Kansas Irrigation Trends
The earliest irrigation in Kansas may have been from Kansas Irrigated Acres about 1650 to the early 1700s in a Taos Indian village in 4000 what is now Scott County State Park. The “modern” era 3500 of irrigation might be considered to date to the 1880s 3000 with the organization of irrigation ditch companies that 2500 began building diversion works and a canal system along 2000 the Arkansas River (Erhart, 1969). Rapid expansion of Acres 1500 Kansas irrigation occurred following WWII for a variety of reasons including political/societal will, technology, 1000 and readily available energy (Figure 1). The 1945 water 500 appropriation act, which provides the basis for Kansas 0 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 water law today, was designed to encourage development of water resources. With improvements in irrigation well Survey Data KS Water Use Reports drilling and pumping equipment and the development of the Hugoton natural gas well field, irrigation acreage Figure 1: Irrigated acreage trends for Kansas. Early estimates are based on various surveys. Since 1989, the irrigated acreage increased rapidly using groundwater from the Ogallala numbers are reported by irrigators on their annual water use Aquifer. reports submitted to the Kansas Department of Agriculture. The reported number of irrigated acres in Kansas has Irrigated acreage and water use changes in GMD1 are been relatively stable for several decades (Figure 1), but even more dramatic than indicted by the 1989 to 2104 in actuality there has been a loss of irrigated acres in data, which show a one-third reduction in irrigated acres. the west (Region 1) and an increase of irrigated acres The peak authorized acres and authorized water use at in central (Region 2) and eastern (Region 3) Kansas, as the time of formation of GMD 1 in 1973 was around shown in Figure 2 and Table 1. For the period of 1989 to 425,000 acres and almost 700,000 acre-feet (ac-ft) of 2014, the state had about a 1 percent decrease in irri- authorized water withdrawals (Figure 3) (Personal com- gated acres, but more than 200,000 acres dropped out of munication, GMD 1). irrigated production in western Kansas. Within Region 1, Groundwater Management District (GMD) 3 had the largest loss, amounting to 140,000 acres, while GMD 1 had a reduction of almost 100,000 acres. Table 1: Irrigated acres and change comparisons for 1989 and 2014. (KDA DWR Irrigation Water Use Reports). 1989 2014 Change in acres Kansas 3,098,830 3,067,133 -31,697 Region 1 (Western KS) 2,329,975 2,124,410 -205,565 Region 2 (Central KS) 716,480 855,536 139,056 Region 3 (Eastern KS) 52,375 87,187 34,812 Irrigated Acreage Shifts within Region 1 1989 2014 Change in acres GMD 1 291,574 194,846 -96,728 GMD 3 1,572,470 1,432,463 -140,007 GMD 4 359,016 386,798 27,782 Remainder of Region 1 106,915 110,303 3,388
Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service Regional Irrigated Acres Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) irrigated acres are 2,500,000 2,250,000 also shown in Figure 2 but represent less than 1 per- 2,000,000 cent of the irrigation base. SDI was not reported as a 1,750,000 separate system type until 2004, so early SDI acreage 1,500,000 estimates were based on contractor surveys and appear 1,250,000 1,000,000 to have been over-estimating SDI development. In 2003, 750,000 the estimated SDI acreage, based on a producer survey, Irrigated Acres Irrigated 500,000 indicated approximately 14,000 acres. The recent data is 250,000 based on the reported acres from the annual water use 0 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 reports. “SDI combo” indicated that a field was irrigat- ed by an SDI system and some other system type. An Region 1 Acres Region 2 Acres Region 3 Acres example could be SDI irrigated corners of a center pivot Figure 2: Irrigated acreage trend in Kansas by regions, 1989 to system. 2014. Irrigated Acres and S ste e Acreage rends in ansas 000 0 GMD 1 Irrigation Water Use and Acres 4 000 40 4,000 000 0 3,500
3,000 2 000 20 1 000 Acres 1 000 Acres 2,500 1 000 10 S I or Co o ota and S rin er ota 2,000 0 0 1,500
