of two keeper grounde th f so t Stirlinsa g Castle between 147 1480d 9an , rather tha customare nth y one, might serv confiro et m this. locatioe 39Th thif no s garde unknowns ni , thoug t seemhi s very likely withit se castlee wallhavs e y nth thatha th d f wa ma e s o t t an ,i beeti n use receivo dt Spaniso etw h COOPER: ORNAMENTAL STRUCTURES IN MEDIEVAL GARDENS | 821

ambassadors in the winter of 1495. Indeed, if this was the case, it may have contained some 0

for garden-roof mo mshelteo t proceedinge rth s fro seasonale mth 4 weather. The patronage of James IV was at least as progressive as that of his father; his tastes as

cosmopolita s thea n y were educated. Amongs s artistihi t c achievement d thean y wer— s e 1

many — the gardens he created4 at Stirling are of particular interest. Their development at this time can be divided into two phases. The first involved the creation of new gardens within the

castle war 1493; n di secone th laying-oue dth f 'neo t w gardens belo castle e walle th w th f o s' 2

between 1501-3.4 43 That this nove gardine was in some measure ornamental is suggested by its contents: hedges, fruit trees and vines, any one of which could have been trained to form

arbours. creatioe gardee Th th f no n spans precisel perioe yth d betwee restare yeae th nf th f ro to 4

James's 4 negotiation e han th f Margare o dr fo s t Tudo f Englano r e ensuin th d tha f an do t g

marriage. James would have learnt of Henry VII's impressive new garden at Richmond Palace 5

from his ambassador4 s dispatched to London to negotiate the terms of the contract of marriage.46 creatioe Th Stewara f no t equivalent coul t oncda e answe riva s worprospective d hi r th an f l ko e father-in-la gild prospece wdan th queen' s hi homef w o t sne appearancs It . unknows ei n though the presence of French gardeners hints at the continuing influence of a country increasingly dominant in the art of gardening.47 If it did defer in content and appearance to the pleasure ground Frence th f so h royal famil speculatee b yy thema t ni d thaking'e th t s magno gardinot a Stirling would have done much to consolidate and promote a tradition not only for arbours but perhaps garden architectur forml al f eo s across Scotland.48

LINLITHGOW PALACE FOUNTAIN In September 1536, James V left Kirkcaldy for Dieppe at the age of 24 in pursuit of a fitting wife. While securing the hand of Madeleine de Valois, James fell under the spell of the royal court of her father, Frangois I, and became imbued with the French king's taste for architectural patronage returs hi n Scotlano nt O . d James immediately initiated large-scale remodellind gan extension wor royae eaco kth t f lho residence Stirlingf so , Falklan Linlithgowd dan . Moreover, foe commissione h re latte o th eac f tw rho a dfountain. 49 Tha t Falklana t s lonha dg since

disappeare nothind dan s know gi s appearance; it f no e fountaith t Linlithgowa n , however, 0

survives in a restored state a5 t the centre of the Palace courtyard51 (illus 2 & 3) Though it is not strictly a garden building, the fountain is so closely related to — and would surely have been so profoundly influential upon — the genre that it merits some analysis.52 Rising like a vast, Gothic wedding cake all iced in ashlar, the fountain is an exquisite confection of pinnacles, statuary, crockets and quatrefoils. As resolute as it is ostentatious, it is easy to understand how so remarkable a structure could once have been earnestly considered 'the beautifulest Fountai World'.e th n i 5large3A , octagonal basin with pinnacled angle colonnettes form bases sit , from which cusped buttresse secona o t y dsfl similar though smaller cistern. Upon this, individual statues rest at each corner and effect to hide the column that supports a third bowl lined with retching gargoyles. From here, four slender clustered-columns ris supporo et robustta , enclosed crown — finely wrought, superbly crafted and unquestionably intended to form the focal entirpoine th f eo t agglomeration. Althoug qualite fountaie hth th f yhardlo n nca questionede yb t mighi , suggestee b t d that the choic Gothia f eo c idiom was t thi a ,r thi sfo s tim d typ ean f building eo littla , e surprising. James was contemporaneously making use of European craftsmen to create a classical courtyard at Falkland inspired directly by the French chateaux in which he had stayed.54 He was, then, at ease with the architectural avant-garde. Indeed, given that James would have seen any number of 822 SOCIET ANTIQUARIEF YO SCOTLANDF SO , 1999

ILLU S2 Nineteenth-century Linlithgoe vieth f wo w Palace fountain restoratioprios it o rt n (reproducedfrom Billings 1845, fig 58)

new, classical fountains whil France,n ei t seemi s reasonabl assumo et e tha temptatioe th t o nt 5

creat a esimila e woulon r d have bee a nstron g one5 , especiall a structur r fo y e s thawa t comparatively chea itseln i erec po t d f weltan l suite architecturao dt l experimentation. Moreover, buildere th Linlithgoe th f so w fountain were well awar classicaf eo l detailing having ornamented its base with small circular portrait busts simila thoso rt e use t Falklandda vera t y Ye .traditiona l Gothic form was adopted for the overall design of the fountain. The reason for this may lie in the intende dbuildinge likelrols th i f t e i o hav o yr t fo ,e bee mucs na piecha politicaf eo l allegort i s ya wa ornamenn sa ever to sourcna waterf eo . This idea require littlsa e explanation. bees ha n t I observed that 'to scrutiniz eth nationaa n ei l contex necessars i t i t y to examine the different ways in which [the Scots] also related themselves [not just to Rome but] ancestoro t d authoritiean s s even further bac time.'n ki 5d 616t Certainlmi h e centuryth y yb , Scotland could boast a rich tradition of historiography. John of Fordun in the 1380s, Andrew of Wyntoun around 1420 and Walter Bower in the 1440s, all compiled Scottish histories based on long-established origin myths. Each of these asserted that the Scottish kingdom had never been conquered and that Scots genealogy stemmed from the Egyptians and Greeks. Such an august, if apocryphal, lineage was contrived to refute the claim of English suzerainty over the country, a claim whose spurious validity was based on a reputed common ancestry and English overlordship thaalleges twa dato dt e fro foundine mth singl e th f geo country of'Britain' created under Roman rule. The popularity and usefulness of the various Scottish origin myths remained current throughout the Renaissance during which time they were lent humanist credentials by Hector Boece in his Scotorum Historiae — a Latin work published 12 years before the fountain was built COOPER: ORNAMENTAL STRUCTURE MEDIEVAN SI L GARDEN3 82 | S reissued an translation di n jusyeae on tr after. This establishmen so-callea f o t d 'national epos' was 'in its own way the most profound of all acts of emancipation',57 and much of it crystallized around the Stewart dynasty's claim to the justification and dignity embodied in the enclosed, that

