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APIRG/19 WP/14 Appendix 3.2J INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION VOLCANIC ASH CONTINGENCY PLAN AFI REGION First Edition - October 2012 THIS DOCUMENT IS ISSUED BY THE DAKAR AND NAIROBI ICAO REGIONAL OFFICES UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE APIRG 1 Page 2 of 32 Volcanic Ash Contingency Plan – AFI Region FOREWARD Within and adjacent to the Africa and Indian Ocean (AFI) Region there are areas of volcanic activities which are likely to affect flight in the AFI Region. The major volcanoes in the region are located in the following States: Algeria, Cameroon, Cape Verde Islands, Chad, Comoros Island, Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, France (Reunion Island), Kenya, Madagascar, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Spain (Canary Islands, Madeira), Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda. The names of the concerned volcano are listed in APPENDIX K (source: Smithsonian Institution). This document is the AFI Air Traffic Management (ATM) Volcanic Ash Contingency Plan which sets out standardised guidelines and procedures for the provision of information to airlines and en-route aircraft before and during a volcanic eruption. Volcanic contamination, of which volcanic ash is the most serious, is a hazard for safe flight operations. Mitigating the hazards posed by volcanic ash in the atmosphere and/or at the aerodrome cannot be resolved in isolation but through collaborative decision-making (CDM) involving all stakeholders concerned. During an eruption volcanic contamination can reach and exceed the cruising altitudes of turbine-powered -
Country Update Report for Kenya 2010–2015
Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2015 Melbourne, Australia, 19-25 April 2015 Country Update Report for Kenya 2010-2014 Peter Omenda and Silas Simiyu Geothermal Development Company, P. O. Box 100746, Nairobi 00101, Kenya [email protected] Keywords: Geothermal, Kenya rift, Country update. ABSTRACT Geothermal resources in Kenya have been under development since 1950’s and the current installed capacity stands at 573 MWe against total potential of about 10,000 MWe. All the high temperature prospects are located within the Kenya Rift Valley where they are closely associated with Quaternary volcanoes. Olkaria geothermal field is so far the largest producing site with current installed capacity of 573 MWe from five power plants owned by Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KenGen) (463 MWe) and Orpower4 (110 MWe). 10 MWt is being utilized to heat greenhouses and fumigate soils at the Oserian flower farm. The Oserian flower farm also has 4 MWe installed for own use. Power generation at the Eburru geothermal field stands at 2.5 MWe from a pilot plant. Development of geothermal resources in Kenya is currently being fast tracked with 280 MWe commissioned in September and October 2014. Production drilling for the additional 560 MWe power plants to be developed under PPP arrangement between KenGen and private sector is ongoing. The Geothermal Development Company (GDC) is currently undertaking production drilling at the Menengai geothermal field for 105 MWe power developments to be commissioned in 2015. Detailed exploration has been undertaken in Suswa, Longonot, Baringo, Korosi, Paka and Silali geothermal prospects and exploration drilling is expected to commence in year 2015 in Baringo – Silali geothermal area. -
Geothermal Potential of the Kenya Rift
Presented at Short Course III on Exploration for Geothermal Resources, organized by UNU-GTP and KenGen, at Lake Naivasha, Kenya, October 24 - November 17, 2008. GEOTHERMAL TRAINING PROGRAMME Kenya Electricity Generating Co., Ltd. STATUS OF GEOTHERMAL EXPLORATION IN KENYA AND FUTURE PLANS FOR ITS DEVELOPMENT Peter A. Omenda Kenya Electricity Generating Company Ltd. (KenGen) P.O. Box 785, Naivasha KENYA [email protected] ABSTRACT The high temperature geothermal prospects in Kenya are located within and are associated with the development of the Kenya Rift. Kenya Rift is a continental scale volcano-tectonic feature that stretches from northern to southern Africa. Development of the Rift started during the Oligocene (30million years ago) and activity has continued to recent times. The last 2 million years saw the