Acres or Acre-Feet Acres 19 019 19 19 91982198 198819911994199 2000200 200 20092012 1,000 rrigated cres S rin ler rrigated cres 500 Estimated SD cres SD Com o
0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 Figure 4: Acreage trend of total irrigated acres, sprinkler system AF Acres Auth AF Auth AC acres, and subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) acres in Kansas. Crop Acreage Trends Figure 3: Irrigated acreage trend in Western Kansas GMD 1, 1989 to 2014 and 1973 authorized acres and water Irrigated corn production occurs on over one-half of withdrawals. all irrigated acres in Kansas, with the highest acreage System Type Acreage Trends peak occurring in 2013 at almost 2.0 million acres of the approximately 3.1 million irrigated acres for the Irrigation system types have changed over time, state (Figure 5). Crop acreages are estimated since many switching from predominately surface flood irrigation to irrigated fields are split between two or more crops. sprinkler irrigation, which is predominately center pivots Other irrigated crops reported in 2014 include horticul- (Figure 4). In 1970, about 18 percent of the 1.8 million tural type crops such as golf/sports fields, truck farms, irrigated acres were sprinkler irrigated. The volatility in orchards, sod/turf farms, nursery, and grapes and other the reported total irrigation acreage base until 1989 was field crops, such as cotton, sunflower, oats, barley, rye, dry due to the fact that irrigation data being reported in the bean, and pasture. annual water use report was based on authorized acres as a or ansas Irrigated Cro Acreage opposed to acres actually irrigated. Nevertheless, much 2 2 0 000 of the increase in the total irrigation acreage base during 2 000 000 the 1970s was associated with the adoption of center 1 0 000 pivot irrigation, with an increase of nearly an additional 1 00 000 million acres irrigated by center pivots. In 1990, about 1 2 0 000 1 000 000 one half of all acres were center pivot irrigated. Since Acres 1990, the total irrigated acreage base has remained 0 000 00 000 relatively stable, but center pivot irrigation now irrigates 2 0 000 nearly 90 percent of all irrigated land. 0
19 2 19 19 8 1981 1984 198 1990 199 199 1999 2002 200 2008 2011 2014
Corn Grain Sorgh m Wheat So eans lfalfa
Figure 5: Irrigated acreage of the top five irrigated crops in 2 Kansas. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service Irrigation Water Diversion Trends The application depth by regions is shown in Figure 7. Region 1 roughly represents the western one-third of The total yearly amount of irrigation water diverted in Kansas; Region 2, the middle third; and Region 3, the Kansas is shown in Figure 6. A regression line through eastern third. Most of the irrigated acres are in Region 1, the reported pumping amount indicates a reduction in which also has the largest net crop irrigation requirements, the total amount of water over the years, although the so Region 1 and total for the state are very similar. correlation is weak. The amount of precipitation that Acre feet of ater ed er Acre Regions occurs during a given year also influences the annual diversion. In general terms, the 1990s were relatively wet 1 80 years, while the 2000s were relatively dry. One of the 1 0 highest rainfall years on record was 1993, while 2002 was 1 40 one of the lowest, accounting for the corresponding val- 1 20 ley and peak in water use, respectively. Note a secondary 1 00 peak in water use during the nearly statewide drought 0 80 years of 2011 and 2012. The conversion of flood irrigated 0 0 0 40 land to center pivot irrigated land also continued during Acre oot Acre this time, increasing from roughly 50 percent to over 90 0 20 percent center pivot irrigated during those years. A cen- 0 00 ter pivot system would generally have higher irrigation 1989 1991 199 199 199 1999 2001 200 200 200 2009 2011 201 efficiency then a flood system. Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 State There are other factors that could contribute to reduce pumping over time. The continuing decline of water Figure 7: Regional average irrigation application depths by table levels and a subsequent decrease in well yield could year for Kansas also contribute to reduced total water diversion. Tillage Crop Yield Trends practices have also shifted over time as well. Reduced and no-till tillage systems are dominant in irrigated The four major seed crops grown in Kansas have had agriculture. Flood systems relied on clean furrows to upward trends in yield as shown in Figures 8 through 11 distribute irrigation water across the field. Since most for corn, soybean, grain sorghum, and wheat. The Kansas fields are now sprinkler irrigated, the need to reduce corn yield trend has had the most dramatic increase for the amount of surface residue to establish good furrows both irrigated and dryland production, with irrigated corn is eliminated. Reduced tillage also reduces soil water yield improvements of approximately 2.1 bushels per acre losses due to soil disturbance and enhances precipitation for the period of record, which is over twice the dryland capture and stored soil water retention. Higher residues rate of 0.75 bushels per acre. The average irrigated yield also reduce early season soil evaporation losses. Adop- increases for soybean and grain sorghum are 0.57 bu/ac tion of improved irrigation management practices, such and 0.54 bu/ac, respectively. Irrigated statewide estimates as irrigation scheduling, increased pumping depths, and of soybean and grain sorghum ended in 2009. Irrigated subsequent increase in irrigation pumping costs could wheat yield trend is 0.26 bu/ac. In 2009, the reported also play a role in reducing application depths over time. acres based on fallow or continuous wheat was switched to reporting of dryland (non-irrigated) wheat production. Total Irrigation Water and Average ansas Corn ie d rend Ac-ft per Ac Applied 22 rrigated ield trend 2 0762 112 29 5.00 Trendline of Millions of Ac-Ft: y= -0.0228x + 3.8664 200 4.50 1 4.00 3.50 1 0 3.00 12 2.50 2.00 100
1.50
Millions of Ac-Ft 1.00 Acre-Foot/Acre or Acre-Foot/Acre Trendline of Ac-Ft/Ac: y = -0.0076x + 1.2615 0 0.50 Ac ie d 0.00 2 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 Dr land ield trend 0 7489 63 542 0 AC-FT per Acre Million of AC-FT Pumped
Linear (AC-FT per Acre) Linear (Million of AC-FT Pumped) 19 4 19 19 8 1980 1982 1984 198 1988 1990 1992 1994 199 1998 2000 2002 2004 200 2008 2010 2012 2014 rrigated Dr land Figure 6: Total irrigation water diverted and average Figure 8: Kansas Corn Yield Trends since 1974 (KDA Kansas application depth by year for Kansas. Farm Facts). 3 Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service ansas So ean ie d rend Irrigation Water Use Efficiency 0 rrigated ield trendline 0 5687 39 934 Irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) is the yield of 0 a crop divided by the amount of irrigation water applied. 0 Since yield has increased over time (Figures 8 to 11) and 40 the average application depth has been trending down-
0 ward, IWUE should be increasing. Southwest Kansas yield, irrigation application, and IWUE for corn are 20 ie d Ac ie d shown in Figure 12. IWUE has increased over the peri- 10 od of record by a value of 0.10 bushels per inch per year, Dr land ield trendline 0 3587 22 938 0 although the correlation is weak due to high year-to-year 1984 198 1988 1990 1992 1994 199 1998 2000 2002 2004 200 2008 variability. rrigated Dr land So thwest ansas Corn rod ction Irrigation A ication Figure 9: Kansas Soybean Yield Trends, 1984 to 2009 (KDA and Irrigation ater rod cti it 2 0 2 Kansas Farm Facts). rrigated Water rod cti it ( c- n) 0 0995 9 1957 22 ansas rain Sorgh ie d rend 200 20 120 1 rrigated ield trendline 0 5442 82 766 1 100 1 0 12 Ac 80 100 10 0 0 40 2 Ac In or Ac In Ac
ie d Ac ie d 0 0 20
Dr land ield trendline 0 8551 43 294 1989 1991 199 199 199 1999 2001 200 200 200 2009 2011 201 0 cre nches of Water shels er cre
19 4 19 19 8 1980 1982 1984 198 1988 1990 1992 1994 199 1998 2000 2002 2004 200 2008 shels er cre nch of Water rrigated Dr land Figure 12: Corn yield, irrigation application depth, and Figure 10: Kansas Grain Sorghum Yield Trends 1974 to 2009 irrigation water use efficiency trends for southwest Kansas. (KDA Kansas Farm Facts).