is the imperial, crown. It can hardly be an accident that such a diadem is celebrated above the 8

fountain — as if sanctifie5 d in water and, literally, set in stone. Indeed fountaie ,th n bears other symbol Scotland'f so s links with independencd an , e within, Europe: principall pedestale yth anglee lowee th th t f sa rso tan elaboratee kar carvingy db a f so thistle, rosed lil yan turn i , n representativ kinge th Frencs f hi ,eo Englishs hhi wifd an e, Tudor mother; and a heraldic lion squatting upon one of the pedestals bears the Royal Arms of Scotland impaled with those of France. Moreover, certain of the architectural details of the fountain are peculiarl identifiabld yan y Scottish buttressese :th exampler ,fo , must surely relattraditioe th o et n of the crown-spire, while the blind-quatrefoiled parapets are close to those on the tower of St Giles' Cathedral in Edinburgh. It may be suggested, therefore, that although a few classical details were incorporated withi fountaine nth , presumabl their yfo r potent imperial connotations, for the most part such Renaissance imagery was eschewed in favour of traditional, native Gothic — a style resonant with historical associations and singularly appropriate to what was surel ymonumena nationalism.o t 59 However, despite this apparently advised use of Scottish detailing, the broad lines of the Linlithgow fountain may nonetheless derive from French precedent; specifically the Fontaine Jaques d'Amboise whic constructes hwa 151n di 5 withi towe nth n squar Clermont-Ferrandf eo n ,i the Puy-de-D6me regio centraf no l France60 (illus 4). Both compris eprincipaa l octagonal basin with pinnacled angle-colonnette furtheo tw d r san basin clal sal statuar n di bearind yan g gargoyles from which water issue creato st e similar hydraulic effects. Furthermore, while eac broadls hi y Gothi n appearanci c d detailsan e , they both bea a smalr l numbe f Renaissanco r e motifs: grotesques, water nymphs and sprites at Clermont-Ferrand; carved masks, mermaids, nudes and bust t Linlithgowsa . James V seems never to have visited Clermont-Ferrand, restricting his trip to the lower reaches of the valley, and as such the influence of the Fontaine Jaques d'Amboise might be questioned. However, given that the fountain seems to have been much the finest and most innovativ havo et e been constructed within early 16th-century France wely lma havt i , e inspired imitations within town squares and noblemen's gardens elsewhere. A more direct connection may exist betwee fountaine nth t Linlithgoa s d Clermont-Ferranwan persoe r Jameth Si n f di no s Hamilton of Finnart (c 1500-40). Appointed captain and keeper of Linlithgow in November 1526, he assumed responsibility nine years later for its remodelling and repair, and in 1539 was appointe accompano dt y John Scrymgeou pose f th 'maiste o t n i r f wero r k principalr ou o et

soverane lord' with the sole responsibility for the palaces of Linlithgow and Stirling. Having 1

spent youtcours e muchi th f Fra^oif n o hti o s knowledga I, thee th nf eo newl y built (and 6 2

surely renowned) fountai6 t Clermont-Ferrana n t implausiblno s di e 'styl th e e— Loui s XII' (1495-1515 impacyoune n a th d n go ha )t Finnart, reflected s soma , e have suggestede th n i , elevations of the Palace Block at Stirling.63 Further connection providee b coterie y th sma y Europeaf db eo n artisans workine th r gfo court around this time. Notable amongst it was the Frenchman, Mogin Martin. Master mason to the crown from at least 1536, Martin accompanied James to France, apparently to collect ideas for new work at royal palaces and probably assisted in the remodelling of the East Range at Falkland (started 1537). Following his death in 1538 he was replaced by Nicholas Roy (appointed

April 1539), another Frenchman credites i o wh , d with Falkland's completion. influence Th f eo 4

eithe f thesmighn o r eme f portrai o t explaie us te bustnth t bota s h Linlithgo Falklandd wan . 6

COOPER: ORNAMENTAL STRUCTURE MEDIEVAN SI L GARDEN5 82 S

ILLUS 4 Early 20th-century photograph by Camille Enlart of the fountain in the town square of Clermont-Ferrand, Puy-de-D6me region, France. (Caisse Nationale des Monuments Historiques et des Sites)

Similarly, Thomas French probablf o Scoa e( t tbu e French descent) king'e th s s mastewa , r mason t Linlithgoa 153 wn i Falklandd 5an , involves 1537-8 creatioe wa th 'crowne d th n di an ,f no - spires t Giles'S t a ' , Edinburgh t Michael'sS , , Linlithgow King'd an , s College, Aberdeen.s 6Hi 5 influence might explai robuse nth tflyine forth f mgo buttresses. Overall, though clearly a vexatious issue, it seems reasonable to suggest that the experience r moro f Finnarte eo o on f , Frenchd Martinan y eRo , would have been broughe beath o t t n o r Linlithgow fountai thad nan t perhap thef o me swoulon d have been abl drao et w generalle th n yo rich tradition for such structures in France, and perhaps recall that at Clermont-Ferrand as a particular source of ideas.