development of large shield volcanoes within the axis of the rift. These centres are the most important geothermal prospects within the rift. Association between rifting and most of the occurrences of geothermal energy is mainly due to shallow magma chambers underneath the young volcanoes within the rift axis. KenGen in collaboration with the Ministry of Energy of the Government of Kenya has undertaken detailed surface studies of most of the prospects in the central sector of the rift which comprises Suswa, Longonot, Olkaria, Eburru, Menengai, Lakes Bogoria and Baringo, Korosi and Paka volcanic fields. Electric power is currently being generated at Olkaria with 130MWe installed while exploration drilling has been undertaken at Eburru and a 2.5MWe pilot plant is planned for development by KenGen and commissioning by 2009. Common methods that have been used by KenGen during exploration expeditions include geology (lithology, geochronology, structures); geophysics (seismic, gravity, magnetic, and resistivity); geochemistry (fluid and thermometry), heat flow and environmental baseline assessments. -
Influence of Regional Tectonics and Pre-Existing Structures on the Formation of Elliptical Calderas in the Kenyan Rift
Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 23, 2021 Influence of regional tectonics and pre-existing structures on the formation of elliptical calderas in the Kenyan Rift E. A. M. ROBERTSON1*, J. BIGGS1, K. V. CASHMAN1, M. A. FLOYD2 & C. VYE-BROWN3 1School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queen’s Road, Bristol BS8 2JN, UK 2Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA 3British Geological Survey, Murchison House, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3LA, UK *Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract: Calderas are formed by the collapse of large magma reservoirs and are commonly ellip- tical in map view. The orientation of elliptical calderas is often used as an indicator of the local stress regime; but, in some rift settings, pre-existing structural trends may also influence the orien- tation. We investigated whether either of these two mechanisms controls the orientation of calderas in the Kenyan Rift. Satellite-based mapping was used to identify the rift border faults, intra-rift faults and orientation of the calderas to measure the stress orientations and pre-existing structural trends and to determine the extensional regime at each volcano. We found that extension in north- ern Kenya is orthogonal, whereas that in southern Kenya is oblique. Elliptical calderas in northern Kenya are orientated NW–SE, aligned with pre-existing structures and perpendicular to recent rift faults. In southern Kenya, the calderas are aligned NE–SW and lie oblique to recent rift faults, but are aligned with pre-existing structures. -
USGS Open-File Report 2009-1133, V. 1.2, Table 3
Table 3. (following pages). Spreadsheet of volcanoes of the world with eruption type assignments for each volcano. [Columns are as follows: A, Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World (CAVW) volcano identification number; E, volcano name; F, country in which the volcano resides; H, volcano latitude; I, position north or south of the equator (N, north, S, south); K, volcano longitude; L, position east or west of the Greenwich Meridian (E, east, W, west); M, volcano elevation in meters above mean sea level; N, volcano type as defined in the Smithsonian database (Siebert and Simkin, 2002-9); P, eruption type for eruption source parameter assignment, as described in this document. An Excel spreadsheet of this table accompanies this document.] Volcanoes of the World with ESP, v 1.2.xls AE FHIKLMNP 1 NUMBER NAME LOCATION LATITUDE NS LONGITUDE EW ELEV TYPE ERUPTION TYPE 2 0100-01- West Eifel Volc Field Germany 50.17 N 6.85 E 600 Maars S0 3 0100-02- Chaîne des Puys France 45.775 N 2.97 E 1464 Cinder cones M0 4 0100-03- Olot Volc Field Spain 42.17 N 2.53 E 893 Pyroclastic cones M0 5 0100-04- Calatrava Volc Field Spain 38.87 N 4.02 W 1117 Pyroclastic cones M0 6 0101-001 Larderello Italy 43.25 N 10.87 E 500 Explosion craters S0 7 0101-003 Vulsini Italy 42.60 N 11.93 E 800 Caldera S0 8 0101-004 Alban Hills Italy 41.73 N 12.70 E 949 Caldera S0 9 0101-01= Campi Flegrei Italy 40.827 N 14.139 E 458 Caldera S0 10 0101-02= Vesuvius Italy 40.821 N 14.426 E 1281 Somma volcano S2 11 0101-03= Ischia Italy 40.73 N 13.897 E 789 Complex volcano S0 12 0101-041 -
