1956 — A Year of RevolutionaryStruggle t h e (See Page 3) I MILITANT PUBLISHED WEEKLY IN THE INTERESTS OF THE WORKING PEOPLE Vol. XX - No. 53 NEW YORK, N. Y., MONDAY, DECEMBER 31, 1956 Price 10 Cents Fryer’s Book Nails Stalinists Defy Bus Racial Segregation On Hungary By John White MANCHESTER, ENGLAND, Dec. 21 — Peter Fryer, In Montgomery, Tallahassee former London Daily Worker correspondent in Hungary, has now published a book, Hungarian Tragedy. It is based ■on what he saw in the 14 mo­ »-■ ------mentous days of his last visit ed to the London Daily Worker So. Africans Negroes Take Any Seats to Hungary. and the Stalinists who con­ When Fryer went there on trol it taught him another lesson Oct. 27, the Hungarian revolu­ when they suppressed his dis­ Fight Racial tion was less than four days old. patches. He le ft H u n g a ry on Nov. 10. First Time in History; He was there while the masses were flushed with victory after Those 14 days decisively turned Oppression their first uprising. He saw the Fryer from a Stalinist journalist development of dual power, with into a bitter and caustic oppo­ By Fred Halstead the armed working class and stu­ nent of the leadership of the Birmingham Opens Fight Last week, South African op­ British Communist Party. dents, organized in revolution­ ponents of racial segregation He quotes Pollitt’s advice to By Myra Tanner Weiss ary committees jealous of their displayed great courage and de­ a Communist Party member virile and surging democracy on termination in their struggle DEC. 26 — Two white men sat behind ia Negro on a one side; and with the Nagy who had lived for a long period against attempted government bus in Montgomery, Ala. last Friday. One of the whites in Eastern Europe as a journal­ Government on the other side. suppression in the city of Johan­ said loudly: “I see this isn’t going to be a white Christmas.” He was in Budapest when the ist. On his return he told PoUitt nesburg. Mass demonstrations — then General Secretary of The Negro looked up, smiled and® : ■Soviet bureaucracy launched its took place for three straight days said: “Yes, sir, that’s right.” treacherous attack; he was there the Communist Party — that he outside the courtroom where 153 the terrorists, especially at night This exchange marked the end during the four days and nights was appalled by the things he leaders of organizations opposed and on isolated street corners. of bus segregation in Mont­ of continuous bombardment, a saw. Pollitt’s reply was: “My to the government’s “apartheid” But they appealed in vain. The gomery, the victory of 50,000 bombardment which left “vast advice to you is to keep your (racial segregation) policies wrere City Commissioners that day areas of the city — the work­ mouth shut.” on trial for “treason.” The de­ Negroes who inspired the world were attending a rally of the ing class areas above all — vir­ “The day is over when Com­ fendants include members of all with their heroic defiance of the White Citizens Council where tually in ruins'.” munists will follow such advice,” major racial groupings recog­ white supremacists. Those who speakers were telling the 250 writes Fryer. “Never again shall nized in the Union of South A f­ had walked for a year rather racists present to “rise up and DW SUPPRESSES STORY we keep our mouths shut. The rica: African Negroes, Asiatics, than submit any longer to the say ‘no’ ” to bus integration. He saw an uprising ‘‘neither Daily Worker sent me to Hun­ Coloreds (mixed) and whites. insults and abuse of discrimina­ There were rumors that white organized nor controlled by fas­ gary, then suppressed what I During the pre-trial examina­ tion, boarded the buses, Dec. 21, goon squads would roam the city cist or reactionaries but the com­ wrote. Much of what I wrote tions, Dec. 19, proceedings v'ere and sat where they pleased. to keep Negroes “in their place.” mon people of Hungary: work­ was concealed even from col­ drov'ned out by the voices of In Tallahassee, Fla. Negroes There were reports that a white ers, peasants, students and sol­ leagues. Both as a Communist 5,000 Negroes singing “ God Bless sat in all bus-seats after ending boycott o f buses would be o r­ their seven-month old boycott, ganized. diers.” What he saw he report- (Continued on page 2) Africa,” outside the courtroom. On Dec. 20, police fire d on a Dec?. 24. (See Tallahassee story On the first day of the return similar demonstration injuring on page 4.) to the buses, cars loaded with fourteen people. Inside the court­ South Africa Freedom Fighters BIRMINGHAM BOMBING white men were observed follow­ room, meanwhile, the defendants, ing behind. Mrs. Janie Ruth W il­ In the large industrial city of who were enclosed in a six-foot- son was assaulted by a white Birmingham, Ala. a Negro leader high wire cage, joked, laughed man who pushed and slapped was bombed out.of his home, and asked frie n d s to “ feed us her, cutting her lip, as she' got Dec. .25, • and arrested the. next peanuts.” The cage was removed off a bus. Her assailant then day after he led a group of Ne­ when defense attorneys threat­ escaped, speeding awgy in a car groes in sitting in -front seats ened to walk, out. The following J 1 —-A -■ . : ~ ——: ■ ■■ M .» n ■■ ■■ n- ij u p il j .1 . ■■ ■ ■■■■ i ■ fu ll • ©Father whites. of fhe'buies/Five persohs werb day, the trials were recessed un­ On Dec. 23, shots were fired til Jan. 9, as police injured five injured including two children (Continued on page 4) persons w'hile attempting to who required hospitalization' in break up the demonstrations out­ French Trotskyists on Trial the blast which demolished the side the courtroom with a billy- home of Rev. F. L. Shuttles- club charge. worth. He is president of the Scores Victory Most of the defendants had Alabama Christian Movement been dragged fro m th e ir beds in for Human Rights which de­ pre-dawn raids by political police, For Defending the Algerians manded, Dec 20, that Birming­ Dec. 5, and charged with “trea­ ham bus, segregation be ended Though the prosecutions carry son” under the Suppression of By John Thayer be left out— the police inter­ immediately. After the bombing the threat not only of heavy fines Communism Act. The act was de­ In furtherance of its brutal rogations, the tortures, the il­ he said: “If I had been killed but of long prison sentences, the signed by the ruling Nationalist war of repression in Algeria. legal imprisonments, the concen­ then someone else would have Trotskyists have not abated their party specifically to repress French imperialism has opened a tration camps, the ratissages (lit­ taken my place.” opposition to the Algerian war erally Takings—the system used growing mass opposition to its campaign to destroy civil liber­ In the Gulf port city of Mobile, one bit. Indeed, they welcome the in cordoning off a village or city “apartheid” policies. (The Na­ ties in France itself. Bearing the Ala. the head of the city bus third ch-arge-^that of defamation section, arresting all the men tionalist party represents only a brunt of this attack at the pres­ lines announced, Dec. 26, that of the Governor General of Al­ then conducting a house-to-house small minority of the population. ent moment are the French Trot­ drivers have been instructed not geria. For legally this charge alL ‘search’ in which all the furniture It maintains its political con­ skyists and their newspaper, La to enforce bus segregation laws. lows them to do what the other is smashed and many of the wom­ trol by simply disenfranchising V erite. The long walk for Bus in­ charges severely restricted — to en and children beaten.)” Negroes and “coloreds,” who La Verite has been a thorn in tegration in Montgomery was expose what is going on in Al­ “ We shall reopen the dossier of number three quarters of the 13Vi the side of the Mollet government over on Dec. 20 when the Mont­ geria in the courtroom. The four the Nuremberg Trial, we shall million people in the Union of because of its unwavering sup­ gomery Improvement • Associa­ Trotskyist defendants have pro­ speak of the UN’s Genocide Con­ South Africa.) port of the movement of the Al­ tion met and voted to end their Efforts of the South African government to suppress the claimed their intention: vention. We shall put. colonialism The political police have made gerian people for independence fight against, white supremacy are being stepped up, but re­ “We are going to prove in and its methods on trial. We boycott. Notice was received by more than 1,000 raids on homes and its defense in France of the the City of Montgomery to halt sistance of the freedom fighters continues to grow. Above, as court what we have been saying shall turn the accusers into the of individuals and organizations civil liberties of Algerian work­ enforcement of city and state part of a 19.12 disobedience campaign, South Africans take ers. La Verite from the very be­ about Algeria. . . Nothing will accused.” opposed to “apartheid” during the segregation laws by order of the over a rail car marked “ Europeans only.” ginning has opposed and agitated past year. In 1955 60,000 Negroes Supreme Court. were driven at gun point from against the war being waged by their homes in Johannesburg in the French army against tile Al­ To Contest McDonald WCC THREATS Harvey O’Connor, author a Government attempt to make gerians, It calls for an immediate Integrated seating on the buses and free-speech fighter, suc­ Worker, Student Protests the city predominantly white. A end to this war and complete in­ proceeded smoothly despite fore­ cessful^ . defied McCarthy “ Congress of the People” called dependence for France’s North Dues-Hike Opponents casts of “blood in the streets” committee. (See story on to protest such aotions and at- African colony. by the White Citizens Councils. page 4.) temled by 3,000 delegates in June Although a free press is sup­ By William Bundy These proved to be threats rather 1955 was raided by police. The posed to exist in France, the than predicitons — threats that Reported Inside USSR Congress had adopted a “ charter newspaper of the International The dues protest movement in the United Steel Work­ the white terrorists have done Communist Party (PCI), La Veri­ for freedom” demanding racial ers of America has resulted in the firs t contest for the all in their power to make good. Twin Cities Forum Two stories being circulated in Moscow and Lenin­ te, has been repeatedly confis­ equality and other fundamental presidency of the International Union in its 20-year There were no riots. But on grad, whether based on actual incidents or not, show the economic and social changes in cated by the French police and Dec. 24, Christmas Eve, a its editors and writers constantly history. The union’s teller com-- To Hear CP, SWP South Africa. fifteen-year-old girl, Ollie Mae kind of humor that amuses Soviet citizens these days. harassed. This attempt to choke mittee announced, Dec. 22, that According to the prosecution, a convention heavily packed with Collins, was brutally assaulted As reported by Joseph C. Harsch,- the voice of French workers, all but one of a full slate of can­ paid officers of the union. (Mc­ the present trials resulted from by several whites near a city Christian Science Monitor, Dec. stand everything and can judge \$ho don’t want the Algerian peo­ didates supported 'by the Dues Donald’s yearly salary was in­ On Left Problems efforts to form a national libera­ bus stop. White bus passengers 22’, one tells of a student who everything. There a re such peo­ ple to be colonial slaves, has cul­ Protest Committee for the creased $40,000 to $50,000 at the Spokesmen from five ileft- tion movement by various groups confirmed the report of the asked a question in class. Another ple among the students.” minated iVi three legal prosecu­ union’s top posts received suffi­ same time.) The unprecedented wing groups in Minnesota will including the African National attack, one of whom said he saw student in a loud whisper gave •Besides these m an ifestatio ns Congress—namely, by the Con­ tions of French Trotskyists. Al­ cient local endorsements to ap­ success of'the movement so far, speak at a symposium on “ What the girl on her knees on the a quick, pat Stalinist answer. of youth rebellion, the strikes gress of Trade Unions, the ready one prosecution has re­ pear on the ballot in opposition is actually a reflection of the Next for the American Left,” to pavement with arms upraised The professor intoned the pat that have been reported at the Colored People’s Organization, sulted in the levying of a fine to the McDonald slate in the elec­ widespread dissatisfaction with be sponsored by the Twin Cities trying to protect herself. There answer with all his professorial Kaganovich ball-bearing plant the Congress of Democrats, the of 50,000 francs. A second prose­ tion next Feb. 12. the McDonald machine because of La bo r E orum Jan. 11. have been no arrests reported. •dignity. The room burst into an in Moscow and the eight-day Indian National Congress and cution charges conspiracy against The one exception is for the of­ the inadequate contract signed The White Citizens Council Participating will be V. R. uproar of laughter. strike at the Putilov plant in their youth affiliates. the security of the French gov­ fice of vice-president, now held last year, and particularly be­ tried every trick in the book to Dunne, Socialist Workers Party; The second story tells of a Leningrad are further indications ernment. This “conspiracy” con­ by H ow ard R. Hague, whose op­ cause of the machine’s opposi­ prevent the victory of the Carl Ross, Communist Party; roomful of students who greeted of growing conflict between the sisted of the publication of arti­ ponent Edward Revack, received tion to a fight against speed-up. colored freedom fighters. On Michael Baker, (Minnesota Com­ Khrushchev with such loud and Soviet masses and the dictator­ Socialist Vote cles opposing the war. enough endorsements, but had Meanwhile in Detroit, the Dec. 19 an anonymous leaflet mittee for Independent Progres­ prolonged applause that he was ship of the privileged bureau­ The third prosecution, which previously announced his with­ United Automobile Workers’ In­ appeared in the Negro districts sive Political Action; Mulford never a£le to spy a word. cracy. is on now, charges libel and pub­ drawal from the race. Hague’s tel-national Executive Board has In 1956 purporting to express division Q. Sibley, Liberation Group; and The fact that student unrest lic defamation of the govern­ election after a heated campaign announced that it will recommend France Soir, a capitalist news­ The final vote officially a representative, to be announced exists is verified in the com­ ment; lit is based on an article last year over Joseph Molony to the Atlantic City convention in the ranks of the MIA. The paper in Paris, reported the fol­ credited to the Socialist Work­ later, of the Socialist Labor plaints that appear in the Soviet th a t appeared in La V e rite on was the only other election in n e x t A p r il 7, a 50-eent m on th ly leaflet accused the Negro lead­ lowing visit of Ekaterina Furt- ers Party presidential ticket P a rty . press. Harry Schwartz, N.Y. Nov. 18, 1955 entitled “ Soustelle, union history when on interna­ dues increase over the present ers of riding in big cars while seva, leading Stalinist woman, to in the 1956 elections is 7,805 The forum will be held on Times, Dec. 24, reports a front­ War Criminal.” Jacques Soustel­ tional officer was opposed. $2.50. The .tool-and-die unit of “we walk.” The leaflet' claimed, the rebellious Kaganovich plant. votes. The SWP candidates F rid a y, Jan. 11, a t 8 p.m . in the page editorial in the Komsomol- le was Governor-General of Al­ McDonald's opponent for the Ford Local 600 has asked for a “There isn’t a chance in the After listening to her speech, were Farrell Dobbs for Presi­ CIO Hall, 724 Fourth Ave., S., skaya Pravda, official organ of geria at the time. Under him, as four-year presidential term will referendum vote on the issue. world of breaking segregation.” one worker spoke up demanding dent and Myra Tanner Weiss Minneapolis. the Young Communist League. well as under his “Socialist” suc­ be Donald C. Ririck, ,a grievance Carl Steilato, Local 600 president, Rev. B. D. Lambert reported to know' how much money she for Vice-President. The SWP The editors refer to students who cessor, Lacoste, tactics of the committeeman at the United has opposed the international to the police that his car was This meeting will mark the made each month. She was re­ was on the ballot in New Jer­ organized a boycott of student Nazi Gestapo have been employed States Steel Irvin Works in Mc­ proposal on the basis that it splashed with acid by two men first time in Minnesota that ported to have snapped1 back, sey, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, dining rooms, proposed debates against the freedom-seeking pop­ Keesport, I’a. Secretary Treas­ “ does not make provisions for a who appeared to be wearing sucli a wide representation of “That’s got nothing to do with and Minnesota. It was arbi­ and raised objections to teach­ ulation. The French police in Al­ urer I. W. Abel will be opposed strike fund to take care of the motorcycle policemen’s uniforms. left-wing- opinion has appeared the theme of our meeting.” trarily ruled off the ballot in ing methods. geria, for example, ‘ regularly by William King. Nomination by needs of our members while they Police Chief Ruppenthal dropped on the same platform; and the ’According to the sources of Michigan and New York, as ■Students at the Leningrad employ torture against those 40 locals was required for a place are walking the picket line.” The the case “for lack of evidence.” first time since 1935 that V. R. was the Socialist Labor Party. Railroad Engineering Institute France iSoir, “Soviet, workers suspected of belonging to the in­ on the ballot. Rarick received 91. purpose of (he increase, accord­ This incident was one of eighteen Dunne and Carl Ross, both lead­ were reported increasingly bit­ Nationwide, the SLP was cred­ distributed an unauthorized pub­ dependence movement. This tor­ The dues protest movement, ing to the UAW international is similar attempts to intimidate ers in the early Minnesota ter over the continued favorable ited with 44,368 votes. It was lication- called “Fresh Voices.” ture includes all the inhuman re­ whose leaders have only the lim­ to offset generally increased the Negroes on the eve of bus Farmer-Labor Party, have ap­ treatment of high' party func­ on the ballot in 15 states. The The editorial scolded, “ Our party finements that the Gestapo used ited program of a reduction in operating costs. Immediately integration. peared together. V. R. Dqnne is Socialist Party was credited will never stand for phrase­ tionaries and were said to be on the French resistance fighters monthly dues, began after an in­ after the last dues increase in On Dec. 19, N egro leaders now National Labor Secretary of w ith 2,192 votes. mongers, chatterboxes and dema­ demanding a return to the old —electric shock machines, total crease from $3 to $5 was voted 1951, however, the o ffic e rs ’ sal­ appealed to the City Commission the SWP and Carl Ross is State system of sharerand-share-alike.” gogues who think they under­ • immersion in water, etc. in Los Angeles last September in aries were increased. and police for protection against Secretary of the Minnesota CP. Page 2 THE MILITANT Monday, December 31, 1956

Worker, Student The Role of the Workers Councils By Murry Weiss markable example of how a rev­ ers and peasants, and is thus olutionary alliance can be forged an apparatus whereby the van­ In the crucial sphere of state Leaders of First Gov’t Based on Workers Councils between the industrial workers guard of the oppressed classes power, Marxist theory and the And Soldier Youth and the peasantry. Right in the can elevate, educate and lead in experience of the Russian Revo­ heat of the civil war the insur­ its train the whole gigantic mass lution have resolved that it is the What was the class nature of the Hungarian youth rectionary workers have drawn of these classes which until now main task of the working class, that played such an active role in the uprising against the peasantry into sympathetic have stood absolutely outside all in the course of its socialist rev­ action in behalf of the struggle political life outside history. Kremlin domination and the dictatorship of the Hungarian olution, to overthrow the cap­ (or liberation from the Kremlin. Sixthly, it makes it possible to bureaucratic caste? ®------italist istate and replace it from The peasants delivered food to combine the advantages of par­ An ai'ticle in the Dec. 23 New their bureaucratized unions but top to bottom with a completely the workers and refused to take liamentarism with. the advan­ York Times Magazine by Janos fa ile d .” different form of state, name­ payment during the fiercest pe­ tages of immediate and di­ Kojlo — a participant 'in the revo­ (It is the experience of all ly, a workers’ state founded on riod of the struggle. And the rect democracy, that is, unite in lution and then a refugee — other great, working-class move­ Workers Councils. But how does high moral authority commanded the persons of elected representa­ provides a clear picture. ments that the boldest, most the question stand with regard to •by the revolutionary Workers tives of the people both legisla­ “ We young people [who partook the political revolution of the enthusiastic and most revolu­ Councils oven prevented the ap­ tive and executive functions. in the uprising] comprised three working class which arises tionary of workers are those pearance of a petty-bourgeois Compared with bourgeois parlia­ main groups — students, workers against a bureaucratically de­ younger strata recently drawn •black market within the food­ mentarism, this is a step forward and soldiers,” The students were generated workers’ state? Or from the country-side. This was scarce cities—a feat that aston­ in the development of democracy drawn mostly from the ranks of more precisely, what form of true of the CIO movement in the ished all capitalist observers on which has an historical world the working class. Hollo says. “ In state :power do the revolutionary 1930's in the U.S. and of the the scene. (It is only now. after significance.” accordance with their dictatorship workers counterpose to the bu­ Russian Revolution of 1917.) the working class organizations In a further passage in the -of-the-proletariat ideology, they reaucratically deformed work­ ■ The youths in the Hungarian have been checked, that a black same pamphlet, "W ill the Bolshe­ ers’ state? gave preference to children of Army, too, came from the market is beginning to flourish. viks Retain 'State Power?” Lenin These questions were answer­ industrial workers for college “children‘of workers and pea­ Kadar’s police is powerless to wrote, “The ,SJR and (Menshevik ed in advance by the Trotskyist education.” sants, because, again, the gov­ uproot it.) leaders of the Soviets have theory and program of political “Among college students you ernment dared to arm only those prostituted them, [the Soviets] revolution, but they are being The question of all power to could find some children of poor it believed could be trusted.” the Workers Councils is now have degraded them to the- role answered even more precisely and peasants or kolkhoz (collective Thus, Hollo’s .testimony in­ posed in Hungary and Poland of talking shops, of accessories illuminatingly by the reality of farm) workers. But they were dicates that in the ranks of the to the conciliationist policy of the political revolution in Hun­ with the same basic urgency as it not numerous because the gov­ revolutionary youth, too, that the leaders. The Soviets have gary and Poland. In addition the was during the Russian Revolu­ ernment always lacked con­ fought against Stalinism, it was tio n o f 1917. T his is so despite been rotting and decaying under problem is posed somewhat dif­ fidence in the peasantry, par­ the working class composition the leadership (of the Mensheviks ferently in the East European the difference between the so­ ticularly in peasants cultivating that was decisive. and SRs). The Soviets can only countries than it is in the Soviet cial and class dynamics of the their own land, among whom As to the events of the upris two revolutions. We have a lot develop properly and expand Union itself. Vladimir Lenin (left) and Leon Trotsky, t he two most prominent leaders in Russia when the sanctity of private property ing itself, Hollo testifies as fol­ to learn from Lenin on the na­ to the full their promise and In the Soviet Union, the work­ was a tradition inherited by son lows: “ On the evening of Oct. 22 democratically-organized workers, peasants, an I soldiers’ councils (soviets) ruled the country capabilities when they assume, ers established their Workers ture of the Workers Councils as from father. Children of parents from 1917 to 1923. That was the first time in history that the working people ran a country. full state power, for otherwise our student friends drafted the Councils as organs of revolution­ the historically selected form of who were prosperous farmers or Trotsky was chairman of the Petrograd (now Leningrad) Soviet in the revolution of 1905, and they have nothing to do; other­ now-famous sixteen points, ary action against the Czarist workers’ power. The form of the merchants or intellectual occupa­ again chairman of the Petrograd Soviet in Nov. 11, 1917. When the Soviet took the power under wise they are simply emtq-yos setting forth the demands of the ’regime and then against the workers’ state was never consid­ tions could very seldom get to leadership of the Bolshevik party. (and an" embryo cannot endure Hungarian people in concrete bourgeois provisional govern ered by Lenin ias a secondary or college at all. . . Altogether-, 80 too long) or mere playthings. form. The next day one student ment of Kerensky. These revolu­ accidental question. When he an­ or 90 per cent of Hungarian col­ Dual power means the paralysis! was sent to each large factory in tionary councils (Soviets) con­ workers in their defeated revolu­ from decisive sections of the get that they w ill seek every way swered the arguments against the lege and university students tio n o f 19H9. of the Soviets.” Budapest to enlist the workers’ quered the power under the lead­ Polish working class with “pop­ to become the link between world Bolsheviks taking power during were children of laborers and support for a silent demonstra­ Thus the [regenerated workers’ ular” bases of support among capital and the non-proletarian O ctober 1917 he w ro te : ership of the Bolshevik party. LENINIST METHOD landless peasants.” tion that afternoon.” stale in Hungary has assumed bourgeois elements (the Catholic masses of Poland and Hungary. “The Soviets [Workers Coun­ The workers’ state that emerged APPLIES TODAY The number of young factory “In our shop almost everybody from the October 1917 overturn the form of a dual (or compet­ hierarchy, former democratic po­ The maintain&nce of la workers' cils] are the new state appara­ The truly Leninist method and workers, says Hollo, was in­ walked out — even party mem­ was founded on these Councils ing) power to the Stalinist state liticians) on the one hand and state in a backward country, tus, vyhich, in the first place, spirit expressed in these words creased considerably by recruits bers. And to our surprise every as wall as the trade unions and apparatus, which in turn has tra­ deals with the Kremlin on the with a low level of productivity represents the armed force of the apply fully to the situation, in from peasant boys and girls factory acted similarly. We were the party. (Subsequently this ditional structural characteristics other. Thus the basic question and a large peasantry, depends workers anti peasants, a force Poland and Hungary today, in brought to the cities by the among the first to arrive at the workers’ state suffered an ex­ of the bourgeois parliamentary of power is refracted in the con­ on the creation of a firm union that is not divorced from the peo­ the Soviet Union and the rest of forced pace of industrialization Bern monument, but in half an treme bureaucratic degeneration. system infused with the content tra d ic to ry character of the Go- between the industrial proletariat ple, as was the force of the old Eastern Europe »tomorrow. The The Stalinist functionaries tried | hour hundreds of thousands were In making their political revolu­ of a Stalinist police dictatorship. mulka regime. Gomulka is try­ and the poor peasantry. Once standing army, but is bound up dual power that arises in the to organize these workers in | jamming the square.” tion the Russian workers will un­ The central problem of the Hun­ ing to steer the revolution along bourgeois forces are allowed to with them as closely as possible. revolution within the Soviet-orbit doubtedly restore the role of the garian 'revolution is this: which a road that will not resolve the open the way for an economic re­ In a military sense, this force is countries rests., it is true, on the Workers Councils and the other state will gain mastery over the question of state power in favor lation between the peasantry of incomparably more mighty than social foundations brought about organs of workers’ democratic country, the Workers Councils or of the Workers Councils. these countries and world cap­ the former; in relation to the by the Russian Revolution. It is Hungary Uprising Explained rule—chief of which is the in­ the Stalinist oppressive appara­ Gomulka obviously regards italism; once the monopoly of revolution it is second to none. a dual power of the resurrected dependent revolutionary party of tus. What is decisive in this the Workers Councils as agen­ foreign trade is wrested from the Secondly, this apparatus repre­ workers’ democracy on the one the working class. These histori­ counterposition of state forms is cies of the masses that w ill sup­ grip of (the workers, the door to sents a connection with the side and the decaying bureau­ cally tested organs of workers’ that the victory of workers' pow­ port his regime; not as the new capitalist restoration has been masses, with the majority of the er will signify a combined tri­ cratic structure on the other. The In New British Pamphelet democracy w ill arise in the strug­ form of state power in Poland. thrown open. people, that is so intimate, so in­ umph for the working class — He continues the system of bour­ If the Workers Councils are dissoluble, so readily verifiable danger to the Soviet Union comes STALINISM UNMASKED — REVOLUTION AND COUNTER gle to smash the oppressive state the political overthrow of the bu­ geois parliamentary forms, or restricted and stifled in favor and renewable, that nothing like not from the victory of the rev­ REVOUTION IN HUNGARY. By G. Healy. 16 pp. 25 cents. apparatus of the bureaucracy and reaucracy and the completion of rather, the caricature of these of cultivating bourgeois parlia­ it was even approached in the olutionary form of (workers’ pow­ New Park Publications, London, England. U.S. Distributor, then become the very basis of the the unfinished business of smash­ historically outlived forms. And mentarism, the only channels of former state. Thirdly, this ap­ er which will advance immeas­ Pioneer Publishers, 116 University Place, New York, 3, N- Y. new revolutionary regime. ing the bourgeois state appara­ >at every turn, Gomulka shows political discontent of the masses paratus, because it is elective and urably the world anti-capitalist its personnel is subject to re­ revolution, but from the contin­ This new pamphlet from New on the Hungarian events. He con­ EAST EUROPEAN tus. •the tendency to seek the polit­ are those that give dispropor­ call in accordance with the will uation *>f the rule of the bureau­ Parks Publications, British pub­ cludes: “If we had relied on the EXPERIENCE Conversely, the victory of the ical wherewithal to “discipline” tionate weight to the bourgeois the workers and bait the revolu- of the people without any bu­ cracy. which in its mortal crisis lishers of Leon Trotsky and other Daily Worker for our news and In Eastern Europe this process Stalinist bureaucracy will signi- and petty-bourgeois political par­ reaucratic formalities, is far displays ever-more ominous ten­ M arxist writers, w ill be of special policy on Hungary, we would be is already clearly observable in íjij the crashing, however tenus -$-9n ties. If, on the other hand, the By forcing the country into more democratic than were the dencies to open pathways-for thb- interest to American readers. A forced to reason something like its essence. There is, however, ponaa-y, o f the au then tic w o rk in g Workers Councils become the cen­ the mold of the bourgeois par­ former ones. Fourthly, it repre­ penetration of capitalist reac­ concise account and analysis of this. From Oct. 25 to somewhere an extremely important combina­ class form of power and the ter of all political life and the liamentary forms created by the sents a firm connection with the tion, and which shows in the acid the Hungarian revolution, it also in the region of Oct. 30 the Hun­ tion of unique features that arjses strengthening thereby of the: foundation for the new form of Kremlin overlords during the state power the working class most diverse occupations, thus test the most ferocious attitude provides an informative picture garian events were Counter­ from the peculiarities of the form and content of the bour- . past 12 years, Gomulka in Po­ becomes the decisive factor in facilitating all sorts of most towards the working class while of the reaction of the British labor revolutionary; then they began to Eastern European development. geiois aspect