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2.7.4 Lamprosomatinae Lacordaire, 1848

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2.7.4 Lamprosomatinae Lacordaire, 1848 Lamprosomatinae Lacordaire, 1848 77 2.7.4 Lamprosomatinae Morphology, Adults (Fig. 2.7.4.1 E – G). Length 1.8 – 8 mm (largest species are in Lychnophaes and Lacordaire, 1848 the smallest in Cachiporra Chamorro & Konstan- tinov). Body between 1.5 times longer than wide Maria Lourdes Chamorro (subcircular) to as long as wide (rounded); pro- thorax basally as wide as combined elytral bases Distribution . Worldwide, approximately 250 but promptly narrowing anterad in dorsal view; species are classifi ed in 14 genera in four tribes: greatly convex with pronotal lateral margins at Cachiporrini (with a single monotypic genus approximately 90 ° angles to the anterolateral edge from Brazil), Neochlamysini (two genera from the of elytra in lateral view; anteriorly blunt, poste- Afrotropical Region), Sphaerocharini (one genus riorly inclined, in transverse plane semicircular from Brazil), and Lamprosomatini (ten genera). (ventrally fl at); smooth dorsal surface without pro- Within Lamprosomatini , only Oomorphus Curtis is nounced interstices. Color black to metallic, occa- widely distributed, with records from all biogeo- sionally multicolored, usually refl ective depending graphic regions. Oomorphoides Monr ó s is known on visual angle. from the Oriental and Australasian Regions. Lam- Head declined, anteriorly fl at, inserted into prosoma Kirby, Dorisina Monr ó s, Lamprosomatoides prothorax completely or up to frons with eyes Monr ó s, Lychnophaes Lacordaire, and Oyarzuna completely to barely visible from above. With- Bechyn é are Neotropical endemics. Asisia Bezdek, out transverse occipital ridge or stridulatory fi le. L ö bl & Konstantinov and Scrophoomorphus Medve- Frontal region with or without median groove. dev are endemic to the Oriental region, and Xenoo- Eyes entire, not protuberant, fi nely facetted, with- morphus Monr ó s is restricted to the Afrotropical out interfacetal setae; canthus of each eye absent Region [Chamorro & Konstantinov 2011; Monr ó s to deeply developed. Antennal insertions not 1956, 1958, 1959; Seeno & Wilcox 1982]. exposed from above; subantennal grooves pres- ent. Fronto clypeal strengthening ridge absent or Biology and Ecology (Fig. 2.7.4.1 A – C). Lampro- weakly inversely V-shaped. Clypeal region trap- somatinae, like its sister-taxon Cryptocephalinae ezoidal. Labrum well-developed, subquadrate (collectively known as the Camptosomata), build or narrowly rectangular and appearing almost portable fecal enclosures as larvae. Both subfami- absent; anterior edge usually truncate, concave lies share similar life histories and oviposition or widely triangular. Antennae 11-segmented, behavior [Erber 1988; Chamorro, in press (this shorter than pronotum, weakly clavate to capitate volume)]. However, although larval cryptocepha- (Cachiporra ); scape subglobular to elongate and lines are largely saprophagous, larval lamproso- longer than pedicel. Mandibles usually deltoid, matines actively and sometimes destructively feed moderately elongate, gradually curved mesally, on the bark of live trees (Monr ó s 1956), including enlarged in some males; mola and prostheca their stems. Some species (i. e., Lamprosoma azureum absent. Maxillae each with digitate, setose galea, Germar) have been considered as potential biologi- quadrate lacinia, and digitate apical maxillary cal control agents of invasive plants (i. e., Psidium palpomere. Mentum transverse; ligula bilobed; cattleianum Sabine, the strawberry guava, Myrta- apical labial palpomeres digitate; mentum trans- ceae, an invasive species in the Hawaiian Islands verse. Gular sutures widely separated and short. and southern Florida, USA). Documented hosts Tentorium with anterior arms and bridge absent. include Bombacaceae, Combretaceae, Fabaceae, Cervical sclerites reduced. Melastomataceae, and Myrtaceae. Possible asso- Pronotum about 0.75 – 1.0 times as long as ciations with non-woody plants such as those in wide, broadly deltoid, widest basally; ante- Compositae (i. e., Artemisia Linnaeus) have been rior sides concealed ventrad; posterior margin indicated; however lamprosomatines appear to slightly narrower or as wide as combined elytral feed on woody plants. Larvae of Lamprosoma chori- bases; lateral pronotal carinae not pronounced, siae Monr ó s carry cases that mimic the spines on entire to sinuate, not explanate or visible from the bark of their host, Chorisia spp.; the presence of above; anterior and posterior angles rounded or the case-bearing larvae may only be detected by fol- pointed; posterior angles bearing large seta; pos- lowing their feeding trails. Feeding by this species terior edge weakly to strongly produced medi- usually takes places in the evening or at night, and ally, not