ansas heat ie d rend Seasonal variability is illustrated in Figure 13. This 0 rrigated ield trendline 0 2564 42 646 data was collected at the Southwest Kansas Research and 0 Extension Center in Garden City, Kansas, and presented
0 for illustrative purposes as it is well known that spa- tial variability of rainfall would exist across the region. 40 The pan evaporation line is used as an indicator of crop 0 water demand. More pan evaporation would correlate ie d Ac ie d 20 with sunny, warm, and windy days, which are the same Contin o s ield trendline 0 332 28 169 conditions for high crop water use. Notice during the 10 allo ield trendline 0 1607 32 05 droughty 2000s years, the values were high. Annual 0 rainfall and the in-season rainfall for July and August are 19 4 19 19 8 1980 1982 1984 198 1988 1990 1992 1994 199 1998 2000 2002 2004 200 2008 2010 2012 2014 also plotted. Annual rainfall during the 1990s was at or rrigated Contin o s allo on-irrigated above normal as compared to several years below normal in the 2000s, especially 2002, which was about 6 inches Figure 11: Kansas Wheat Yield Trends since 1974; reporting of format changed to irrigated and non-irrigated (dryland) practice below normal. Rainfall for the 2002 July/August period, in 2007. (KDA Kansas Farm Facts). however, was only slightly below normal. In addition, the in-season rainfall distribution is an important factor, the impact of which is not assessed with a simple seasonal or annual amount analysis. The drought years of 2011 and 2012 showed low in-season rainfall and below normal annual rainfall amounts. The pan evaporation values were the highest recorded for the period. Applied irrigation in 2011 was the highest since 1991, but conditions were 4 Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service so extreme, irrigation corn yields were reduced as indi- condition of the furrows, which change with irrigation cated by the low statewide yield value shown in Figure and rainfall events, have a major influence on the ad- 8. Although yield can also be affected by heat, the loss vance of the water, and the irrigator would have to adjust of irrigation capacity over time likely also contributed to accordingly. Correctly setting all gates to the proper dis- the loss of yield when combined with low precipitation charge rate for the correct water advance rate down the and high crop water use need. The average application furrow many times required as much art as science. depth for the region for all crops and systems trended A four-year field demonstration project was conducted downward for the period of record, despite the wetter by the Northwest Kansas State University Research and years being concentrated at the beginning of the period. Extension Center and the Northwest Kansas Ground- Irrigation a oration and Rainfa water Management District from 1978 through 1981. ota s for So thwest ansas The results from this demonstration project are discussed to give some context to the changes that have occurred 0 in irrigated agriculture and how irrigation water use has 2 been affected. Field observations were made on a number 20 of fields for the period, and records of average field yields
Inches 1 and application depths were made. The data for the fields
10 with corn production are shown in Figures 14 and 15.
At the time, flood and center pivot irrigation were
0 roughly equal in acres, and few wells were equipped with water meters. The short-term goal of the project at the 199 200 2009 2011 201 201 1989 1991 199 199 1999 2001 200 200 time was to observe and record current practices by in- l g st Rainfall rrigation erage l g st Rain an E a oration stalling water meters and soil water monitoring stations nn al Rainfall erage nn al Rainfall in each demonstration field. This was a demonstration
project, so results between fields cannot be statistically Figure 13: Irrigation, pan evaporation, and rainfall values for the SWREC, Garden City, Kansas. compared. It is nevertheless interesting to note that the Irrigation System Efficiency average yield across years for the two system types were essentially equal at 134.9 bushels per acre for the center An abundance of literature is available on irrigation pivots and 134.8 bushels for the surface flood systems, system efficiency values. There are many definitions of which may be somewhat indicated by the Figure 14 irrigation efficiency. Different terms are used to describe when examining the listing of the system type across the various aspects of irrigation, but much confusion, misuse, top of the chart. The average water application depth and misunderstanding of the concept is still possible. The for the center pivots was 14.34 inches as compared to Kansas State University Research and Extension Bulletin 21.02 inches for the flood systems. In Figure 15, the MF2243, “Efficiencies and Water Losses of Irrigation system type associated with the application depth tends Systems” (available at https://www.bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/ to have the higher amounts associated with flood sys- pubs/MF2243.pdf) reviews the topic. tems, although the highest application depth observed was applied by a pivot irrigator. While this is anecdotal The general perception in Kansas is that surface evidence of a difference in irrigation efficiency between irrigation systems have low irrigation efficiency, while system types, the results are consistent with research center pivot systems with modern nozzle packages have literature summarized in the bulletin cited previously. high irrigation efficiency. While surface irrigation is not universally inefficient, the typical gated pipe furrow The shift from flood to center pivot sprinkler irrigation irrigation system in Kansas was probably operating at also allows irrigators to improve management efficiency. about 65 percent irrigation efficiency. That means about This stems from the ability to apply smaller increments 65 percent of the water diverted to the field ended up in of water during a given event, the irrigation frequency the managed root zone of the crop. The major loss for interval is decreased, and the irrigation event is inter- these systems was deep percolation (water drained below ruptible. These features allow the irrigator to be able to the managed root zone) and tailwater (water running off better match application amounts to root zone soil water the end of the field). Furrow irrigation systems are labor holding capacity and maintain the root zone soil water intensive, so to minimize operation labor, long runs and to more consistent soil water levels; in short — be better fixed set times (12 or 24 hour intervals) were used, which able to employ improved irrigation scheduling tech- may not have matched well to field characteristics. The niques.