o f the state in land, as Nagy in Hungary, and steering the revolution and com­ radical reforms without any bu­ it bends before the power of the and radical movement to the change to revolutionary.” Neither the property relations Eastern Europe. For, while the in a different way, Kadar, are batting all the forces of capital­ reaucracy. Fifthly, it represents world bourgeoisie. Hungarian events. W ith the renewed Soviet assault of capitalism nor the state power nationalized economy of Eastern creating the most favorable con­ ist restonation. a form of organization of the The au thor, G. H ealy, demon­ Nov. 4, the situation, according of capitalism were removed as a European countries is a fact, it [Second of a series on Prob­ is also a fa c t th a t so long as ditions for the mobilization of vanguard, that is, of the most strates that the Hungarian work­ to the Worker, again became result of a workers’ revolution WORKERS AND PEASANTS lems of the Political Revolution. the workers’ states remain in the capitalist forces. These forces class-conscious, most energetic, ing class was from the beginning “counter - revolutionary.” Healy in Eastern Europe (with the ex­ ALLIANCE IN HUNGARY grip of the bureaucracy they are are ias yet, re la tiv e ly feeble, in ­ most progressive section of the Watch for next installment. — the decisive force in the struggle explains: “The British Communist ception of Yugoslavia). Capital­ open to the threat of capitalist ternally. But we must never for- In Hungary we witness a re­ oppressed classes, of the work­ E d .] to end Stalinist tyranny in Hun: Party leadership and the Daily ist property was replaced by so­ gary. The eyewitness reports of | Worker have one simple guide to cialized property forms through restoration. This is particularly true in Eastern Europe, in con- London Daily Worker correspon­ help them work out their policy, the exclusively bureaucratic and tnast to the (Soviet Union, be­ dent Peter Fryer are extensively and that is ‘watch Moscow and m ilitary methods of the Kremlin cause of the “shallow” bureau drawn upon to corroborate this the Red Army and support them rulers and their appointed rep­ resentatives within the respec­ cratic-military manner in which ... Fryer’s Book Nails Stalinists analysis. Fryer recently resigned under all' conditions.’ When Gero the social transformation was ac from the Daily Worker staff called upon the Red Army to fire tive countries. complished. (Continued from page 1) Communist party. Molded andi prepared to hand over their arms chaos into something like order, after it suppressed his reports on the unarmed population the As for the old capitalist state and as a human being I believe trained on the approved Stalin­ to the workers so they could do sorting things out, soothing the from Hungary. Daily Worker denounced the Hun- apparatus, at first, when the So­ SYMPTOMS MANIFESTED it my duty to tell the truth about ist pattern, completely lacking battle against the AVH with hasty tempers of men who bad­ On his arrival in Hungary,| garian events as ‘counter-revolu viet army occupied Eastern Eu­ BY NAGY REGIME the Hungarian revolution. I be­ in either political understanding them. The others brought their ly needed sleep, organizing, ad­ Fryer first interviewed a fellow j tionary;’ when it appeared that rope, a pseudo-parliamentary, We witnessed in the most con­ lieve this will help bring about or common humanity, guilty of arms with them when they joined vising, building an apparatus to member of the British Communist the Nagy Government was being propped-up bourgeois form of the centrated form the manifesta­ the urgently-needed redemption the most unspeakable crimes. the revolution.” prevent above all, hunger and Party, Charuie Coutts, who was( supported and the Red Army capitalist state was the medium tions of bourgeois tendencies in and rebirth of the British Com­ “The AVH. There were the “Furthermore, many sporting demoralization. These were the in Budapest editing the paper withdrawn, these same events be­ through which the Kremlin- bu­ the Stalinist state apparatus at munist Party, which for too long Gestapo-like torture chambers rifles were taken by the work­ leaders — some of them Com­ “ World Youth.’ Coutts told Fryer: came revolutionary, and when reaucracy and its henchmen tried a crucial point of the Hungarian has betrayed socialist principles with whips and gallows and in­ ers from the factory armories of munists who had at last found “The Hungarian uprising — the once more the Red Arm y returned to coexist with the 'East Euro­ revolution. When the rising of and driven away some of its struments fob crushing peoples’ the Hungarian Voluntary De­ the revolution of their dreams, result of eight years of pent-up to the attack they again became pean bourgeoisie. Later, when the the -workers forced a section of finest members by defending the limbs. There were tiny punish fense Organization. The ‘mys­ some of them Socialists, many of feeling — arose from the refusal counter-revolutionary.” Kremlin was compelled to elim­ inate capitalist private property the Hungarian Stalinist bureau­ indefensible. That is why I have ment cells. There were piles of te ry ’ o f how- the people were them indifferent to political dis­ of Communist Party leaders to Presenting a program of inde­ as the dominant economic rela­ cracy to break with the Kremlin written this book.” letters from abroad, intercepted armed is no mystery at all. No tinction, since all Hungary was make real changes after the 20th pendent labor support to the tion in Eastern Europe and bring and, after a period of vacilla­ for censorship. There were bat­ one has yet been able to produce now united around two simple, Congress. The people did not op­ Hungarian revolution, Healy re Immediately after crossing the the economies of these countries tion, give voice to the national teries of tape recorders to take a single weapon manufactured demands that even the children pose everything that happened in ports. There is a moveruent afoot Hungarian border, Fryer receiv­ into line with the nationalized independence aspiration of the down telephone conversations. in the West.” of six were shouting. [Abolition th e co u n try since 1945. They by right-wing Labor leaders to ed his first shock. In the town and planned economy of the So­ revolution, the one thing this There were prostitutes retained Fryer gives a picture of the of the AVH and the withdrawal wanted to build socialism in Hun­ cover up their disagreements with mortuary at Magyarovar he was viet Union, the form of the bour­ segment of the bureaucracy, as police spies and agents pro revolutionary committees at work of Soviet troops — JW] gary. They established the basis, the Tories on Suez and to slip shown the bodies of those who geois state with its parliamen­ headed b y N agy, refused to do vocateurs. And the young brutes commenting on “their striking “ A s th e y took me to see the but they were never allowed to into national unity behind the had been killed when the Secur­ tary facade was retained. The was countenance any idea of full who made up this strong arm resemblance at so many points president and vice-president of. build their own socialism on it.' capitalists over Hungary.” ity Police opened fire with mach­ capitalist class was expropriated power to the Workers Councils. of the peoples’ democratic state to the soviets or councils of this committee not yet 48 hour3 Healy provides a devastating “This,” he declares, “ must be Nagy was ready to promise any ine guns and threw hand gren­ economically and politically, 'but were paid — according to docu­ workers’, peasants’ and soldiers’ old I caught sight of a portrait' documentation of the London pitilessly exposed and fought.” ades at an unarmed demonstra­ its traditional political apparatus, concession to the Workers Coun­ ments found on their dead bodies deputies which sprang up in Rus­ of Lenin on the wall, and I could Daily Worker’s twists and turns — Harry Ring cils short of giving them the tion. Workers, children and even instead of being abolished, was 3,000 to 4,000 forints a month sia in the 1905 revolution and almost fancy his shrewd eyes power. And when the Soviet an 18-month-old baby were lying taken over by the Stalinist bu­ as rilen, 9,000 to 12,000 as offi­ again in February 1917.” twinkling approvingly.” , Army began to return early in there, the dried blood still on reaucracy. cers: three to twelve times the “These committees, a network Fryer quotes the Soviet com­ November, the Nagy regime, in­ their clothing. Why didn’t the Soviet bureau­ average wage. Pius luxurious of which now extended over the munique of Nov. 5: “Soviet stead of basing itself more firm ly “After eleven years of ‘peo­ cracy call on the workers of flats while thousands in Buda­ whole of Hungary, were remark­ troops are re-establishing order TWIN CITIES SYMPOSIUM on the Workers Councils, mani­ ples’ democracy’ it has come to Eastern Europe to elect their pest lived cramped in slums and ably uniform,” he adds. “They . . . We Soviet officers are your fested a- sharp reflex towards this,” he remarks, “that the Workers Councils after it had cellars.” were at once organs of insur­ selfless friends.” Commenting on ‘What Next for the American Left’ eliminated East European cap­ coalitionism with the remnants 'Security Police was so remote rection — the coming together this, he writes: “It was the pro­ of the bourgeois parties in Hun­ from the people, so alien to them, It was the AVH which fired Speakers: italism? The question may sound of delegates elected by factories letariat of Hungary, above all, gary and even went so far as to so vicious and brutal that it on the crowds outside the Buda­ naive but it is instructive to con pest radio station on Oct. 23. and universities, mines and Army that fought the tanks which M. H. Baker sider it. appeal to the West for military turned its weapons on a defense­ units — and organs of popular came to destroy the revolution­ intervention. less crowd and murdered the peo That act sparked off the first Minn. Committee for Independent armed uprising. self-government, which the arm­ ary order they had already es­ BUREAUCRACY FEARS The Kremlin / used Nagy’s pie who were supposed to be Progressive Political Action ed people trusted. As such they tablished in the shape of their WORKING MASSES moves merely as a pretext for a “Where did the arms come masters of their" own country.” enjoyed tremendous authority workers’ councils.” return tp its bloody counter­ from that found their way so V. R: Dunne The 'Soviet bureaucracy was and it is no exaggeration to say revolutionary work against the ‘WHITE TERROR’ 'LIE speedily into the hands of the Socialist Workers Party motivated above all by organic that until the Soviet attack of Hungarian revolution. Their .main The crowd had wreaked swift workers and students of Buda­ need to defend its power and priv­ November 4 the real power in target was the working class and vengeance on the AVH (Secur­ pest?” asks Fryer. He takes up Carl Ross ileges against the working the country lay in their hands.” Hungarians Invent the Workers’ Councils. But this ity Police) after Hungarian sol­ the Stalinist answer: “According Communist Party masses. Any leeway whatever (My emphasis — JW) for