ATHOLL'S ROYAL HUNTING LODGE Another remarkable structure of James's reign was not built by him, but for him, by John Stewart Eard Athollf 3r , o l 153n I .19-year-ol e 1th d king visite Highlande dth s about Athola n o l hunting expedition, accompanied by his mother, Queen Margaret, and an ambassador of the Pope gree Athol.To him t l 'mai greadane t provisiou thingiall in n s ffb necessahim r r perteningto his estaitt as he had been in his awin palice in Edinburgh',66 and had a sumptuous temporary hunting lodge-cum-banqueting house constructed for their convenience. Like the Linlithgow 826 | SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1999

t withifountainse t ngarden a no lodge s th , ewa ; however notabla s a ,earld ean y examplf eo ornamental estate architecture, it demands consideration. Sir Robert Lindesay's 1575 account of Atholl's 'curieous palice' merits quotation at length fordetaileits d descriptio rarimpressivso eand nof ea work . Lindesa closy(a e confidanof t James V) recount substantiasa l building wher kinge mothees th guesa ,hi d tran

ludgit as they had been in Ingland, France, Italie and Spaine for thair hunting pastyme quhilk was buildit in the midis of ane fair medow ane faire palice of greine tymmer wond with birkis that war grein batht wnder and abone quhilk was fesnitt in foure quarteis and everie quarter an nuike thairof greie an beed tblokhous e rounha n an t i s da e quhil loftis lestid spacke wa an t th t thrif eo e house hight fluie th ; r laid witht greine cherittis witht sprattis medwarti flourisd san knen . Thema w o nn quhairon he zeid hot as he had bene in ane gardin. Farder thair was tua great roundis in ilk syde of the zeit and ane greit portcullis of trie falland doune the maner of ane barrace witht ane greit draw brege, and ane greit fowsie and strak of waiter of sextene foot deipe and XXX [sic] futte braid of waiter and also this palice within was weill syllil and hung withl fyne glassin windowis in all airllis lhal Ihis pallice was allis pleisanllie decoril wilhl all necessaris perlenand lo ane prince as il had bene his awin palice royall al name.67

An extravagant structure with wooden walls, a drawbridge and portcullis, encircled by a broad sufficienmoats wa t i , impreso t t papae sth l ambassado untio rwh l theconsidered nha d Scotland 'th warld'.ee ersth f eo 68 huntina s A g lodge 'palicee th , relates wa ' d directl thoso yt e wrough stonn i t e amongse th t deer parks of Tudor England.69 Being temporary, it may also have been built in imitation of similar fleeting structures inspire populay db r chivalric writing whic t thaha t time formee th d centre-piece ostentatiouf so s royal festivities across Europe. destructios 70It n coul interpretee db d romantia s a c gesture couche rigoroue th n di s code chivalrif so c behaviour then being revived,71 wildle foth r y ostentatious buildin wilfulls gwa y groune burn guests th it o t s da s finally leftt i , being 'the wse of hielandmen thocht they be newer so weill ludgit to burne thair ludging quhene they depairt.'

QUEEN MARY'S BATH-HOUSE Durin regence gth Marif yo Guisf eo e (1542-60 daughterr reige he th f no d )an , Mary (1561-7), gardening continued to enjoy royal patronage where major architecture failed to do so. It is during this period that is found what may be Scotland's earliest surviving garden building — 'Queen Mary's Bath-house buildine ' (illuTh . s5) g once adjoine Prive dth y Garde royae th f lno residenc t Holyroodhousea standw no t s unhappilebu y isolate wrone th n gdo carriagsida f eo e drive thadrives twa n throug gardene hth pars sa crudf to e re-landscaping undertaked mi e th n i 19th century.72 The two-storey structure has been considerably altered and extended since its construction, adaptations which give the diminutive building an engaging if somewhat clumpy appearance. It is built of random rubble (presumably once harled) with raised dressings and margins and is topped by a pyramidal slate roof apsed over a bartisan at the north angle. Of the building' discerniblw fe s y original features e waist-higth , h corbel e coursnorth-westh o t e t elevation remain mose sth t obviou intactd san . The date of the building is unknown. Its traditional name may refer either to the queens Mari Guise ed r Mareo y Stuart conditioe desigs th It . fabrid s it n an f no c sugges latea t r 16th- century construction date with subsequent 19th-century addition alterationd san whicf s(o h some, COOPER: ORNAMENTAL STRUCTURE MEDIEVAN SI L GARDEN7 82 I S

ILLUS 5 Late 19th-century view of Queen Mary's Bath-house from north-west (reproducedfrom MacGibbon Ross& 1892, vol4). I SOCIET 8 82 ANTIQUARIEF YO SCOTLANDF SO , 1999

ILLU S6 Extract from Rombou Hoyen'n de n tva s Edinburgum Civitas Scotiae Celeberrima showin ICing'e gth s Privy Garden in the early 17th century. (Trustees of the National Library of Scotland)

daty t allino fe,ma from 1852 whe knows i t ni havo nt e been reconditioned). Royal accounts 3

shed littl eoriginss lighit n o t . Mentio madns i paymentf eo 1535-n si worr 'litti6a fo o kt l 7 garding chalmer', though being 'abone the peind' suggests it was either part of the palace (perhaps overlooking a garden), another garden structure altogether, or even a 'guarding chamber' — that iguard'a s s room accounte Th . s also record 'averyhous'n wora o kt 'dansina , g hous'a d an , 'cophous' although it is unclear whether these were discrete ornamental structures.74 The evidence of contemporary maps is unrewarding. The earliest detailed depiction of the grounds about

Holyrood is Rombout van den Hoyen's earlier 17th-century map (illus 6). This shows knot 5

gardens enclose y wallb d s around Holyroodhouse, wite walleth h d parterr e nortth ho t e 7 containing a square or circular-plan building at its north-east corner. The north-west corner, which approximates more closele positio th e presen th o t y f no t structur , unfortunatelyis e ,

eclipsed by a tree, though the presence of a twin structure is easy to imagine. A survey of 6

Edinburgh produced by John Gordon of Rothiemay in 164777 (illus 7) depicts a simple7 , square- plan, two-storey, gabled building to the north-west corner of the north garden at the termination owalla f . This arrangemen confirmes i t d firstl'smala y b y l maj[est]iemaps hi f po s palacf eo Hallyrudhouse' prepared by the Master of Works, John Mylne, some 16 years later78 (illus 8), secondld an evidency y b ground e th n eo , wher excavaten ea d stum wala f po l still connects with bath-housee th terminus.A post quern structure date 1558th e yea e b r th y fo rthi s s ,thaa ema s wa t the land to the north-west of the Holyroodhouse estate was purchased from Dean Abercromby,

cano Holyroof no gardin'maie d dgrace',r an an n dhe i go t Mari Guisee ed ; thoug equalls i ht i y 9

possible that the buildin7 g was in place beforehand. Alterations to the fabric of the building and the ambiguity of its date make its original

purpose difficult to determine. There would seem to be four possible uses. The first and, at least 0

judgepithets o t it y mose b th , t obvious, would have8 beebath-housea s na traditioe Th . f no ILLU S7 Extract from John Gordo Rothiemay'f no s pla Edinburgf no h (1647), showin King'e gth s Privy Garden, with Queen Mary's Bath-house at top left. (Trustees of the National Library of Scotland)