5 Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service Corn Irrigation Efficiency developed or reduce irrigation water pumping for irri- gation systems that still had sufficient capacity to meet The corn yield trend indicates a steady improvement crop water needs. of yield over time for irrigated corn production. Yield increase can be attributed to several factors, such as im- The database on applied irrigation water does not proved corn genetics adapted to the climate and disease/ cover the period of time when flood irrigation systems insect pressures of the state, improved cultural practices were used extensively on corn and were of generally allowing earlier planting, higher residues for improved high irrigation capacity. However, personal observations precipitation management, and better weed and pest and farm consultations prior to 1989 suggest that most control. Yield increase is not necessarily directly associat- flood irrigated corn fields were approaching or exceeding ed with improvement in irrigation system efficiency since the standard water application permit or water right of high production can occur with low irrigation applica- western Kansas of 24 inches per acre. By 1989, about half tion efficiency; however, the average applied irrigation of all irrigation systems were center pivots, and by 2005 amount was also shown to be trending downward. about 90 percent were center pivots. Combining typical flood efficiency (65%) and center pivot efficiency (85%), The downward trend of irrigation application depth in 1989, the average efficiency for the systems combined can be associated with a number of factors, as well, would be 75 percent. In 2005, this combined value would including 1) reduced well capacities due to declining 83 percent. If system type was proportional across corn water tables, 2) improved use of off-season and in-sea- production and using an average net irrigation require- son precipitation, 3) improved irrigation management, ment for corn for the time period (likely lower in the such as irrigation scheduling, and 4) improved irrigation 1990’s and higher in the 2000’s based on the weather system efficiency. The first factor would have a detrimen- conditions), the increase in efficiency due to the shift of tal effect on yield potential, while the latter three would fields from flood to center pivot irrigation would account help maintain yield when deficit irrigation conditions Corn Yields and Applied Irrigation Depth Northwest Kansas Weather Water Conservation and Utilization Projects 1978 - 1981 for Center Pivots and Flood Systems
Irrigation System Type 200 35
180 30
160
25 140
120 20
100
15 Yield (bu/ac) 80 Irrigation Applied (in.) 60 10
40
5 20
0 0
1978 1980 1978 1980 1978 1980 1978 1980 1978 1979 1980 1981 1979 1979 1980 1979 1981 1979 1979 1981 1981 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 1978 1979 1979 1979 1981 1981 1981 1978 1978 1980 1979 1979 1981 1981 1979 Year ield rrigation Figure 14: Corn yield and irrigation application depth for various fields from the Northwest Kansas Water Conservation and Utilization Project arranged in order of yield. 6 Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service for about one-third of the reduction in the average appli- to a typical center pivot application depth of 1 inch. cation depth. For fields that have low efficiency systems A flood system may take 10 to 14 days to complete an that result in a low irrigation capacity and deficit irriga- irrigation cycle as compared to 3 to 5 days for a center tion conditions, an increase in efficiency would allow the pivot. In order to prevent stress at the last watered part deficit to be reduced. Once deficit irrigated conditions of the field, the irrigation event would need to start the are eliminated, then increased efficiency could result in number of days of the irrigation cycle in advance of the reduced water application amounts. stress event at the end of the field. For the first irrigation, Adoption of conservation tillage practices leaving high the root zone may still be small, so little soil water is residue levels on the soil surface has the advantages of 1) available before stress begins. To prevent stress at the last not causing soil water loss due to the tillage operation, irrigation zone, watering may have to begin in the first 2) improved capture of precipitation, and 3) reduced soil zone when little or no irrigation is