margined; disc entire, distinctly to the larvae may travel some distance from their well- weakly punctate. Prosternum absent directly in concealed resting spot, a location where the larvae front of coxae, deltoid laterally, on same plane remain for most of the day and where they may as visible section of mesoventrite; antennal eventually pupate (i. e., Lamprosoma chorisiae ). Lar- grooves present along prosternal process; pros- val lamprosomatines may be preyed upon by para- ternal process complete, usually parallel-sided sitic Hymenoptera, for example those in Cryptinae to deltoid, with apex (posterior margin) truncate Kirby (Ichneumonidae) [Caxambu & de Almeida (Lychnophaes , Oomorphus ), concave (Lamprosoma ), 1999; Erber 1988; Kasap & Crowson 1976; Kimoto or pointed (Neochlamys Jacoby), or with apical 1964; Monró s 1949, 1956; Reid 1990]. bifurcation (Sphaerocharis Lacordaire). Notosternal 78 Maria Lourdes Chamorro Fig. 2.7.4.1 Lamprosomatinae. A, Lamprosoma seraphinum (after Fiebrig 1910 & Erber 1988); B, Lamprosoma sp. (after Fiebrig 1910, Erber 1988); C, Lamprosomatinae egg (after Erber 1988); D, Oomorphus concolor larval head, anterior view (after Reid 1990); E–G, Lychnophaes globulosus (after Monr ó s 1956); E, dorsal view; F, ventral view; G, lateral view. sutures distinct. Hypomera with variable surface absent, suture entire. Mesoventrite separated sculpture, almost always smooth and concave to by complete sutures from mesanepisterna; ante- accommodate basal sections of prolegs. Procoxae rior edge on same plane as metaventrite, large not projecting below prosternum, without con- section of the mesoventrite fl attened in Crypto- cealed lateral extensions; trochantins exposed cephalinae ; in Lamprosomatinae mesoventrite within coxal cavity; procoxal cavities subcircular, more or less angled and only apex on same plane very narrowly (e. g., Neochlamys , Sphaerocharis ) to as prosternum; these sections of the mesoventrite widely separated (e. g., Lamprosoma ), open, with- restricted to small overall portion of the entire out lateral extensions. Scutellar shield deltoid, mesothorax); without procoxal or prothoracic medium sized (e. g., Neochlamys ) to very small rests. Mesocoxae not conical or projecting, with (e. g., Oomorphus ), not elevated, anteriorly entire, exposed trochantins; cavities broadly separated posteriorly acutely pointed; rugosity present on (greater than widest diameter of each mesocoxa), anterior concealed part of mesoscutellum. Elytra subcircular, slightly oblique or not, partly closed about 1 – 1.5 times as long as wide and 1 – 3 times laterally by mesepimera and small portion of as long as pronotum; regularly (with eight to ten mesanepisterna. Metaventrite with discrimen as weak puncture rows) (e. g., Lychnophaes ) or irreg- long as entire sclerite (extending to metaventral ularly punctate (e. g., Asisia ); punctures small; process); katepisternal (transverse) suture absent; sutural striae fl at; disc smooth; humeri weakly metanepisternum moderately elongate, ante- developed, without abrupt basal edge; elytral riorly deltoid narrowing medially, broadening apices meeting at median suture, concealing all posterad sometimes becoming concave/angled tergites, or exposing or partly exposing strongly to accommodate hind femora (e. g., Lychnophaes , pigmented pygidium; epipleurae well-defi ned, Lamprosoma ). Metacoxae moderately separated, vertically oriented (visible in lateral view) or hori- horizontally oriented, extending laterally to meet zontally (hidden in lateral view), narrowing api- metanepisterna; plates absent. Metendosternite cally; elytral base (posterad of scutellar shield) with short stalk; long lateral arms usually wide never exposing metascutellum; elytral serration at base; laminae well-developed and broad or Lamprosomatinae Lacordaire, 1848 79 absent (e. g., Sphaerocharis ); anterior process short orro & Konstantinov 2011; Chamorro-Lacayo & (shorter than stalk), bearing variously separated Konstantinov 2004; Chamorro-Lacayo, Konstan- anterior tendons. Hind wings with long apical tinov & Moseyko 2006; Monr ó s 1956, 1958; Reid fi eld, anterior and posterior remnants of RP pres- 1990; Sch ö ller 2008]. ent; radial cell triangular, well-developed to api- cally open (radius-median crossvein missing); RP Morphology, Eggs and Scatoshell (Fig. 2.7.4.1 short or connected to posterior arm of radial cell; C). Egg oval, with chorionic stalk. Color milky- media (M) short; subcubital fl eck absent; three to white to yellowish-white. Surface of chorion four anal veins present and cross-veins forming micropustulate. Scatoshell cone-shaped, almost one to two anal cells; in some species, veins par- tassel-hat-shaped; resembling seeds, buds, horns; tially (anal region, e. g., Oomorphus fl oridanus Horn) may contain bark or plant remnants [Caxambu & or completely reduced
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