ILLU S8 Extract from John Mylne's plan (1663 groune th f )o d lying abou Palace tth f eo Holyroodhouse (reproducedfrom R Mylne 1893, fp 169). Note the location of the entrance to Queen Mary's bath-house, facing towards the 'Tennis Court' (25), and access to this area from the 'King's privy garden' (22). Other features include 'ground belonging to his Majesty' (23), 'groun t belongindno Majests hi o gt y whereupon ther some ear e houses' (24), a 'horse pond' (26) and the 'high street towards and Haddingtoune' (27). 830 SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1999

Mary, Queen of Scots' affection for bathing dates back at least to 1776 and the publication of John Pinkerton's Craigmillar, which recalls that at the castle of that name there was a

chamber, wher Queene eth , whose charms divine Made wond'ring actions own the pow'r of love, Oft bath'd her snowy limbs in sparkling wine, Now proves a lonely refuge for the dove.81

However, aspects of the 'bath-house' seem to mitigate against such a role: the placing of a substantial bath on a wooden upper floor seems impractical, while the location of the structure next to open land (and later a highway) could hardly have been considered satisfactory for so private a function.82 A second use might have been as a small banqueting house. Such building types were increasingly popular at this time, particularly in England where a very early example was recorded

in 153 5. The use of the banqueting house is rooted in two late medieval traditions. The first was 3

the endin8 g of a grand meal with sweet-meats (thought to be beneficial to digestion), hippocras (a type of wine) and wafers. The second was the imported French fashion called voidee — that is the tradition of leaving the dining area (initially to another room and later to the garden where the outdoor environmen consideres twa d beneficia healtho t l orden )i consumo rt e wine spiced san s sa a pragmatic response to the limitations of the master, his family, guests and servants, all eating in singla e hall. r thi8Fo 4s purpose banqueting house sf sufficien o neede e b o dt t siz contaio et na dining party, and it is perhaps for this reason that the structure might be discounted for such a use. thirA d possibl buildine e th rol r havy efo gma e bee gazeba s nmaisona a r oo plaisance.e d Unlike England, there seems neve havo t r e bee nScottisa h traditio f constructinno g galleries

aroun perimetee dth enclosef ro d gardens. suchs A , raised structure r 'gazeboso s— woul— ' d 5

have been required to view knot8 s and parterres to good effect (especially when they were removed from the main house, as at Holyrood). Yet Mylne's survey indicates that the building was connected wit adjoinine hth g garden eass onlit t ya corner thad passago an ,n t provides ewa d betwee twoe nth hardl 86— idean ya l arrangemen gazeboa r fo t banquetina , bath-houser go t I . may be postulated, therefore, that either the structure predates the adjoining garden, it was remodelled prior to Mylne's survey, or its function related to something else entirely. In the latter respect, the building may have been an angle tower of the precinct wall that once enclosed the

Abbey grounds, thoug sizs hit e hardly appears sufficien defensiva r fo t e use. 7

More likely, however, is that it was associated with 8 the Tennis Court' (now demolished) which onc e westeth faceo .t Realt i dr royal (o ) tennia popula s wa s r leisure activite th f yo

aristocracy during the 16th century. One example of a court in Scotland exists at Falkland while 8

other knowe sar havo nt e bee plact Andrewn ni S t ea Linlithgowd san tennie date th f .Th eso 8 court at Holyroodhouse is unknown but it could be contemporary with that at Falkland which buils 1539wa n ti . Given that Mylne's survey indicates tha maie tth n 'bath-house e dooth f ro s wa ' t thaa t time angled toward formee sth r tenni buildingso courttw e havy th , sma e been related. This suggests an altogether more prosaic origin for Queen Mary's Bath-house — that of a mere changing room or store.

CONCLUSION In summary, therefore, not only can there be little doubt that ornamental buildings were a feature gardense ofth , park courtyardd san s associated wit royae nobld hth an l e residence medievaf so l COOPER: ORNAMENTAL STRUCTURE MEDIEVAN SI L GARDEN1 83 | S

Scotland, but it seems reasonable to suggest also that their considerable emblematic potential was well understood and, at Linlithgow, was fully realized.

NOTES

ABBREVIATIONS DNB Dictionary of National Biography ER Exchequer Rolls of Scotland W AccountsM Masterse th f o f Workso A T Accounts Treasurere oth f of Scotland overvien a medievar e th 1Fo f wo l garde Scotlann n(1935i x Co e , dse 1-27) , thoug t shoulhi notee db d that this account is now over 60 years old and in need of some revision. For specific references see Chalmers (1887-94, vo 301, l2 ; vol 3,144,488-9; vo 720, l4 , 727, 870; vol 5,421; vo 599, l6 , 798, 893; vol 56-60, 751 , , 69-70, detaile199)a r .Fo d overvie medievaf wo l garden Europn si Harvee ese y (1981d )an MacDougall(1986). 2 Mackenzie (1932,115,11.92, 117). Mackenzi3 e (1932,109,11.44, 47-9). 4 Mackenzie (1932, 85,11.3-4,17-18). 5 Bawcutt (976, 53, quoting 11.19-24). 6 Anon, 'Tayis Bank', 11.20-4, in Ford (1893, 14). 7 For Scottish connections with mainland Europe see Lythe & Butt (1975), Brown (1977), Ewan (1990), Grant (1984), Nicholson (1974) Simpsod ,an n (1990) notioe .Th conformitf no appearancf yo e amongst the medieval gardens of northern Europe is discussed in Harvey (1981, xiv). 152y 8B 0typicaa faru lfe m required 'an adequate hous stonf e o limed ean , with hall, chamber, granary, byre, stable, dovecote, orchards, gardens and beehives with hedges and a plantation of oaks' (Stell 1990, 68). Mille9 r 1986. summer-house 10Th t Richmonea timber-framea s dwa d building with benche trestld san e tables; that a t Charing Cross was a 'spy-house' (presumably a gazebo) with plastered walls painted green; those at Palermo were set alongside pools (Colvin 1986,16-17). 11 Colvin (1986,16). 12 Harvey (1981, 45). 13 Hagopia Buren nva n (1986, 115-34). 14 Charters f Holyrood,o Bannatyne Club t seemI . 4 , s unlikely tha gardea t n would have been created beneath Edinburgh's castle walls during the turbulent years of David's reign and as such it may be the work of King Malcolm or more probably his much-loved wife Margaret, a devout Christian, canonized after her death. Certainly, in later years, the structure was referred to as 'St Margaret's Well'. For a history of the gardens associated with Edinburgh Castle see Malcolm (1925,101-20). 15 Well-heads wer mucs ea h capabl f decoratioeo s fountainsna excellenn A . t exampl constructes ewa d during the late 15th century at St Triduana's, Restalrig, near Edinburgh. A small, hexagonal-plan basin was enclosed beneat vaultb ri designed x an shsi simplifiea s da d imitatio miniaturn ni lowee th f reo chamber of St Triduana's Aisle. It seems to have stood in the grounds of the church, though it was not apparently associated with any gardens. The well-head was removed in 1859 to its present position in and is now known also as 'St Margaret's Well' (Maclvor 1963; Grant 1882, vol 3, 129-30). 16 ER, vol 1,127. 17 Fittis (1885, 157-8). Local tradition also recounts that this ceiling was later replicated within a gazebo constructed durin earle gth y 17th century withi gardene nth Gowrif so e House, also Pertn i h (ibid). | SOCIET 2 83 ANTIQUARIEF YO SCOTLANDF SO , 1999

