Canyon Diablo (Schertz) - Cape of Good Hope 407 lost except one piece of some lW kg (175 pounds), which was adventurer Carl Sternberg, from whom Dankelmann relocated in Yorktown, Texas. acquired a fragment of 84 kg on behalf of the Dutch The collector responsible for the shipment was a Mr. Haberle who government. Sternberg told that he had found the mass was employed by a railroad company and assisted in the construction of water tanks on the line to California. He had himself in 1793 about five miles from the coast between evidently acquired the numerous samples, estimated to consist of two small rivers , Karega and Gasoga. Although Dankelmann five or six large masses and a large number of smaller ones, shortly assumed these to be nonexistent, they may be located on after Foote (1891) had announced the discovery and initiated the systematic search for samples around Meteor Crater. Mr. Haberle Barrow's map (1801: volume 1) as Kareeka and Kasowka, was, however, less successful than Foote in transforming the about 7 50 km straight east of Cape of Good Hope, near the meteorites into money since he was unable to sell them, and they present-day Port Alfred. Dankelmann did not believe were finally abandoned in a storage building which was later demolished. Sternberg's story and discovered later by actual travel and inquiry in the region that the mass had been found by a farmer, Royen, long before 1793, farther west, but still Canyon Diablo (Wickenburg), about 700 km east of Cape of Good Hope. The locality was Arizona, U.S.A. on a plain northeast of Swartkops River between Sondags and Boesmans Rivers. Since this version of the find appears 33 °58'N, ll2°44'W to be the most plausible, the corresponding coordinates are given above. Royen's father had from time to time A mass of 250 g was preliminarily listed as Wickenburg by A.D. dislodged fragments from the mass and forged hoes and Nininger (1940) and Nininger & Nininger (1950). The size, shape and structure suggested, however , that the Wickenburg mass was a plowshares, and the family regretted very much that they transported sample from the vicinity of Meteor Crater. This was had disposed of their iron lump, since iron was difficult to confirmed by Wasson (1968) who reported 7.07% Ni, 82.6 ppm Ga, acquire. 321 ppm Ge and 1.8 ppm Ir, values which are identical to Canyon Diablo, within analytical and sampling error. While 84 kg arrived in Haarlem in 1803 and was described as meteoritic by Marum (1804), another large COLLECTIONS fragment came to London where Tennant (1806) London (50 g), Tempe (47 g). The 1.5 kg sample listed confirmed its meteoritic nature by finding 10% Ni in an by Hey (1966: 519) as being in Chicago is a specimen of analysis. The mass proved to be malleable and very ductile the chondrite Wickenburg (stone). so that James Sowerby in 1814 was able to forge a slightly curved sword, 60 em long and 3.5 em wide , from it. The sword was presented to Czar Alexander in gratitude for Cape of Good Hope, Russia's stand against Napoleon. ''The blade has been Cape Province, South Africa hammered at a red heat, without admixture, out of a single piece of this iron, an inch thick, ground and polished. Its Approximately 33% 0 S, 26°E spring was given it by hammering when cold. The haft was lengthened by welding on a small piece of steel. It was Nickel-rich ataxite, D. Duplex a + 'Y with broad twins and a few 30 J.l wide a-spindles. HV 244±8. found to work very pleasantly, the whole operation taking about ten hours." (Sowerby 1820). An attempt in 1937 to Group !VB . 16.32% Ni, 0.84% Co, 0.12% P, 0.20 ppm Ga, 0.06 ppm Ge, 36 ppm Jr. trace the whereabouts of this sword resulted in a negative reply from Dr. J. Astapowitsch, of the Sternberg HISTORY Astronomical Institute of Moscow (Khan: 1944). In the A mass of about 300 pounds (135 kg) was found in the British Museum , however, a few specimens (no. 15143; Dutch Cape Colony on a plain east of the Great Fish River no . 