Geology and Geothermal Resource Utilization Options in the Arus-Lake
Proceedings ARGeo 2 conference Entebbe, Uganda, 24-26 November 2008 Geology and Geothermal Resource Utilization Options in the Arus- Lake Bogoria Prospect, Northern Kenya Rift John Lagat, Kenya Electricity Generating Company Ltd, Olkaria Geothermal Project, P. O. Box 785, Naivasha 20117, Kenya [email protected] ABSTRACT area was carried to determine the potential and propose how best the resource could be Arus-Lake Bogoria geothermal prospect is utilized. located in the northern sector of the Kenyan Ethiopia Rift. Geothermal phenomena in form of a d n a a g i l U fumaroles, hot springs, steam jets, geysers, a KENYA L. Turkana m o sulphur deposits and high geothermal gradient S Nairobi expressed by anomalously hot ground and anomalous groundwater manifest the area. Tanzania Mombasa Detailed surface exploration surveys carried Barrier out in the prospect indicate presence of low to Namarunu 2oN intermediate temperature fracture controlled Emuruangogolak geothermal system(s) in the area. Silali Paka These low to medium enthalpy resources can Korosi be utilized in direct uses and electric power L. Baringo generation using binary-cycle power plants. L. Bogoria 0o The direct use applications that can be realized Nyanza Rift Menengai L. Nakuru in the area include tourism, spa pools, L. Elmenteita Eburru greenhouse heating, agricultural produce L. Naivasha Olkaria volcanic Longonot drying and industrial processes. The direct use complex application currently available in area is Suswa LEGEND tourism and a spa pool at one of the tourist Central volcanoes Lakes L. Magadi hotel. Advances in binary-cycle power and 2oS Faults submersible pump technologies have made L. -
Geothermal Development in Kenya: a Country Update - 2012
Geothermal Development in Kenya: A Country Update - 2012 Peter A. Omenda Geothermal Development Company Ltd, P. O. Box 100746-00101 Nairobi, Kenya [email protected] Keywords: Geothermal, Kenya rift, Country update, 1.1 Electricity Subsector Potential Electricity remains the most sought after energy source by the Kenyan society and access to it is normally associated ABSTRACT with rising, or high quality of life. However, its consumption Kenya is endowed with vast geothermal resource potential in Kenya is extremely low at 121 kilowatt hours (KWh) per along the world Kenya Rift that transects the country from capita (compared to 503 KWh in Vietnam or 4,595 KWh for north to south. Exploration reveals that geothermal potential South Africa). About 29% of Kenyans are connected to exceeds 10,000 MWe. Out of this potential, only 212.5 electricity while the connection rate in the rural areas is MWe and 18 MWt are being utilized for indirect and direct estimated at 15%. This situation is rapidly changing as the uses, respectively. Kenya Electricity Generating Company country invests more resources in power generation, Ltd (KenGen) and Geothermal Development Company Ltd transmission and distribution. In addition, policy and (GDC) have undertaken detailed surface studies of most of institutional reforms in the sector are being implemented to the prospects in the Kenya rift and active drilling is in create room for new providers. progress in the Greater Olkaria field and at Menengai. The Least Cost Power Development Plan (2010-2030) prepared 1.2 Institutional Structure in Kenya by the Government of Kenya indicates that geothermal Following the enactment of the Energy Act No. -
Region 2 Africa and Red
Appendix B – Region 2 Country and regional profiles of volcanic hazard and risk: Africa and Red Sea S.K. Brown1, R.S.J. Sparks1, K. Mee2, C. Vye-Brown2, E.Ilyinskaya2, S.F. Jenkins1, S.C. Loughlin2* 1University of Bristol, UK; 2British Geological Survey, UK, * Full contributor list available in Appendix B Full Download This download comprises the profiles for Region 2: Africa and Red Sea only. For the full report and all regions see Appendix B Full Download. Page numbers reflect position in the full report. The following countries are profiled here: Region 2 Africa and Red Sea Pg.90 Algeria 98 Cameroon 103 Chad 109 Democratic Republic of Congo 114 Djibouti 121 Equatorial Guinea 127 Eritrea 133 Ethiopia 139 Kenya 147 Libya 154 Mali 159 