18 The account should be treated guardedly. The term 'arbour' may here be a corruption of 'herbar', meanin ggardena 153n I . 5 Perth Town Council took possessio Dominicae lande th th f f so no n Priory for the general recreation of the townspeople. In response to the remonstrations of the friars, James V adjudicated agains Council'e th t s appropriation of'a par theif to r crofts calle Gildee dth d Herbar'e .Th dispute continued, however lat160s c a friars e ea d 0 th ,an s were still asserting their 'lea-lanclaie th mo t d at the foot or east part of their croft, beside the North Inch, which piece of land is now called the Gylt calles Herbarwa dd beforan , King'e eth s Garden' (Fittis 1885, 158). However tere th ,m herba alsn roca refer to an arbour. For example, in 1577 Thomas Hill noted that 'the herber in a Garden may bee framed with juniper poles, or the willowe, eyther to stretch, or be bound togither with oysers, after a square forme, or an arche manner' (Hill 1577, ch 12, 22). illustraten 19A d frontispiec 15th-centura f eo y manuscript depict receptioe sth Aeneaf no Dide y sb th t oa city gate of Carthage. A small hunting park dominates the foreground while at the top right of the picture, behin e citth dy gate, stand a rectangular-plas n loggia with fluted columns, round-arched opening sidfrone d th e an o tst and, apparently highla , y decorated interior manuscripe .Th Frencf o s ti h origi t bear nbu arme sth f Scotlan so d just belo vignette wth seemd ean havo st e been preparea r dfo Scottish patron. Whil manuscripe eth t could hardly have informe widespreada d tast sucr efo h buildings, t servei t leas whicsa n i illustrato y t hwa Scottise eon h nobles might have kept abreas developmentf o t s in garden architecture elsewher Europen ei r detailmanuscripe Fo .th f so Borlane se t d (1916, 281-3). 20 Harvey (1946); Colvin( 1963-73, vo , 685)2 l . 21 Brown (1994, 20). James is known to have been held at Kenilworth in 1418 and may have returned in the spring of 1421 (Balfour Melville 1936, 77, 84). 22 Henry's relationship with James seem havo st e turne jailedf o fro patrone o rt m on , allowin everm ghi - increasing freedo captivitys t knowhi mno f o s r suri towardn d fo t eI . en whethe e sth re Jameth w ssa English king's impressiv gardew ene t Kenilworthna t wouli t bu d, seem likely, particularl f Jameyi s returned to live there towards the end of his captivity. 23 McDiarmid (1973). For details of James's incarceration at Windsor see Balfour Melville (1928, 226-8). 24 James accompanied Henry V on his French embassies of 1420-2. Certainly James visited Poix, Amiens, St Pol, Therouanne and Calais. It is probable that he also accompanied the entourage to (Balfour Melville 1928, 83). There he would have stayed at the private royal residence of the Hotel St Pol which was surrounded by an impressive, maturing pleasure garden of 20 acres laid out by Charles V . 1364-80(r replanted )an Charley d b 1398 n i gardee I sV Th . n contained trellising labyrinth,a , tunnels, arbours, ponds, orchards and ornamental plants (Bournon 1878). 25 ER, vol 4, 623 records a payment in 1435 to 'Waltero Massoun' and 'Nicolao Plummar' for 'complecione herbarii regis infra castrum de Edinburgh'. Massoun (the master of works) was presumably a stone- mason and Plummar a lead-worker. If so, then it seems possible that they were employed to construct water-works withi gardene nth . 26 Baxter (1928, 69-72). t 2Falklan7A recordine dth annuitn a 'ortulano'n f a go o yt bega t seq).e t 145n ni 2 A 47 1 , (ER,5 l vo Stirling, the Exchequer Rolls record a payment of 18 shillings made in 1453 'pro emendacione gardine de Strivelyn nundacionet e clausure' gardee 'pue th b order'r n i to than fo t — , tis .earlies e Thith s si t record of a garden at the castle (ER, vol 5, 597). The poverty of the Crown accounts in part for the lack of significant architectural patronage. This was partly mitigated by the seizure of the Black Douglas's lands in 1455. For details of Marie's considerable personal wealth see Macdougall (1982, 61) and ER (vol 7, xlvi-xlix). 28 Colvin(1986,9). 29 Numerous illustrations of these are reproduced in Harvey (1981, 114-15). 30 Armstrong (1977, 74). avenun 31A treef eo t Falklansa stils di l called 'Gilderland'. (voR E , 106 l7 2 3 ) records expenses 'causura duarum camerarum len i galry'. date constructiof Th eo e th f no gallery is unknown. It may have formed part of the extensions to Falkland executed during the mid century. Certainly Marie brough influencee th t r homelanhe f so beao dt othen ri r sphere artistir he f so c COOPER: ORNAMENTAL STRUCTURES IN MEDIEVAL GARDENS | 833

