Turk J Bot 28 (2004) 427-434 © TÜB‹TAK Research Note Morphological, Anatomical and Ecological Studies on Tulipa armena Boiss. var. lycica (Baker) Marais (Liliaceae)
Atila OCAK Osmangazi University, Faculty of Science & Arts, Department of Biology, Eskiflehir - TURKEY Sevim ALAN Anadolu University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Botany, Eskiflehir - TURKEY Ebru ATAfiLAR Osmangazi University, Faculty of Science & Arts, Department of Biology, Eskiflehir - TURKEY
Received: 28.07.2002 Accepted: 28.01.2003
Abstract: This study presents investigations into the morphological, anatomical and ecological features of Tulipa armena Boiss. var. lycica (Baker) Marais. T. armena var. lycica, an endemic species which was collected from the Eskiflehir, Alpu-Bozan plantation area and from Kunduzlar Dam and its environs. The species is a new record for Eskiflehir. For morphological studies a description and illustrations of T. armena var. lycica are given. The morphological differences were compared with the Flora of Turkey. For anatomical studies, cross-sections of the root, stem and leaves and surface sections of the leaves of T. armena var. lycica are investigated for the first time. Furthermore, for ecological investigations, the chemical and physical properties of the soil a re analysed. The climate of Eskiflehir and other climatic features are also given.
Key Words: Tulipa armena var. lycica, endemic, morphology, anatomy, ecology
Tulipa armena Boiss. var. lycica (Baker) Marais (Liliaceae) Üzerinde Morfolojik, Anatomik ve Ekolojik Çal›flmalar
Özet: Bu çal›flmada Tulipa armena Boiss. var. lycica (Baker) Marais’in morfolojik, anatomik ve ekolojik özellikleri araflt›r›lm›flt›r. Endemik bir tür olan T. armena var. lycica, Eskiflehir Alpu-Bozan a¤açland›rma sahas›ndan ve Kunduzlar Baraj› çevresinden toplanm›flt›r. Tür Eskiflehir için yeni kay›t niteli¤i tafl›maktad›r. T. armena var. lycica’n›n morfolojik özellikleri incelenmifl ve farkl›l›klar Flora of Turkey ve di¤er çal›flmalar ile karfl›laflt›rmal› olarak verilmifltir. Anatomik çal›flmalar için bitkinin kök, gövde, yapra k enine kesitleri ile yaprak yüzeysel kesitleri incelenmifl ve sonuçlar verilmifltir. Ekolojik çal›flmalarda T. armena var. lycica’n›n yetiflti¤i topra¤›n kimyasal ve fiziksel özellikleri ile Eskiflehir’in iklimsel özellikleri verilmifltir.
Anahtar Sözcükler: T. armena var. lycica, endemik, morfoloji, anatomi, ekoloji
Introduction (1985). Other investigations have been carried out into The genus Tulipa L. belongs to the family Liliaceae and Liliaceae and Iridaceae by Özyurt (1978). is represented by 16 taxa (15 species), of which 2 are The genus Tulipa has attractive flowers and has been endemic in Turkey (Davis, 1984, 1988; Özhatay, 2000). widely used as an ornamental plant. Various local Turkish Tulipa armena Boiss. var. lycica (Baker) Marais is an names are used for Tulipa species. Some of these are endemic species (Davis, 1984). T. armena var. lycica is a “Türk lalesi”, “Halep lalesi”, “Bodur lale”, “Çoban lalesi”, new record from Eskiflehir and is a rare taxon. A “Amasya lalesi” and “Trakya lalesi” (Baytop, 1994). taxonomic revision of the genus Tulipa in India and There have been no anatomical and ecological studies adjoining regions was performed by Dasgupta & Deb of the Tulipa species naturally distributed in Turkey.