Niger 164 Nigeria 169 Rwanda 174 Sao Tome and Principe 180 Sudan 185 Tanzania 191 Uganda 198 Brown, S.K., Sparks, R.S.J., Mee, K., Vye-Brown, C., Ilyinskaya, E., Jenkins, S.F., and Loughlin, S.C. (2015) Country and regional profiles of volcanic hazard and risk. In: S.C. Loughlin, R.S.J. Sparks, S.K. Brown, S.F. Jenkins & C. Vye-Brown (eds) Global Volcanic Hazards and Risk, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. This profile and the data therein should not be used in place of focussed assessments and information provided by local monitoring and research institutions. Region 2: Africa and Red Sea Figure 2.1 The distribution of Holocene volcanoes through the Africa and Red Sea region. The capital cities of the constituent countries are shown. Description Of all the regions of world we have the least historic and geologic information about Africa’s 152 volcanoes. -
Direct Use of Geothermal Energy: Menengai Direct Use Pilot Projects in Kenya
DIRECT USE OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY: MENENGAI DIRECT USE PILOT PROJECTS IN KENYA Esther Nyambura [email protected] [email protected] Tuesday, 22nd August, 2017 San Salvador, El Salvador 1. DIRECT USE APPLICATIONS IN KENYA • 50 ha of rose flower is grown in a geothermal Green house heating at Oserian heated greenhouse for export • Plant constructed in the 1920s Pyrethrum Drying at Eburru • Uses heat from a shallow geothermal well • The Olkaria Geothermal Spa Swimming Pools and Spa • Lake Bogoria Spa Hotel geothermal heated swimming pool Condensate Harvesting in Eburru, • Local communities condense steam from Suswa and Paka fumaroles for domestic uses in Suswa 2 2. THE MENENGAI PILOT PROJECTS IN KENYA Four demonstration units have been set up: Geothermal powered dairy unit Geothermal Heated Aquaculture Ponds Geothermal Heated Green house Geothermal Powered Laundry Unit 3 3. THE MENENGAI PILOT PROJECTS IN KENYA(Cont’d) • Exploitation of all geothermal resources GDC’s • Expansion of the projects Perspective • A plan to have an industrial park around Menengai is in place • The project is at the trial/proof of concept stage. Technical • Technical personnel with specialty in geothermal applications still being Barriers developed. • This therefore leads to disparity in the results versus the expectations. • Full support from the Government. Licences obtained. Financial • GDC is fully funded by the Government, hence high dependence on and grants and donors. Regulatory Barriers • Long procedures and bureaucracy • Environmental and safety standards maintained •The projects generate attraction and positive response from the visitors •Promotions done in trade fairs and exhibitions Public Sector •The sale of produce from the projects generated highly positive response due to their Involvement high quality •An industrial park is set to be built around Menengai, GDC will sell energy at subsided prices. -
Radon and Soil Gas Surveys in Paka Geothermal Propect, Kenya
Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2010 Bali, Indonesia, 24-29 April 2010 Radon and Soil Gas Surveys in Paka Geothermal Prospect, Kenya Opondo, K.M. Kenya Electricity Generating Company Ltd, Olkaria Geothermal Project, P.O. BOX 785, Naivasha, 20117 Email; [email protected] Keywords: CO2, Radon, Soil gas, Paka, Summit Volcano, North Island ETHIOPIA high heat flux L. Turkana 4°N Central Island ABSTRACT South Island Barrier Volcano Radon and soil gas surveys involved measuring of carbon Namarunu 2°N dioxide gas using an Orsat apparatus and radon gas using an Emuruangogolak Emanometer. The Paka geothermal prospect has sparse Mt. Elgon Silali Paka KENYA groundwater boreholes and almost non existent hot springs. Korosi L. Baringo Nyambeni Radon soil gas was conducted as part of the sampling Arus-Bogoria Kisumu 0° programme in Paka. The radon soil gas were conducted to Mt. Kenya L. Victoria L. Nakuru Eburru determine the greatest extend to which high radon counts L. Naivasha Olkaria Longonot could be determined. The lowest radon counts from the Suswa Nairobi radon surveys were observed to the south, west, the Ol'Esakut Olorgesaille northern and eastern parts of the Paka geothermal prospect. L. Magadi 2°S LEGEND Shombole Most of these parts were covered by alluvial deposits. This Volcanic center L. Natron Chyulu Lake Ol'DoinyoLengai restricts the paths for radon as it ascends to the surface and Geothermal Prospect Geothermal Field Kilimanjaro thus lowers the counts. In the central parts of Paka Volcano, Rift Fault TANZANIA Olkaria Area of study high radon counts were encountered in the vicinity of the Scale 0 50 100 150 4°S 36°C 38°C summit and areas of high fumarolic activity. -