the mobilization of the work­ fact should not obscure for ns diers, who were told of the mass to Kadar (London Daily Work­ New Anti-Tank Trap M. Q. Sibley ing class in its own authentic the actual tendencies of a Nagy- •murder, broke open an armory er, Nov. 20) there were ‘hidden LOCAL LEADERS type regime under extreme pres­ arms’ on the SZABADSAGHEGY Liberation Group revolutionary organizations en­ and gave weapons to the incensed He reports’ a committee at “When a Russian tank sure. These tendencies would have dangered this power. Today, the men and women. (Liberty Hall) and ' the young work in Gyor Town Hall. “There penetrated Budapest it found been overcome by the revolution­ (Speaker to be announced) actual organization of factory A t this point, and later in his people had been told at midday, were deputations arriving here, inverted soup plates on the ary action of the Hungarian Socialist Labor Party and delegated regional Workers book, Fryer blasts the references before the demonstration, to go delegations departing th e re . street. The tank stopped, a workers— but the tendencies were Councils in Hungary and factory to “raging white terror” with to a ‘certain place’ where they There was noise and bustle and, soldier emerged to see if these there and must be poted. Sig­ councils in Poland confronts the which the Stalinists attempt to would find them.” outside on the balcony during were teller mines. A Hun­ Friday, January If -- 8 P.M. nificantly, with the appointment Soviet bureaucracy with a mortal justify Soviet intervention in ‘‘This viersion,” Fryer says, most of next day, constant speech garian darted from shelter, of the Kadar regime, we witness Hall No. 4 — C.I.O. Hall th re a t. Hungary. Lynchings there were “of the arming of the people making. At first glance one like a bullfight bandilfero, identical tendencies towards co­ The workers of Hungary in the of the brutalized, venal AVH men. sidesteps- the whole question of might have seen only flags, arm- and fastened national flags 724 F o u rth Avenue So. alitionism and bourgeois par­ process of their revolution have But that was not “white terror.” the attitude of the Hungarian bands, rifles slung over shoul­ behind the turret. When the liamentarism by this Kremlin-ap­ Minneapolis given shape to the form that It was what another observer Peoples’ Army. The troops in ders, a jostling throng of people •next Soviet tank appeared and pointed government. .And in an­ their regenerated workers’ state called the “fury of the peoples’ Budapest, as later in the provin­ in room after room: or heard saw what looked Kke a rebel other way we see these tenden­ Auspices: Twin Cities Labor Forum will' assume. It is the Workers revenge,” it was the execution ces w ere o f tw o m inds: there only uproar and argument and vehicle, it shot it up.” Re­ cies manifested in the Gomulka Councils, the same form of pow­ of the executioners. were those who were prepared to jangling telephone bells.” ported by New York Times D onation 25 cents regime in Poland. er fashioned by the Russian Listen to Fryer describe the join the people and fight along­ “ But each room had its point columnist C. L. Sulzberger workers in l© 17, and tested for Gomulka also tries to balance AVH: “The AVH, the oppressors side them. The neutral ones of rest: one or two calm, patient writing from Paris Dec. 21. the first time by the Hungarian the support his regime receives •of a whole people» in clu d in g the (pnobably the minority) were figures engaged in turning near­ THE M ILITANT Pape 3

MMortptlon M par year: ■Urne* e rtici« « by oomtrUV- otore do not neceesarlly r«P- «.BO for t roonpi». F o r e lm : ¿eaent The » l i t e n t s pollato*. ft.00 par year; f2.So for 6 t o e MILITANT These are espresse* In ite months. Canadian: $3.GO par Published Weekly In the Interest« of the Working People editorie la. What Stalinist Press Admits rear: 11.75 for 8 months. THE MILITANT PUBLISHING ASSOCIATION “ Entered a» «scorai olaat M arch 7, 1944 e t ths consider the situation. Subse possible, the workers’ delegates posely disturbing the normali­ study questions concerning the Bundle Order*: 5 or more 118 ü n lre rs lty P L, N . Y . 3. N . Y. Phone: A L 8-7468 mattar By C. R. Hubbard o o p lM 9o each In U .8 .. 7o Post Office et New York. quently they would realize that suggested that they should assist zation of work in Budapest.” An establishment of a Hungarian Editor: DANIEL ROBERTS N.Y., under thè act of March each In foreign oounirlea. Despite all Radar’s claims that the government and select the Agreement between t)ie:l Govern­ National Workers Council. The Business Manager; ANNE CHKSTKB %. 1879.*’ if the strike continued, it would in repressing .the Hungarian rev­ •bring inflation.” best men from among the work­ ment and the Budapest Workers Government considered this as olution he was defending social­ The Prague release concludes, ers to organize workers armed Councils is referred to hut the illegal and refused to let the VoL 20 - No. 53 M onday, December 31, 1956 ized property against capitalist, “ W'ben 'they [the workers’ dele­ units and police force. nature of this agreement is not workers go to the Stadium. As a restorationist elements, it is quite gation] submitted the demands Bid Radar obviously didn’t revealed. result, the representatives went apparent, even from Stalinist ac­ of the workers to Premier Radar, want the workers to guarantee Then, as if Workers Councils to the office of the Budapest counts that his chief problem The World in Review — 1956 they declared that the Workers’ order. He answered: "that the did not already exist and were Tramear Company, the head­ has been how to overcome the op­ Council would strictly defend the government would organize still a matter for the future, quarters of the Budapest work­ position of the Workers Councils proval can the barbarities in Cyprus, social ownership ¡of the means of armed self-defense corps of the a Budapest release, Nov. 24, ers council, and met for five of Hungary. 1. Soviet Orbit in Ferment Kenya, Equatorial Africa and other lands production on the basis of the workers. Part of the workers (NONA, Nov. 26) announced, "A hours there. held in colonial bondage continue. Press releases frbm Prague and principles of socialism.” w ould be given weapons rand decree concerning the organiza­ “At the instigation of some 1956 was a year of great beginnings. Budapest, translated into English would participate in military In 1957, the colonial revolution will con­ A second meeting between the tion of workers councils in fac­ reactionary elements,” according ■by the New China News Agency, training. The government would Throughout the world oppressed peoples two opposing powers was re­ tories and mines was promul­ to the Stalinist, version of the tinue to rise, as the political revolution reveal the real struggle that is first establish regular troops and and classes engaged in revolutionary strug­ ported from Budapest (NONA, gated here yesterday by Istvan events, “the meeting decided for workers’ democracy continues to rise going on between Radar’s gov­ strengthen the police. . . Radar gles or struggles of revolutionary signifi­ Nov. 20). Kiadar once more ,tried Dohi, President and Istvan after heated debate to call on ernment and the Workers Coun­ also stated that the first national in the Soviet orbit. Thus 1957 ^should be to convince the delegation that Rristof, Secretary, of the Presi­ workers in alt industries in cance. These struggles give promise of cils, couched ic the traditional defence army corps had begun to a momentous year in the history of man­ there /was a danger of counter­ dium of the Hungarian People’s Budapest, except the food in­ reaching greater heights in 1957 and in double-talk of the Stalinist bu­ revolution: “ Radar stressed to the assume' its duties.” Republic. . . dustry to hold a two-day general kind’s struggle for freedom. reaucrats. Ironically, the Budapest release some cases winning victories that will delegates that the counter-revo­ “ The. decree stip u la te s th a t strike beginning on Nov. 22. But concluded, “The workers dele­ workers councils can only be advance humanity a giant step toward ELUSIVE C-R’s lutionaries had taken part in the actually the strike only lasted gates expressed confidence in the world socialism. past three weeks’ events. . . elected in factories and mines 24 hours; it was called off on 3. Class Struggle in U.S. A meeting between Janos Ra­ government and asked the gov­ which directly carry on produc­ “ Radar said that the strike had the 23rd. For a while it did affect The most important developments dar and 19 representatives of the ernment ito place confidence in tion. No workers councils are to And what of the workers of the United become unpopular because work­ livelihood in Budapest. Tram and of ’56 took place within the Soviet orbit. Central Workers Council on Npv. the Budapest ¿Central Workers be organized in governm ent o r­ States ? Though the narcotic of the boom, ers knew it would lead to ruin. . . bus traffic which had just 14 is reported from Prague C ouncil.” ganizations, communications and The mounting pressure of the popu­ One of the delegates said that it based on the armaments economy and dis­ (N'ONlA, Nov. 19). Radar is On Nov. 21 a Budapest release public utilities departments. . . lations of the USSR and the East Euro­ quoted at great length trying to was difficult to resume work be­ tended credit buying, has dulled the edge (NONA Nov. 22) announced that "The decree further stipulates pean countries had been revealed in June convince the delegation that a cause workers considered the British Communist of the economic class struggle, 1956 has “the Hungarian Workers and that workers councils may make danger of counter-revolution ex­ strike was the only weapon they 1953 by the summer lightning flash in E. Peasants Revolutionary Govern­ decisions on the most important been a historic year. It was the year of isted. "Janos R adar then sa,id possessed. If they stopped strik­ Party Expels Fryer 'Germany followed by the strikes in the ment in a statement broadcast by questions concerning the enter­ the emergence of the Negro people of the that though counter-revolution is ing, they would have no guar­ Vorkuta and Norilsk prison-labor camps. Budapest Radio called on the prises and direct their activities, Peter Fryer, former London crushed its forces continue fight­ antee that their demands would Daily Worker correspondent South onto the stage of open, organized Workers Councils to co-operate guarantee the fulfillment of In 1956 the storm broke with all its fury. ing very skillfully. Nobody will he fu lfille d .” with the local councils,” evident­ struggle. The heroic and magnificently or­ obligations to the state, decide whose book “ Hungarian Tra­ The bureaucracy attempted to forestall declare himself publicly as a Radar promised his govern­ ly the instruments of the Stali­ gedy” is reviewed on page 1, ganized bus boycotts in Montgomery, Ala­ on the projects of the enter­ counter-revolutionary but in his ment “should and would satisfy nist government rule. the explosion with its campaign of “ de- prises, the workers’ wages and has been expelled from the bama, and Tallahassee, Florida, revealed demands counter-revolutionary all the reasonable demands of the Stalinization,” carried to its heights at the finances of the' enterprises.” British Communist Part y. to the Negro masses themselves and to the aims may clearly be recognized. working class.'