427 Morphological, Anatomical and Ecological Studies on Tulipa armena Boiss. var. lycica (Baker) Marais (Liliaceae)
Materials and Methods obovate-spathulate, apex retuse with infrequently short Tulipa armena Boiss. var. lycica (Baker) Marais was hairs. Filaments black-dark green, 7-10 mm, hairless; collected from the Eskiflehir, Alpu-Bozan plantation area anthers dark, basifixed, 10-20 mm. Ovary glaucous, 10- and from Kunduzlar Dam and its environs. Specimens for 30 mm, cylindric, style short, stigma 3-lobed (Figure 1). morphological studies were dried according to standard Fl. 4-6. Rocky slopes and screes, mainly 1000-2750 herbarium techniques and stored at the Osmangazi m. University Herbarium (OUFE 9052). The materials necessary for anatomical studies were preserved in 70% alcohol. Anatomical Results The taxonomic description of the plant was made Root according to Davis (1984) and also confirmed by the A transverse section taken from the middle part of the herbarium samples of the examined species in ANK and root was observed as follows (Figure 2). GAZ‹. The morphological illustrations were drawn with a The epidermis is composed of almost square cells. The Wild M5A stereomicroscope. cortex is 5-6-layered and consists of parenchyma. These Anatomical investigations were performed on the parenchyma cells are irregular or oval and thin-walled. cross-sections of the root, stem and leaves, and on the The single-layered endodermis consists of 3 thick-walled surface sections of leaves. The cross and surface sections cells. The direction of these thicknesses is the cortex side. were covered with glycerin-gelatin (Vardar, 1987). The The pericycle is single-layered and thin-walled. The drawings were made by means of a camera lucida of a number of xylem ridges is 4 or 5 and these are opposite Leitz SM-LUX binocular microscope. The photographies the phloem. The centre of the vascular cylinder is were taken from Olympus CH40, diagnostic digital composed of 3 metaxylems. camera (SPOT insight clour 3.2.0). Stem Soil textures were determined by the Bouyoucus A transverse section taken from the middle part of the hydrometer method (Bouyoucos, 1955). Soil pH, CaCO 3 (%) and total salinity (%) were determined with a stem was observed as follows (Figure 3). Beckman pH meter, a Scheibler calcimeter and The epidermis is composed of small orbicular cells and conductivity bridge apparatus, respectively (Jackson, infrequently bears stomata. The cortex comprises 1958; Nehring, 1960). Organic matter (%) and nitrogen parenchyma and sclerenchyma. The 4-5-layered (%) were determined by the Walkley-Black and micro- parenchyma consists of oval or orbicular cells and is on Kjeldahl methods, respectively. Phosphorus (%) was the outer side of the cortex. The sclerenchyma is 4-5- determined by using the ammonium molybdatestannous layered and is on the inner side of the cortex. The chloride method following extraction by ammonium vascular bundles are more numerous in the vascular fluoride in hydrochloric acid. Potassium (%) was cylinder. determined by an Eppendorf photometer (Petri & Leaf Wagner, 1978; Steubing, 1965). The transverse section of the lamina and the mid-rib and surface preparations of both epidermises revealed Morphological Results the following elements (Figures 4 and 5). Perennial, 15-40 cm. Bulbs spherical, 3-4 x 1.5-2.5 In transverse section, the upper and lower cm. Tunics reddish-brown, papery, or old ones epidermises comprise uniseriate, almost square and coriaceous, densely hairy with longish twisted or rippled orbicular cells. The cells of the upper epidermis are larger soft hairs. Stem erect, 7-30 cm. Leaves 4, oblong- than those of the lower epidermis. Both epidermises are lanceolate, 7-14.5 x 0.5-3.5 cm, glaucous, glabrous or covered with a thick cuticle. The stomata occur on the ciliate, recurved. Flowers crimson to scarlet, paler red, surfaces of both sides, being more abundant on the lower pinkish or yellow outside. Outer perianth segments 35- surface. They are located on the same level and contact 60 x 10-20 mm, ovate-elliptic, apex acute-obtuse with with 4 neighboring cells. The leaf is isolateral. The infrequently short hairs; inner 30-55 x 15-25 mm, mesophyll consists of 9-11-layered cells, oval or slightly
428 A. OCAK, S. ALAN, E. ATAfiLAR
b a b c
a c 3 cm 5 mm 5 mm
Figure 1. Tulipa armena var. lycica a) Habit, b) Inner and outer segments of perianth, c) Ovary and stamen. elongated. Vascular bundles are uniseriate and of harsh and terrestrial climate. The wide plains, such as different sizes in the mesophyll. Porsuk and Upper Sakarya, which lie between the mountains and extend from east to west, are 800-1000 metres high. The city is surrounded by mountains in the Ecological Results north and south and by high plateau in the west. While Climate this situation impedes the effect of the Mediterranean and The climate of Eskiflehir seems to be a transitional Black Sea climates on the city, it allows, albeit only climate type between the West Anatolian climate and the slightly, the West Anatolian climate to permeate into the Inner Anatolian climate. In the city there is generally a city (Tables 1 and 2; Figure 6).
429 Morphological, Anatomical and Ecological Studies on Tulipa armena Boiss. var. lycica (Baker) Marais (Liliaceae)
e
cp
en
pe x ph
100µ
mx
Figure 2. Tulipa armena var. lycica cross-section of root: e) Epidermis, cp) Cortex parenchyma, en) Endodermis, pe) Pericycle, x) Xylem, ph) Phloem, mx) Metaxylem.