patronage r examplefo : e particulath , r appearanc e Dowager'th f o e s first commission e Trinitth , y College Churc Edinburgn hi h (demolished, excep tsom d apse)le s e scholarha , suggeso st probable th t e influence of Burgundian masons in its design. Moreover, the use of the French term 'le galry' may be telling (see also Fawcett 1994, 175-7). 33 See Coope (1986), though note Coope makes no mention of the Falkland gallery. A gallery formed part of the French royal residence of the Hotel St Pol (Bournon 1878, 100). Notably, construction of a galler proposes ywa pars d a f improvement o t Palace th o t st Stirline a g ove centura r y later when 'ane fair gallery 'and an e' terras' were recommende orden di capitalizo t r 'perviewe n gairdined o th kf an s o ' (MW,\o\ l,7May 1583,310-11). 34 ER (vol 7, 75) records payments of 24 shillings 'profactura viridariiprope camera regine descendentis ad viridarium in Faucland". exampln 35A priva f eo y stair leadin gardea o gt illustrates ni d clearl lata n eyi 15th-century painting presente Isabello dt f Spaiao n (Harvey 1981 VII)g ,fi . Certainl t seemyi s that this feature predates English examples earliese th , f whico t h would appea havo t r e been constructe t Elthada y 152mb 0 (Thurley 1998, 21) paymen.A t mad removae 151n eth i r 3fo f 'root o l trunksd san ' might relate th o et destructio arbourf no s (ER, l 13,vo 508). 36 Macmillan (1990,15-36); Macdougall (1982, 61). 37 Campbell (1995a;1995b). record) (vo3A 92 , 8T 1 l paymensa shilling1488 n ti 2 f 8o 'tho st e gardyna Lythgow'f ro . Identical payments were made in 1496 and 1497 and a payment of 10 shillings to the 'gardinare of Lythgow to by seydis to the gairdin' was made in 1490. 3146n 9I annuitn 1 a shilling0 1 f beguys o swa 'Jacobo nt o Wilsoune 'ortulanoe th ' Strivelyn'.e d This swa double yearo dtw s later , 59)(ER,7 l n 147.I vo 9 payments were mad o 'Gillesoet Makgilhoise'd an 'Malcolmo Maklery' for 'custodiagardini etpratide Strivelyng' — that is, the maintenance of the gardens and lawns of Stirling (ER, vol 8, 563). 40 Following complaints by the ambassadors of the Spanish king and queen regarding their treatment by James, Ferdinan Isabelld dan a wrote that 'they were sorr whar Kinye fo th tf Scotlan go dond dha n ei the garde Castlee th f no ' (Macdougall 1989, 122). generalle 41Se y Macdougall (1989). (voR E l2 11404, 4 , 10 144 l ) record;vo s payments mad 150n i 149n e i 'Fria d o 0t 9an r Archibald Hamilton' for repair work to the 'gardine infra castruum de Strivelyn'. See also ER (vol 11, 18) for a payment of 20 shillings made in 1497 to 'Friar Robert Cauldwell for work in the 'gardino castri Strivelin', and ER (vol 11,142 victuar )fo l presente 'ortulano e 149n di th o 9t nfra castrum Strivelin.e d reparacioneo pr . . gardini infra dictum castrum'). With the rebellions of 1488 and the following year, along with the unsettled climate that followed kine unabls th , gwa assero et t himsel effectivn a s a f e ruler until around 1494. Perhap creatioe sgardeinterpreteth e e b th f n n o king'n e ca siga th f s dnsa o growing confidenca s a d ean preface to the numerous artistic works commissioned by him during the long period of ensuing peace. Treasurer'e Th s Accounts indicate that considerable plantin undertakes gwa n toward e close th s th f eo century withi Castle nth possiblr eo orchardn yi pare th kn s i below . Payments were also mad 149n ei o 7t 'Dean Math Culrof yaroe o th dr bigging'sfo , 367 1 (TA, l , vo 370 , 377, 378, 388). 43 The first reference to a garden 'beneath the castle walls' was made in 1501 when it was described as 'new' paymena d 'ortulanomadan e s th twa o et nove gardine murob su castri Strivelin' e l 11d ,vo 314)R (E . 44Colvin(1986,15). 45 The 'marriage of the thistle and the rose' was held at Holyrood Abbey on 8 August 1503 and was celebrated with an Anglo-Scots peace agreement. 46 The Palace of Richmond was improved for the arrival of Catherine of Aragon in 1501. At this time it possessed 'most fair pleasant gardens with royal knots alleye herbedd dan : many marvellous beastss a , lions, dragons sucd an ,h othe f divero r s kind, properly fashione carved grounde dan th n di , right well sanded compassed an , d with lead, with many vines, seed strangd san e fruit' (Harvey 1981, 135). 47 Two payments are recorded to the 'Franch gardiner' in 1501 (TA, vol 2, 352, 445). 83 | 4SOCIET ANTIQUARIEF YO SCOTLANDF SO , 1999