Geothermal Potential of the Kenya Rift
Presented at Short Course II on Surface Exploration for Geothermal Resources, organized by UNU-GTP and KenGen, at Lake Naivasha, Kenya, 2-17 November, 2007. GEOTHERMAL TRAINING PROGRAMME Kenya Electricity Generating Co., Ltd. STATUS OF GEOTHERMAL EXPLORATION IN KENYA AND FUTURE PLANS FOR ITS DEVELOPMENT Peter A. Omenda Kenya Electricity Generating Company Ltd. (KenGen) P.O. Box 785, Naivasha KENYA [email protected] ABSTRACT The high temperature geothermal prospects in Kenya are located within and are associated with the development of the Kenya Rift. Kenya Rift is a continental scale volcano-tectonic feature that stretches from northern to southern Africa. Development of the Rift started during the Oligocene (30million years ago) and activity has continued to recent times. The last 2 million years saw the development of large shield volcanoes within the axis of the rift. These centres are the most important geothermal prospects within the rift. Association between rifting and most of the occurrences of geothermal energy is mainly due to shallow magma chambers underneath the young volcanoes within the rift axis. KenGen in collaboration with the Ministry of Energy of the Government of Kenya has undertaken detailed surface studies of most of the prospects in the central sector of the rift which comprises Suswa, Longonot, Olkaria, Eburru, Menengai, Lakes Bogoria and Baringo, Korosi and Paka volcanic fields. Electric power is currently being generated at Olkaria with 130MWe installed while exploration drilling has been undertaken at Eburru and a 2.5MWe pilot plant is planned for development by KenGen and commissioning by 2009. Common methods that have been used by KenGen during exploration expeditions include geology (lithology, geochronology, structures); geophysics (seismic, gravity, magnetic, and resistivity); geochemistry (fluid and thermometry), heat flow and environmental baseline assessments. -
Geothermal Energy and Indigenous Communities
Geothermal Energy and Indigenous Communities : The Olkaria Projects in Kenya by Dr. Ben R. Ole Koissaba Geothermal Energy and Indigenous Communities : The Olkaria Projects in Kenya 1 by Dr. Ben R. Ole Koissaba This report is part of the project “The Road from Paris to Sustainable Development : Effectively Integrating Human Rights and Gender Equality into EU Climate Actions”. Table of contents 3 Introduction 4 Country Policy Context 8 Case study : the Olkaria Geothermal Projects 11 Policy Recommendations 12 Conclusions 13 List of Civil Society Experts Interviewed 14 References 16 Biography of the Author Abbreviations ACHPR African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights ACHPR-WG African Commission’s Working Group on Indigenous Populations AFD Agence Française de Développement AGIL African Geothermal International Limited CDM Clean Development Mechanism DVC Deputy Vice Chancellor EIB European Investment Bank EIB-CM European Investment Bank Complaint Mechanism ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment EU European Union FAO Food and Agricultural Organization GDC Geothermal Development Company ILO International Labor Organization IPPs Independent Power Producers KenGen Kenya Electricity Generating Company KfW Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau NGO Non-Governmental Organization NEMA National Environmental Management Authority PAP Project Affected Persons RAP Resettlement Action Plan TJRC Truth Justice and Reconciliation Commission UNDP United Nations Development Program UNDRIP United Nations Declarations on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples’ 1. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the Heinrich Böll Foundation. 3 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY AND INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES The Olkaria Projects in Kenya 1. Introduction The case study was carried out in Kenya between October 5th and the National Land Commission, the county governments of Narok 14th, 2017.