needed. There may water evaporation. The application of irrigation water is be less then one inch of root zone stage available when also more easily accomplished on a center pivot irrigat- an irrigation of 3 or 4 inches must be started. With a ed field since the soil (furrow) is not used as part of the reduced application amount and smaller irrigation cycle conveyance system for water across a field. Each of the time, the likelihood of excess irrigation at the start of the factors can impact the water budget by increasing the irrigation cycle to prevent end of the cycle stress is min- available water supply to a crop. In addition, the center imal. A similar scenario occurs at the end of the season, pivot system application depth and irrigation interval can when a full irrigation must be applied to satisfy a limited be much more easily matched to the available root-zone need to allow the crop to reach physiological maturity. soil water storage conditions. In conclusion, it would appear that the shift in irri- For example, a flood irrigation system may need to gation system type from flood irrigation to center pivot apply 3 to 4 inches of water per event in order to achieve irrigation has resulted in improved use of irrigation uniform water distribution across the field as compared water in Kansas as indicated by the generally downward
Corn Yields and Applied Irrigation Depth Northwest Kansas Water Conservation and Utilization Project 1978-1981 for Center Pivot and Flood Systems
Irrigation System Type P P P P P F P P P P P P P P P P P P F P F F P P F P F F P F F F F F F F F F F F P 200 35
180 30
160
25 140
120 20
100 Yield (bu/ac) 15 80 Irrigation Applied (in.)
60 10
40
5 20
0 0
1981 1981 1979 1979 1980 1978 1979 1979 1981 1981 1979 1980 1978 1978 1978 1980 1979 1981 1981 1980 1979 1980 1979 1979 1981 1980 1981 1979 1978 1979 1979 1978 1980 1979 1979 1978 1981 1979 1979 1980 1978 Year ield rrigation
Figure 15: Corn yield and irrigation application depth for various fields from the Northwest Kansas Water Conservation and Utilization Project arranged in order of irrigation application depth. 7 Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service trend in application depth per acre. This is partially due to improvements in corn hybrid development that was to improved irrigation efficiency characteristics of the better adapted to local conditions. center pivot as compared to typical gated pipe furrow References: irrigation system in the state. This downward trend in application depths can also be partially associated with Erhart, A. 1969. Early Kansas Irrigation. One of three additional irrigation management and cultural practices article series, “A page out of Irrigation History.” Irriga- that can be more easily adapted to sprinkler-irrigated tion Age Magazine. Feb 1969. 4 pps. fields. Since productivity in terms of yield appears to USDA NASS. Various Years. Kansas Farm Facts. In still be increasing, the improvements in irrigation and cooperation with Kansas Department of Agriculture. management efficiencies appear to still be offsetting pro- Kansas Irrigation Water Use Report. Various Years. Pre- ductivity losses associated with loss of well capacities in pared in cooperation by the Kansas Water Office and the many areas. Increase in corn productivity is also related KDA, Division of Water Resources.
Authors: Danny H. Rogers and Jonathan Aguilar Extension Irrigation Engineers K-State Research and Extension Kansas State University, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering
Publications from Kansas State University are available at: Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station http://www.bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu and Cooperative Extension Service Date shown is that of publication or last revision. Contents K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity of this publication may be freely reproduced for educational provider and employer. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative purposes. All other rights reserved. In each case, credit Danny Extension Work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, as Rogers and Jonathan Aguilar, Kansas Irrigation Trends, Kansas amended. Kansas State University, County Extension State University, September 2017. Councils, Extension Districts, and United States Department of Agriculture Cooperating, John D. Floros, Director. MF2849 (Rev.) September 2017