193 5, 4 7) of forged material from Sower by's experi­ close enough to the coast so that it was assumed to be part ments are still preserved. of a ship's anchor carried away by the Kaffers (Barrow Stromeyer (1817) found cobalt in the iron, and 1801 : 225-26). According to Dankelmann (1805) the mass Chladni (1819 : 317; 331-33) reviewed the older literature. had been transported to Capetown by the soldier- In the nineteenth century, Cape of Good Hope was CAPE OF GOOD HOPE - SELECTED CHEMICAL ANALYSES percentage ppm References Ni Co p I c s Cr Cu Zn Ga Ge Ir Pt Wohler in Rose 1864a 16.22 0.73 0.15 Fahrenhorst in Cohen 1900a; l905 15.67 0.95 o.o9 I 3oo 400 300 Goldberg et a!. 1951 16.48 0.43 Nichiporuk & Brown 1965 8.5 11.8 Schaudy eta!. 1972 16.92 0.198 0.059 36 408 Cape of Good Hope Figure 489. Cape of Good Hope (U .S.N .M. no. 985). An etched slice which exhibits the characteristic diffuse streaks of the group !VB ataxites. The streaks are parallel, and often thin out over a length of several centimeters. The dark spotted appearance at top is due to terrestrial corrosion. Etched. Scale bar 10 mm. S.I . neg. M-1369. Figure 490. Cape of Good Hope (U.S.N .M. no. 985). A kamacite spindle with its case of cloudy taenite. Unresolvable transition zones lead to a duplex a + 'Y matrix of the kind which Perry called examined by numerous other workers, among whom Rose "paraeutectoid." Etched. Scale bar 40 p. (Perry 1944: plate 22.) (1864a: 70, plate 3) and Baumhauer (1867: 3 figures) gave important information. The significant mass of 66.2 kg in Etched sections display a dull, fine-grained structure Baumhauer's private collection was, after his death, which is resolvable with a 45x objective. When larger purchased by B. Sturtz in Bonn (Sturtz 1890), together sections are available, it is observed macroscopically that with numerous other meteorites and minerals. The mass the structure is composed of parallel, 1-30 mm wide bands was later acquired for the Hungarian National Collection which reflect the light differently . Only one section is (Tokody&Dudich 1951: 66;Ravasz 1969 : 22). known to the author (Vienna, a 500 g specimen) that shows Cohen (1900a) gave an extensive summary of previous two intersecting sets of parallel bands. A close examination work and added several observations and a new analysis. of the various bands shows that they consist of an ultrafine, Brezina (1896) printed a picture, and Berwerth (1918) gave rhythmic aggregate of Q and 'Y particles elongated parallel to two photomicrographs. Further . structural pictures were the bands visible to the naked eye. The irregular, vermicular presented by Vogel (1928) and Perry (1944: plate 22). taenite particles are generally 0.5-2 J1. wide, and separated Owen & Burns (1939) determined the lattice parameter of by somewhat broader, winding channels of kamacite. The the Q-phase as 2.8630A but found the ')'-phase diffuse. Reed structure, which is more fine-grained than in Kokomo, is (1965b) found an average concentration of 17% Ni in the perhaps best observed in the corroded rim zones where the fine plessite. Schultz & Hintenberger (1967) measured the taenite phase is distinctly yellow on a background of concentrations of noble gases, and Voshage (1967) found a purplish-gray oxides originating from selectively corroded cosmic ray exposure age of 630±70 million years. kamacite. In the optical microscope no structural difference between "dull" and "bright" bands can be observed; COLLECI'IONS Baumhauer (1867) had already found that their chemical Budapest (66 kg+ two slices : 900 g), Vienna (947 g), composition was the same. Also the hardness is the same, Berlin (744 g), London (318 g), Paris (230 g) , Washington within experimental error, being 244±8. The author is (207 g), Gottingen (205 g), Amherst (200 g) , Chicago inclined to think that the bands are parts of the original (196 g), New York (119 g), Harvard (101 g), Stockholm austenite monocrystal that were in twin position and (88 g), Bonn (86 g), Rome (69 g), Tempe (64 g), Ann which, therefore , now possess slightly different orientations Arbor (59 g), Cape Town (55 g), Strasbourg (48 g), of the Q and 'Y grains from band to band. However, since Ti.ibingen (47 g), Ottawa (36 g), Calcutta (26 g), Oslo (13 g, the grains are so fine-grained , this hypothesis is difficult to worked), Chicago (12 g). prove for Cape of Good Hope. DESCRIPTION A few kamacite spindles, typically 30 x 300 JJ., occur The mass received by van Marum ( 1804) was a scattered through the matrix. They have 3-5 J1. wide, flattened fragment of 84 kg with the dimensions 64 x 41 x yellowish taenite rims that gradually merge with the (9-12) em. It was corroded and covered by rounded surrounding plessite. Some of the spindles have tiny cavities, 4-9 em in diameter and 1-3 em deep, as is well schreibersite nuclei, others have daubreelite or troilite shown in the two lithographs reproduced by Baumhauer nuclei, but many are apparently inclusion-free. However, it (1867). No fusion crust or heat-affected rim zone are is believed that inclusions are present above or below the preserved.