. . But they should RADAR’S ‘COUNCILS’ the 20th Congress, and with promises of Fryer, who resigned from the whole nation, the power and calm readi­ Such as, for instance, the demand know that the most important In another Budapest release on WAGES INCREASED CP paper after it suppressed self-reform. But the masses were not to that there should exist no Party thing now was that the state the same day, the Radar forces ness for struggle of the most exploited The Stalinists attempted to or­ his dispatches from Hungary, organizations in enterprises. . . should stand up. . .” announced, "provocateurs in the be placated or deceived. Instead they were ganize new, more controllable was suspended from the Party and insulted section of the population. “Referring to the strike, Ra­ The delegation, however, was name of workers and members of emboldened. workers councils. Another decree, after giving a press interview This bears incalculable promise not only dar said that he requested the not to be put off with promises. workers’ councils spread slogans Another lightning flash — this time in announced in the same release, on the situation in Hungary. for the fight against Jim Crow — that members of the delegation to “To restore order as quickly as among the working people, pur- Poznan, Poland — was not followed by stipulated that “Government rep­ According to the Dec. 27 Daily important economic and social pillar of Worker, his expulsion is based the calm of official law and order but by resentatives w ill he sent to big en­ American capitalism — but for a mili­ terprises. . .¿Their task is to take on the charge that since his a steadily mounting political agitation A Highlight of 1956 suspension he “ has carried out tant alliance of labor and the Negro peo­ care of poduction so that it will a public campaign against the that pushed a formerly outlawed wing ple. be carried out without obstruc­ of the Polish Comrpunist Party bureau­ tion and to urge the observance Party.” The report says Fryer 1956 also was a year of the slow ac­ w ill appeal the expulsion. cracy into office in defiance of the Krem­ of legal regulations. They are cretion of legal victories on the civil lib­ also authorized to settle disputes lin. Had the Kremlin not capitulated erties front. While no single great advan­ between the workers councils resumed operation were again to the Gomulka cabinet, a general insur­ ces were scored, the combined effect was and the directors of the enter­ suspended; many industrial rection, led by the working class, would prises.” enterprises became idle.” the retaking of some positions held by On Nov. 28 a Prague release have followed. the witchhunters since the height of Mc- According to NONA corres­ This is precisely what happened in Hun­ pondent Li Nan, Nov. 23, "The (NCNA Nov. 30) announced that Carthyism. Among notable cases won were "The Socialist Workers Party of gary and is still going on. The pattern government has announced a those of James Kutcher in regaining his 10% to 15% increase in wages, Hungary [the re-organized Com­ of coming revolutions for socialist demo­ abolition of the no-child tax and munist Party] is setting up a pension and job and retaining his home provisional leading apparatus to cracy in the East European countries in a federal housing project; the freeing the agricultural produce procure­ against the Kremlin bureaucracy and their ment system. . . The government overhaul party organizations in of Steve Nelson; the abandonment of the has promised to give workers Budapest and various provinces local satraps has been clearly delineated crude frame-up against Carl Braden and and districts of the country. in Hungary. Indeed, many of the features greater power in the factory other opponents of Jim Crow; the dismis­ management. The workers’ com­ Renewal of registration required of the approaching political revolution in mittees may decide on important of Party members has begun.” sal of the contempt citations against Cor­ Hungarian State Minister the USSR itself has been shown there in liss Lamont. Harvey O’Connor and others. questions of the factory. In­ preview. Despite the confusing picture flexible stipulations for employ­ Marosan, Nov. 28, at a press Yet re-establishment of the Bill of Rights conference in the Budapest Par­ that a revolt by an entire population ment of labor have been can­ has just begun: over a hundred victims celled. liament, according to the Czecho­ gainst foreign rule presents, one feature still are in prison, thousands fired from slovak News Agency, (NCNA, is salient — the role of the working class WHAT WORRERS DEMAND Dec. 4) “ referred to the negotia­ jobs and smeared, the Smith Act and other From now on, workers who tions between the Government as backbone and leader. repressive legislation still on the books. This leadership achieves its highest ex­ quit jobs or are dismissed may and representatives of the 1956 began with high hopes that the provisional workers’ councils and pression in the Workers Councils. The be employed again by state newly united labor movement would pro­ enterprises. . . To alleviate hous­ said that the eventual establish­ creation of the Workers Councils in duce great results in organizing the un­ ing shortage, the government ment of a national production Council was being considered. . . Hungary demonstrates that these are the organized and in enhancing labor’s politi­ has promised to empty certain government office buildings for Fascist elements and criminals natural organizational forms of a revolu­ cal power. But, at the one-year mark of tionary working class. use of inhabitants. It has been that had wormed their way into AFLdC'IO unification, these hopes have decided to repair at government the workers’ councils would be The Polish and Hungarian events and been bitterly disappointed. The blame expense all public and private unmasked, and cleared out as the rumblings now heard from the work­ must be borne by the labor bureaucracy houses which were damaged proper elections were held in the ers and youth of the USSR are conclusive during the suppressidn of coun­ factories, he said.” to whom progress is secondary to its pri­ ter-revolutionaries.” In a speech on Dec. 1 Istvan proof of the correctness of the revolution­ Part of the hundreds of thousands who hailed Egypt’s President Nasser (center) In Cairo vileges and plunder. The movement they From this release some of the Dohi, President of the Hungarian ary perspectives of the great Bolshevik last July following Egyptian nationalization of the Suez Canal Co. The power of the Arab sit on with such assurance today, is be­ demands of the workers’ delega­ Presidium, pointed out that leader Leon Trotsky and the movement mass movement against colonialism, symbolized by this scene, pushed back British and French ginning to stir. Two forces guarantee that tions begin to become clear. The "Every hour spent in strikes imperialism in 1956 and transformed a British-French-Israeli attack on Egypt into a fiasco. which he founded. release is also compelled to meant less bread for the work­ the American unions will not remain as “The decline of 1 Britain’s] imperial power,” says the Dec. 22 N.Y. Times, “hitherto gradual, state: “The masses still have ers. Only when the factories the bureaucrats want them to. These are undramatic, almost painless, now entered a su Iden, violent and more embarrassing stage as misgivings and remain in con­ were administered by the work­ the capitalists and the rank-and-file work­ her dependence upon U. S. diplomatic and financial support was advertised for all to see.” ers’ councils in a way that 2. Arab World in Revolt fu sio n .” ers. The 156-day Westinghouse strike that On the same day Budapest brought more and 'better pro­ World capitalism had its share of revo­ dominated the labor scene for the first Radio announced an agreement duction than the old system of the lutionary troubles in 1956. The revolu­ between Radar and representa­ past could the workers realize months of 1956 show that both forces are their desires. . . Tested workers tives of the workers councils. tionary wave in colonial and semi-colonial very much alive and will push the bureau­ " The Pattern in Hungary” should be brought to the fore­ "According to the radio broad­ countries, having engulfed the Far East front to work in the workers’ cracy aside to get at one another. cast, Premier Radar stated that (The following editorial appeared in the Dec. in late November. But we withheld it, because in the post-war period and reached the As Westinghouse and numerous local the workers council should be councils and trade unions accord­ 15 Midwest Labor World, published by Locals an invisible little bird kept whispering in our ing to their talents.” heights of social revolution in China, con­ strikes revealed that the militancy of the recognized as an advisory or 668, 610 and 405 o f the Team sters U nion in ears this message: “ When everybody says the The Radar government has ganization for the solution of tinues to roll on. A t present it is pounding American workers is still there, so the St. Lou is. — Ed.) same thing, watch out; they’re talking from problems concerning working obviously been compelled to against the walls with which imperialism current movements against dues increas­ their emotions. Think it over and try to guess engage the Workers Councils in What happened in Hungary seems to be conditions. The directors and the divided the Arab world to facilitate inten­ what’s missing from the picture.” almost continuous negotiations. es reveals the gulf between union bureau­ this: That the trade unions suddenly felt their managers of the factories could So we watched the papers, trying to trace The Stalinists make m any sive exploitation. cracy and ranks. Inevitable is an open strength and became free unions. The same be elected by the w o rke rs.” thing happens in America when a company a pattern in the flood of facts, rumors, charges promises. They maneuver. They Considerable but limited independence struggle between them for control of What prompted these conces­ (or independent) union revolts and joins the and counter-charges that make up the news slander the workers. They victories were won in Tunisia and Moroc­ sions? The report makes the America’s labor movement. ranks of legitimate unions. stories. . . We noted the strange delays in threaten. But it is clear beyond reason clear: “ The strike occur­ co in 1954 and 1955. The year now be­ First, the Hungarian workers pulled a na­ United Nations debates. . . We noted the a shadow of doubt — even from red because the representatives hind us witnessed an even fiercer struggle tion-wide general strike, then a national sit- informal talks between the top Russian diplo­ their own accounts of the events of the workers' council tried to 4. Realignments on the Left down. No matter what happens in the future, mat, Shepilov, and the western diplomats, after —- that the opposing forces in in Algeria which all the military resour­ hold a meeting at the Budapest things can never be the same again. The work­ which he cheerfully returned to Moscow, leav­ Hungary are the workers and ces of French capitalism have proved un­ As in the rest of the world, the develop­ Stadium on 'November 21 but ers of Hungary have won the right to run ing his second-stringers to handle affairs at the Stalinist bureaucrats. The able to suppress. The year ahead will see ments in the Soviet sector had great re­ w ere prevented fro m doing so. their country. the United Nations. . . We noted and wondered counter-revolutionary nature of It is learned that the meeting continuation of this freedom fight and percussions in the left-wing in the U. S. If the Russians win this round, enough les­ at all these things, and continued to study Stalinism is demonstrated fully. was scheduled to be held to possibly its triumph. It was a healthy reaction marked by the sons will have been learned by the workers the news. The events described above by While in North Africa the waning beginning of discussions among members to make another round sure. And if —: by an Then Came a hunch. What would the top the Stalinists themselves provide power of imperialism is being demon­ of different parties and widespread senti­ unexpected turn of events — the “western guys of Europe think about a government be­ a good enough background for an understanding of the Dec. strated in long, drawn-out battle, this de­ ment for regroupment of the left. In. ad­ powers” should get a say-so in Hungary and ing overturned by strike action ? What were Hungary No Longer install the aristocrats and business men back 11-12 general strike that was- cline was exhibited in sudden, dramatic the big bankers, industrialists, conservative dition to discussion and some party-to- in power, there’ll be another round too. politicians, and the generals thinking? organized in the face of martial A Peasant Country law. The bureaucracy under the focus in the total collapse of the British- party debates, many individuals including Of course they want to see Communist power HAIL THOSE WHO STAYED leadership of Radar is engaged French blitzkrieg against Egypt, which Vincent Hallinan and Clifford McAvoy, destroyed in Hungary, preferably by an invad­ The widespread misconcep­ in a life and death struggle with Everyone feels sorry for the refugees who ing army from the west, bringing in a blue- tion that Hungary is still an had been conceived as a punitive expedi­ former leaders in the Progressive Party, revolutionary workers. The vic­ crossed the border. That is for the great hulk ribbon, blue-blooded government, hand picked overwhelmingly peasant coun­ tion against the Nasser regime. joined this new outlook to their belief tory of the Workers Councils o f them. in a London bank, and with a treasury con­ try where the working class alone can bring socialist de- Egyptian military resistance prevented in independent .political action for labor (Of course we are suspicious that a few sisting of a "loan” from America. is a small minority was an­ the rapid occupation of the Suez isthmus. by supporting the presidential campaign bums slipped across the border along with the swered in a letter to the Dec. cracy to Hungary. Instead of toppling, the Nasser regime of the Socialist Workers Party. Response other refugees. By bums we mean former aris­ A CONTAGIOUS DISEASE 2 N. Y. Times magazine sec­ was immensely strengthened by mass sup­ to the SWP campaign throughout the tocrats who lost their “social position” and But would they want to see Communism tion by Robert Major, former property when the Communists nationalized overturned by strike action? Ordinary strikes, director of the Hungarian port. The inability of the two great co­ country clearly demonstrated heightened Hungarian industry. Pre-war Hungary was like measles, are “catching.” Strikes to en­ Economic Association. lonial powers to fight the kind of war that receptivity of workers, farmers and the lousy with such creatures, who led the nation force political demands on governments might M a jo r w rite s : “ By 1941, America’s the colonial revolution today imposes on Negro people to a militant socialist pro­ ^nto war on Hitler’s side. Being forced to work be “catching” too, and particularly successful more than ope third of the imperialist invaders, revealed not only gram. 'for a living must have been very painful to strikes. population lived in cities or Road to the diminished power of France and B rit­ Thus the heritage of 1956 to the new these bums, and you know they were scared There must have been serious thoughts of towns with more than 20,000 when the labor union people took charge of inhabitants. Peasants consti­ ain but their desperate economic and year is one of revolutionary struggle in this kind, because Europe is headed for trou­ the Hungarian revolt; more scared than they ble. The boom is fading. Competition between tuted considerably less than diplomatic dependence on U. S. imperial­ the Soviet orbit and colonial world. were of the Russians.) the nations that live by foreign trade is be­ one half of the population and Socialism ism. Though the tempo in America is slower But the brave trade unionists who stayed coming fierce. Spots of unemployment are their ratio decreased be­ b y This at the same time reveals the re­ the accelerated development of the Negro in Hungary and ran a strike in the face of showing up. The chances are not good that tween 1941 and 1945. G reat- JAMES P. CANNON Budapest was the biggest in­ sponsibility of U. S. imperialism for the struggle, stirrings in labor’s ranks, the Russian bayonets and tanks — these are the America will pour money into Europe like it 80 pages 35 cents people to whom our admiration goes. Their dustrial center in Europe, misrule and exploitation of French and slow but sure counter-offensive against did in Marshall Plan days. . . Suppose when O rder from solidarity should be an inspiration to picket­ crisis hits — now, a year from now, maybe east of Vienna.” Since 1941, Hungary has Pioneer Publishers British imperialism in those parts of the the witch hunt, and the new atmospherq ing workers all over the world. longer — that western European workers were developed industrially even 116 U n iv e rs ity Place world they still dominate. The U. S. holds on the left augurs we|l. * < * * to start acting like Hungarian workers. fu rth e r. New Y o rk 3, N . Y. a veto power over the French and British 1957, year of hope and struggle, we wel­ The above, which says what most people have Was that one of the things the invisible capitalists. Only with Wastiingtap’s. ap- come yo.u with enthusiasm! been saying, and a little more, was written little bird was trying to tell us? The Negro Struggle the M ILITANT ______By George Lavan ------A Candidate for the Pulitzer Prize V O L U M E 20 MONDAY, DECEMBER 31, 1956 N U M B E R 53 The Pulitzer prize for journalism this only accredited White House reporter of year should go to William Worthy and the the Associated Negro Press. After trying Afro-American, the paper for which fee is to comply with the special rules and foreign correspondent. Worthy has done regulations set up by the White House for . . . Defy Segregation On Buses what none of the big press association or her conduct at Eisenhower’s press con­ big newspaper reporters dared do. He has ferences, she decided to inform her read­ (Continued from page 1) <»' defied the State Department’s ban on ers about the shameful rigamarole. into the home of Rev. Martin 25: “Our people were greatly Luther King, one of the leaders encouraged. The bus drivers U.S. newsmen going to China and writing Here is her account of the firs t press of the MIA. Several months were cordial and friendly. Fol­ the news from there as they find it. conference after the elections: “ I must earlier his home was the target lowing instructions, they asked The State Department, after years of have been on my feet at least two dozen of a bomb attack. Fortunately us to please move to the rear. propaganda deploring the iron curtain times. He (Eisenhower) recognized re­ no one was injured. But bullet But when we refused they drove which kept American newsmen out of holes and shattered glass testi­ on in good spirits. One white porters behind me, in front of me, along­ fied to the murderous intent of man made a derogatory remark China, now finds it to its advantage to side of me. but carefully avoided calling the racists. The police, as usual, but a group of young white peo­ forbid U.S. reporters to go there. Of on me. The situation . . . was so irritating failed to apprehend the criminals. ple laughed at him.” course the State Department’s action and because it has been repeated again and The new outbreak of terror While Negroes rode buses all failed completely to intimidate day without opposition, the Tal­ its threats of reprisal against Worthy are again over a period of at least a half- A group of leading members of the Montgomery Improvement Association. unconstitutional. But respect for the liber­ the Negroes. Their courage and lahassee City Commission direct­ year. solidarity which won them the ed the Cities Transit Bus Co. effected without untoward in­ ties of the American people do not weigh Miss Dunnigan told how earlier in the support of millions of people to enforce local segregation would seek a court decision on grown accustomed to, we are cident, but the arrogant City much in Washington. throughout the world, yielded laws. Iiev. Steele commenting on the validity of the segregation requesting that you refrain from year she was asked “ quite confidentially Commission is desperately at­ them the victory. this racist action said: “We requirements of its franchise. sitting in the rear end of the bus The Big Business press, which loves to by White House officials to refrain from tempting to maintain racial regret that the City Commission The ICC over the past few unless there are no other seats contrast its “ free” status with that of oppression on the buses. The asking the president any questions with­ meeting for seven hours behind weeks has been preparing Tal­ available.” government-controlled papers in other ICC is still appealing the case out first clearing them with the White closed doors admonishes the bus lahassee’s 15,000 freedom fight­ The Council told its members of 21 boycotters which resulted countries, has docilely submitted to the House. . . I agreed to do this although I company to enforce segregation. ers for a return to the buses. A t that it would provide legal Ride Up Front in fines totalling $11,000 and 60- State Department’s ukase with only a few Tomorrow, we’ll either be on the the last mass meeting a pan­ assistance to any Negro arrested knew it was both unconventional and for sitting in the front of a bus. day suspended jail sentences buses choosing our own seats or tomime was presented to show editorial mutterings. It is quite in keeping unethical. But the very thing happened against each defendant. we’ll be off the buses protest­ how to act and respond in case One woman, who drove her car with the mentality of the lords of the In Tallahassee The boycott began May 28, that I expected. When I informed a White ing. But we’ll stay on the buses of unpleasant incidents. The ICC for the boycotts’ car-pool from 7 press in this country that Frank H. Bar­ 1956. The sentiment of the