430 A. OCAK, S. ALAN, E. ATAfiLAR
e
sc
cp
scl
ph
x 100µ
pi
Figure 3. Tulipa armena var. lycica cross-section of stem: e) Epidermis, sc) Stoma cell, cp) Cortex parenchyma, scl) Sclerenchyma, ph) Phloem, x) Xylem, pi) Pith.
431 Morphological, Anatomical and Ecological Studies on Tulipa armena Boiss. var. lycica (Baker) Marais (Liliaceae)
sc
ue
x ms
ph
le 100µ
Figure 4. Tulipa armena var. lycica cross-section of leaf: ue) Upper epidermis, le) Lower epidermis, sc) Stoma cell, x) Xylem, ph) Phloem, ms) Mesophyll.
432 A. OCAK, S. ALAN, E. ATAfiLAR
Table 1. Bioclimate stratum of the study area according to Emberger’s (1952) formula.
Station Altitude P PE M m S Q Bioclimate Stratum
Eskiflehir 801 m 379.2 59.52 28.7 -3.7 2.1 40.9 Semi-dry Mediterranean
S = PE/M (S: Value of dry season, PE: Average summer precipitation, M: Average maximum temperature of the hottest month) Q = 2000.P/(M + m + 546.4) . (M-m) (Q: Comparison of temperature-precipitation, P: Total annual precipitation, M: Average maxim um tempera- ture of the hottest month, m: Average maximum temperature of the coldest month)
Table 2. Annual precipitation (mm) according to the seasons and precipitation regime data from Eskiflehir Meteorology Station.
Spring Summer Autumn Winter Annual Precipitation Regime
Eskiflehir 120.68 59.52 74.31 124.67 379.2 W.S.F.S.
sc Temperature °C Precipitation mm
39.1°C 40 80 ue ESK‹fiEH‹R (800m) 10.9°C 373.6 mm 29.2°C 35 [41] 70 30 60 25 50 20 40 15 30 Dry -3.8 °C 10 Rainy Rainy 20 -26.3 °C 5 10 0 0
JFMAMJJASOND
sc Figure 6. Graph of temperature and precipitation data in Eskiflehir. le
Discussion 100µ In this research, Tulipa armena var. lycica is a new record from Eskiflehir. This species has been investigated morphologically, anatomically and ecologically in order to assist in its identification and solve systematical problems. The morphological features of Tulipa armena var. lycica were compared with Davis (1984) and Özyurt Figure 5. Tulipa armena var. lycica suface-section of leaf: ue) Upper (1978) (Table 4). It was seen that some features were epidermis, le) Lower epidermis, sc) Stoma cell. different from these authors. Soil The anatomical investigations of Tulipa armena var. In this study, chemical and physical features of the soil lycica are reported for the first time in this study. The on which the species grow naturally were investigated root, stem and leaf transverse sections and leaf surface (Table 3). sections were investigated. Most of the anatomical
433 Morphological, Anatomical and Ecological Studies on Tulipa armena Boiss. var. lycica (Baker) Marais (Liliaceae)
Table 3. Chemical and physical properties of the soil.
Physical Properties Chemical Properties
% % % Texture pH Total % Total P 2O5 % Sand Silt Clay Classes % CaCO3 Organic Matter % N ppm Salt
22.65 39.49 37.86 Silt wet clay 7.85 9.30 4.07 0.42 24 0.22
Soil texture class: Silt wet clay Soil pH class: Weak alkali % Calcium carbonate: Mean lime % Organic matter: High humus Total nitrogen: High nitrogen Phosphorus (P2O5): Mean/High % Total salt: Weak saline
Table 4 . The comparative biometric data of T. armena var. lycica.
Davis, 1984 Özyurt, 1978 Ocak et al., 2002
Plant size - 24-28 cm 15-40 cm Bulb - 3.5-4.5 x 1.5-2 cm 3-4 x 1.5-2.5 cm Stem - 20-22 cm 7-30 cm Leaf 6-20 x 1.5-3.5 cm 9.5-15 x 0.8-3.3 cm 7-14.5 x 0.5-3.5 cm Outer perianth 23-58 x 9-27 mm 38-47 x 21-25 mm 35-60 x 10-20 mm Inner perianth 20-45 x 7-20 mm 38-47 x 21-25 mm 30-55 x 15-25 mm Filaments 6-12.5 mm - 7-10 mm Anthers 4-13 mm - 10-20 mm Ovary - - 10-30 mm Capsule 25-45 mm - -
properties of Tulipa armena var. lycica resemble the wet clay, weak alkali, mean lime, high humus, high
general characteristics of monocotyledons (Esau, 1977). nitrogen, mean/high phosphorus (P 2O5) and weak saline. As seen in Table 3, the physical and chemical properties of the soil in which the plant grows are: silt
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