48 A late 19th-century sketch depicts an overgrown arbour (now lost) within the grounds of Moray House in Edinburgh (Grant 1882, vol 2, 32). 49 For Falkland see MW(vo\ I, 261) which records payments in 1538-9 to 'Robert Murray, plumbar' for 'werkmanship of certan leie dth f castin..r eo groune .fo fontane' e th 'certanr th f gfo o f do d an e, cruikis bottid an fontane'e s th .. o constructioe t . Th . e Linlithgoth f no w Palace fountai t recordeno s i n d amongst the royal accounts; however, its date must be very close to that of 1538 etched on the fountain's lead feeding-pipes which were excavated in the Kirkgait in 1894 (McWilliam 1978, 298). 50 It is possible, however, that the footings of a structure set within the Palace courtyard and identified by Royae th l Commissio 'monumenta s na facn i ty relatfountaie ma 'th o et n (RCAHMS 1933, 136). extene restoratioe 5th 1Th f o tt eas no determine o yt s n i . Probabl mose yth t reliabl e19thd sourcmi -a s ei century engraving of the fountain by Billings (1848) which depicts only the base and central structure intact (illus 2). 52 At least one nobleman constructed a fountain within his castle some short time after the completion of Linlithgoe th w Palace fountain 'Petitioa Counci n e LorI e . th th f dJoho o ny t lb n Roytell, mason against John, Lord Borthwick, as factour to Patrick, Earl of Borthwick', Roytell, a French mason, claimed for an unpaid sum that was 'contained in the said earl's precept to the late Thomas Franche and the said Joh makinr nfo fountaie gplacan e th f Halisn eo ni t EdinburghA , , 1551' (Mylne 1893, 44). Thiy sma refer to Hailes Castle at Prestonkirk, near Haddington, which was described by Lord Grey of Wilton in 154 bein8as g 'for bignes sucof , h excellent bewtie within havI as , e seldom England in sen eany e except the Kinges Majesties and of verie good strengthe' (RCAHMS 1924, 94). 53 Macky (1723, 200) travelled through Scotlan 172n d i describe d 3an fountaie sth beins na g 'aftee th r shapImperian a f eo l Crown, adorned with Statues othed an , r fine Carved Work; each Statue pouring forth Water int oCistera n below them'. Around hal centurfa y earlier Johr Si , n Laude Fountainhalf ro l describe e fountaidth s 'aa n most artificial fon f moso t t excellent water' (Crawfurd 1900, 182)e Th . fountai apparentls nwa y 'destroye royae th y ld b arm 1746n yi ' (Blac Black& k 1851, 164) r RoberSi . t Sibbald (1710, 15) described the fountain as being 'well adorned with several statues and waterworks, curiously wrought, which when the , rais wateye go considerablea th o rt e hight [sic].' 54 Dunbar (1991, 3-8); Cranch (1986, 85-95). For the use of foreign craftsmen at royal residences see MH^(vo 254, 1 l , 256, 277, 278) r culturaFo . l links between Franc Scotland ean t thida s tim Royae ese l Scottish Museum (1985). For architectural connections see MacKechnie (1992). 55 A classical fountain was constructed at Amboise in 1496-1500; two at Blois, both built in 1503; and thre t Gaillonea buill al , 1506-8n ti ; als onon-classicaa l fountai constructes nwa t Villers-Cotteretda n si 1528 (Miller 1977). During James's visi o Franct ts knowi e eh havo nt e visited Amboise, Blois, Fontainebleau (whic impressivn ha alsd oha e fountain Compeigned an ) . Staying wit Frence hth h court he would also have lodged at Villers-Cotterets, St Germain and Chantilly (Dunbar 1991, 5). For Renaissance fountains generally see MacDougall (1978). 56 Teic Porteh& r r furthe(1992Fo . 3) r, detailancestrae th f so l mytholog f Scotlanyo alse dse o Mason (1992, 50-73), Mason (1987 Fergusod )an n (1998). 57 Mason (1992, 51). 58 In line with other European independent kingdoms, James III had the royal diadem adapted to an enclosed 'imperial' typ addiny eb crossino gwittw p to hsurmountina gs it arche o t crossd n so an t b .I gor was depicted on a coin struck in 1484. The crown was remodelled once again in 1539 (Burnett & Tabraham 1993, 23). classicaf o e us e l architecturth r 59Fo invoko et e imperial connection Yatee sse s (1975, 2-22 Burkd )an e (1992, 6-20). Significantly, recent research at Falkland by the Royal Commission has revealed that the broadly Gothic fa?ade of the main entrance block at Falkland and the classical courtyard elevation were factn i , , constructed contemporaneousl notd ypreviousls an a , y thought generatioa , n aparts ha t I . been argued that 'a courtly, "foreign" [classical] stylconsideres ewa d appropriat enjoymene th r efo f o t socialle th culturalld yan y privilege "ecclesiasticaln a d dan " style connoting divine authorit externalr yfo , general consumption' (Cameron 1999). 60 For details see Baudoin (1998, 346-7) and Mitton (n.d., 248-57). COOPER: ORNAMENTAL STRUCTURES IN MEDIEVAL GARDENS | 835

61 McKean (1991, 3-17; 1993,42-7). 62DNB, vo!8, 1051. 63 McKean (1993, 10). In this respect it is worth noting that the cusping beneath the buttresses of the Linlithgow fountain and that within the niches of the Palace Block at Stirling is very similar. 64 MW,vol 1,254. 65 Kelly (1949, 34-48). McWilliam (1878, 298) remarks on the similarity between the crown of the fountai thad t King'nan a t s College, Aberdeen, apparently implyin influence g th formee th f o er upon the latter. This may be misleading since this part of the spire was substantially remodelled after its collaps earle th yn ei 1600s centura , yfirss aftetwa t builti rperhaps i t I . s beyond coincidence, however, that crown steeples were considere representatione b o dt f imperiao s l diadems r exampleFo . , Boece remarked that 'the church [of King's College, Aberdeen] has a bell-tower of immense height, with a stone arch in the shape of an imperial crown, built with wonderful art and raised above the leaden roof (Moirl894). 66Mackay(1899, 355). 67Mackay(1899,338). 68 Ibid. Scotland's perceived remoteness, at least from Italy, was remarked by the Milanese ambassador considereo wh countre d th 'infinis e b o yt orbis' (Macdougall 1982, 115). 69 Some sources for the particular form of the lodge may be suggested here. Lindesay's choice of the term 'blokhouse' hints that the building may have been circular in plan: Dwelly's (1988, 84) Dictionary gives 'bloc' as Gaelic for 'round'. Thus, the building might have been inspired by the circular-plan royal castle residenc t Rothesaea gate-house th y— latethis f eo swa r reproduce t Stalkeda Craigmillad ran r Castles (MacKechnie 1995, perhapr 365o )— circulae sth r towe Andrewst S t ra , bot whicf ho h were then newly built particulare Th . descriptions hi f o s , however, indicat plaea n resembling James's 'Great Tower' whic thes hnwa nearing completio t Holyroodhousna e (Dunbar 1963, 242; McKean 1993). McKean (ibid) also relates the plan to those of the Chateau de Berry and the Palace of Boyne. For Tudor hunting lodges see Girouard (1980, 76-8; 1963) and Henderson (1992, 229-34). 70 An example is depicted by Holbein in his painting of Henry VIII's extrava.ga.nt fete at the 'Field of the Cloth of Gold'. 71 For the 16th-century revival of interest in chivalry in Scotland see Nicholson (1974, 574-9) and Cline (1945) perhaps i t I . s also significant that popular contemporary novels suc Jacops ha o Sannazaro's Arcadia Ariosto'd an s Orlando Furioso (publishe Italian di n 150ni d 153 4an 2 respectively) vividly described chivalric incidents set within pastoral settings. 72 For a thorough analysis of the development of the gardens of Holyroodhouse at this time see Jamieson (1994). 73 RCAHMS (1951,151-2). 74 MW(vo\ 1, 73, 96, 97, 187,188, 190, 302). It seems likely that the term 'cophouse' relates to the modern term 'caphouse sucs a hd palacrefere an ' th o st e rather tha outbuildings nit DunbarJ s( , pers comm). 75 Entitled 'Edinburgum Civitas Scotiae Celeberrima', the map is reproduced in Simpson (1962, Map No 3). 7smal6A l garden buildin ease th t gn corne i garde e th f ro alss n i o illustrate Hollar'W y db s 'South Prospect of the City of Edinburgh' (c 1670) and Samuel Buck's engraving of the city made before 1764 (photographic copies held by National Monuments Record of Scotland: Hollar uncatalogued; Buck EDD/1/116/1-3). 77 Based on a survey of 1647 by Revd James Gordon of Rothiemay, the map was published by de Witt in Theatrum Praeciparium Totius Europae Urbium around 40 years later and is reproduced in Simpson (1962, Map N. o4) 78 John Mylne undertook a survey of the buildings of the estate of Holyroodhouse in 1663. The survey is reproduce MylnR n di e (1893 169)p ,f . 79 Jamieson (1994, 27). 81789n 0I , Lord Adam Gordon, commande forcee th f Scotlandn rso i , too residencp ku t Holyrooea d dan immediately granted permissio certai o nt officers hi f no ereco t s t small cottages alone wale th gf th o l 836 | SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1999