boy- House official of a question that I was By Henry Gitano till we’re driven off. We are printed leaflets regarding the to 10 in the morning, and put cotters from th.at day on was: tholomew, president of the; United Press about to raise at the next conference, he Tallahassee’s fighters for equal Confident we have been right court order: “The Federal Court out the newsletter, ICC Diary “When you are choking me, I can make a speech (Dec. 26), praising rights ended the seventh month and are right, despite the city order outlawing segregation on (besides attending to her regular politely asked me to withhold the question say to you, turn me loose now, “ the free and unfettered U.S. reporter, of their bus boycott on Dec. 24 commission’s determination to public carriers has arrived at teaching job), said last month until some later date . . . consequently I that she thought “we should not gradually.” by sitting where they pleased in segregate us and herd us to the the federal courts in Tallahassee. prying into all sorts of things which are just all go back on the buses Tallahassee’s Negroes fighting never got to ask that question.” defiance of city and state segre­ rear of city buses. We’ll ride the Upon receipt of the order by the ‘none of his business’ and ‘not in the public for a better world have showft The Negro press is not only perform­ gation laws. Integration on the buses and make choices of our courts ail laws pertaining to like the Supreme Court says, and sit wherever we please.” The remarkable courage and self- interest’” for keeping the American public buses was accomplished without seats. We’re ready to suffer and segregation are dead. From here ing a great service by bringing to light next thing on the agenda she confidence. They have demon­ informed, without referring to Worthy incident. die for freedom.” on in' if a Negro sits in the back thousands of stories about discrimination declared was “doing something strated a willingness to suffer Rev. C. K. Steele president of The bus company announced of a transient carrier he or she and the State Dept. ban. for freedom. The need to back and segregation that the Big Business the Inter-Civic Council, organiz­ that in view of the Supreme is voluntarily segregating him­ about these underpaid domestic The Negro press is to be complimented workers. You can’t live on $3 a them up in the face of arrests, press would prefer to ignore or hush up, ed to direct the bus protest, told Couflt ruling barring segrega­ self. In order to break the seat­ on the courage displayed by Worthy and day.” threats, legal and economic per­ me in a telephone interview, Dec. tion on Montgomery buses it ing pattern which we have it is revealing much about the hypoci’isy secution, remains ever important. the Afro-American. Especially since it is of the “ free and unrehearsed” press con­ Tallahassee’s Negroes have acting in the face of great government acted with firmness and dignity, Financial aid should be mailed pressure. ferences of Eisenhower and the State maintaining their solidarity in to the Inter-Civic Council, 803 Department’s attempt to screen the news the face of arrests and intimida­ Floral Street, Tallahassee, An example of this pressure was re­ tion. Integrated seating has been F lo rid a , vealed last month by Alice Dunnigan, the that reaches the American people. Rev. King Hits Gov’t Policy THE MILITANT ARMY

NEW YORK — “ It is very strange that County and has been shipping food and Noteworthy in this week’s utors have been doing well' at the Government of the United States clothing to WCC victims throughout the mail box is the excellent sales sales at union meetings. Bill F. righteously condemns the repression of South. reports of Militant distributors sold ten papers at a Ward Local the Hungarian people, but utters not a The NCRS has been sparked primarily who have also in St. Paul and Winifred Nelson word about the repression against the by the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car been selling the sold eight at a Ford local. Alto­ gether 28 Militants were sold American Negroes,” said Rev. Martin Porters. It has won the support of numer­ International So­ cialist Review. last week at union meetings in Luther King, president of the Mont­ ous organizations including representative the Twin Cities, A group of leading members of the Tallahassee Inter-Civic Council. (Rev. C. K. Steele at r.) Oakland branch gomery Improvement Association as he bodies of such unions as the International literature agent addressed a Dec. 16 luncheon at the Hotel Ladies Garment Workers Union and the Mildred Carson Commodore of the National Committee United Auto Workers. writes: “I S R s Harvey O’Connor for Rural Schools. A t the luncheon meeting, Dr. King are selling good. We need 35 ad­ The NCRS is an organization which described the Montgomery bus protest 77 Child Workers Died ditional copies of helps to provide material support for the movement and hit out at the “ separate 'the fall issue.” Wins Reversal in Negro victims of economic reprisals in the but equal” concept. “ There can be no The main fea­ South. In addition to armed violence and quantitative equality.” he. declared, “ with­ In Accidents Last Year ture of the magazine’s fall is­ Contempt Case intimidation, the White Citizens Councils out qualitative equality.” sue is an article on the regroup­ By Joyce Cowley large part of the money to are even suspicious of the chap­ ment question. Harvey O’Connojr, author of have waged a campaign to prevent Negro Hailing the rise of the world colonial Washington unused. On July 1, lain from the council Trotskyism 268 pp Entertainment —■ Dancing 1956-57 badly crippled. The majority of “Last night we had a very viction the court dodged the P aper $1.75 Refreshments Each Saturday at 1 PM these youngsters were under 14 inspiring experience. A t a mass issue of the First Amendment, C loth 2.75 Monday, December 31 meeting sponsored by the Na­ ♦ years of age.” No Time to Play basing its decision on the fadt The Struggle for a Pro­ 9 P.M. until? tional Guardian we sold 25 ISRs. FIRST CLASS: that McCarthy’s notorious “are letarian Party 302 pp SOCIALIST GOOD FOR THEIR HEALTH? Lee sold 14 and A1 sold 11. T his Paper $2.00 The Progress you a member” question was so WORKERS PARTY In Pennsylvania and New York, proves that the magazine is a Of American Philosophy bills to restrict child labor were very marketable Commodity. By imprecise and ambiguous that it American Stalinism and 116 University Place — Marxism vs. recently introduced in state legis­ giving serious efforts to popu­ was not a crime to refuse to Anti-Stalinism $.15 latures. In Pennsylvania, the bill larizing the ISR and building a D o na tion: $1.00 Pragmatism answer it. The Road to Peace 48 pp $.25 large subscription list, the road Eight. Lecturs by would have prohibited the labor The Coming American to a monthly magazine of scien­ Commenting on the decision, William F. Warde of children under twelve on large R evolution 32 pp $.10 commercial farms. One legislator tific Socialism will be realized. O’Connor said he was “delighted America’s Road opposing it shouted: “It’s good Our comradely admiration to the that it is now possible for an Sat., Jan. 5 — 1 P.M. T o Socialism 80 pp $.35 for these children to be out in contributors, editor, business American ciitzen to have con­ Socialism on Trial “ Dewey and Education” the field all day in God’s pure manager .of the ISR for this Negroes on the March tempt for Joe McCarthy without 111 pp $.50 ♦ sunshine and fresh air.” The bill wonderful issue. Please rush 20 The I.W.W. - The Great A Frenchman’s Report was defeated. In New York, an additional copies.” going to jail for it.” on the American Negro SECOND CLASS: A n tic ip a tio n 44 PP $-25 The Defense of the attempt to set a sixteen-year San Francisco reports that Struggle minimum age for paid farm the friends who wrote in during O rder fro m Soviet Union By Daniel Guerin workers operating tractors and the election campaign for fur­ A Sem inar hazardous machines was also de­ PIONEER PUBLISHERS 192 pages $1.50 ther information about the So­ Detroit Fri. Night Conducted by T. Edwards feated.- cialist Workers Party are now 116 U n iv e rs ity Place O rder fro m Children as young as five PIONEER PUBLISHERS being visited. Frank Barbaria New' Y o rk 3, N .Y . Sat., Jan. 5 — 2:30 P.M. work in the summer heat as long writes: “We are meticulously Socialist Forum 116 University Place “ Inequalities and social an­ as ten hours a day, six days a visiting each and every one who Catalogue on Request N ew Y o rk 3, N . Y. week. This kind of outdoor liv­ tagonisms in the Soviet wrote in and are getting subs announces a series ing is not so beneficial, espe­ U nion.” to the Militant. We are also of talks on cially when it is combined with meticulously visiting all of the ♦ an inadequate diet— usually con­ 200 or more persons to whom PROBLEMS 1702 East -1th S treet sisting of beans and salt pork— ’free samples’ of the paper have i t ANgelus 9-4953 and the miserable housing and OF THE LEFT S p ec ial been sent and are pressing'them sanitation of the migrant labor Auspices: for a sub. This work and Contact H ow can a worker better his economic conditions camps. • development constitutes the main and fight for lasting peace? How can the Negro people Socialist Workers Party We must fight for legislation “In Search of a Program” task at this time.” and other minorities advance their struggle for complete to prohibit child labor on the Fri., Jan. 4 — 8 P. M. political, social and economic equality? What is the program farms, but this is just an initial Seattle literature agent writes of the Socialist Workers Party? For clear-cut answers to step. Cyrus H. Karraker, in an about new active sub-getteus for Speaker: Martin Mitchnick these questions get a three-month introductory subscription BOOKS - PAMPHLETS article, “Forgotten Child La­ the Militant, who were “sold” to The Militant for only 50 cents. borers,” calls for a' national net­ on the paper after taking a three- • On Socialism month trial subscription. They work of day-care centers for mi­ “Can the UN Bring Peace?” The Militant and the Labor grant children and points out had previously sympathized with Movement that: “Every year, under the So­ the CP. The wife sells papers on Friday, Jan. 11-8 P.M. 116 University Place cial Security Act, Congress ap­ the street, and she has placed New York 3, N. Y. Order Free Catalog from: propriates federal child welfare the M ilitant in two business es­ • funds for use by the welfare de­ A ten-year-old California cotton picker is shown dragging tablishments in her neighbor­ PIONEER PUBLISHER EUGENE V. DEBS HALL partments of the states to operate a 35-pound sack of cotton. For the product of his four hour’s hood. Between her and her hus­ Name ...... 116 U n iv e rs ity Place programs for dependent rural laboil in 1955, he collected $1.15, giving his a wage of less than band they managed to sell 13 3737 Woodward, 2nd Floor Street ...... -...... Zone New Y o rk 3, N . Y. children . . . every year these de­ 30c. an hour. Such conditions are still common in agriculture of the subscriptions we sent in.” C ity ...... —...... State partments have been returning' a throughout the United States. The Twin Cities M ilitant distrib­