palace garden. In order for one of these houses to be constructed, a stair turret that led to the roof of the bath-house was demolished. While so doing a 'richly inlaid dagger of antique form, greatly corroded with rust' and with 'the King's arms on it, done in gold' was found hidden within the turret's roof. This was promptly acclaime thae b to dt use murdeo dt r Rizzio adjoinine Th . g hous removes ewa 185n di 2 and the bath-house partly restored (Grant 1882, vol 2,40-1; Stewart-Smith 1924, 268; RCAHMS 1951, 152) r contrastinFo . g illustration bath-house th f so e befor afted ean r restoratio Queene nse Mary's Bath, Holyroodby James Drummond (draw nGeorgr 1848Si d e)an Reid (draw n1890)c , respectively, botf ho which are in the collection of the National Gallery of Scotland. For other illustrations of the bath-house see those by G Aikman (nd), James Skene (1819), J Stewart-Smith (1868), A McArthur (1905), and J Harris (1934), all in the collection of the Central Public Library in Edinburgh. See also Campbell's (1990) Drawings and Watercolours of Edinburgh in the National Gallery of Scotland. 81 Pinkerton(1776, 8). 82 From at least the 17th century the structure was adjacent to the Watergate, which led eastwards from e Canongateth t seemi ; s likely, therefore, that there would have been easy acces wateo st r froe mth structure buildine th . f Howeverbath-housa o s e ga us e th , alss ei o questione MacGibbon di Rosn& s (1892, vo 475-6)l4, detail.For bathinsof g durin 16tgthe h centur Thorntoysee n (1991, 315-19). 83 The earliest example in England seems to be the banqueting house built into the garden walls at Lyddington Bede House durin late gth e 15th century (Henderso banquetinf o n e 1992us e , th 203) gr Fo . houses in 16th-century England, where they seem to have been rather more profuse, or at least more durable Girouare se , d (1980, 104-8), Henderson (1992, 203-4 Hughed )an s (1955). detailea r 84Fo d accoun latf to e medieva Renaissancd lan e banquetin Wilsoe gse n (1991, 115-17). r detail85Fo Englisf so h Tudor galleries around garden Colvie sse n (1986,12 Coopd )an e (1986, 45-6). t corbel8e firs north-wes6e A th tth f sighto o st e on , t elevation which display wore sth n remain nailf so - head carving would seem to lend support to a mid 16th-century date for the structure. The carved stone would have bee unusuan na expensivd an l e inclusio corbea o nt l course which gardee th , f facino n t gou and being very low-set, would rarely have been seen. As such, it could have been a reused stone from the nearby Abbey, whic severels hwa y damaged during attack Englisy sb h troop 154n si 1547d 4an . This clue shoul treatee db d guardedly, however shora r tFo . period sometime between 190d 193an 00 a window and door were punched through the road-side elevation leading to the removal of some of the corbels. The window position accords exactly with that of the stone. The window and door have subsequently been infille whild corbeldan e eth srestoratioe useth n di close nar profiln ei conditiod ean n originalse th o t , the unlikele yar thos e b o yet that were removed. 87 Malcolm (1937, 84, 94, 133) notes that 'immediately north of the Guard House stood that fragment of Bellenden's Abbey or "Foir ", known as the Abbey Sanctuary', and that the 'older survivor of the original Abbey Wall' is the 'turret on the north-west angle . . . the so-called Queen Mary's Bath'. He questions why 'the old turret' should be 'known as "Queen Mary's Bath" instead of the "Postern Gate", or side entrance, for that is what it was', and presents a conjectural elevation of the 'Foir Yett, Queen Mary's Bath and its companion turret linking up the Abbey Wall'. However, Malcolm offers no evidenc thesr efo e assertion t supporte ideas no hi e sd ar modersy an d b n research (Jamieson 1994n , 36 , 49). As such, his conclusions must be viewed with caution. Indeed, the somewhat nonfunctional nature of the architecture itself suggests that the original purpose of the 'bath-house' was more ornamental than defensive. 88 Howard (1995 ,tenni e 99)Th . s cour alss otwa usevenua s dstaga r efo e productions (Grant, 2 1882 l vo , 39-40).

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