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Rtment of 'History THE BISE AND PALL OF THE TEXAS RADICALS 1867-1883 APPROVED1 Graduate Committees a M^jpr Professor Minor A y ^''/LYC CL C/ -i?~-r t— ComaTFiee Member I r~—— Committee~Member Chairip^rf^' the~~Department of 'History Dean of the Graduate School Baggett, James A., The Rise and Fall of the Texas Radi- cals. 1867-1883. Doctor of Philosophy (History), May, 1972. 217 PP*» 9 tables, 1 illustration, bibliography, 326 titles* The purpose of this monograph is to study the early Texas Republican party within the framework of well-known political party functions, i.e., to provide political leader- ship, recruit governmental personnel, generate public policy, and propagate ideology. The primary sources of data are the state Republican leaders' correspondence, offioial public doc- uments, diaries and memoirs, and contemporary newspapers, imprints, and books. In addition, biographical information on over 250 early Texas Republicans is utilized. Thesis organization generally is chronological, commencing with the 1884' national Republican defeat* Thesis Chapters I through VI examinei respectively, party leadership, the founding of the party, its factions, program, rule and de- mise. Certain generalizations about the state's reconstruction Republican party appear valid* The Texas Republican party owed its origin to prewar Unionism reinforced by the war, and represented for the majority of its leadership the last of many vehicles utilized for Unionist expression* Although congressional reconstruction swept into the Texas political arena "black leaders and carpetbaggers, their role continued to be one of collaboration, not control. The ideological concerns of the Texas Republican party varied little from the founding of the state party in 1867 until I883. By any standard, they represented a consistency of political belief hardly excelled by earlier or later Texas political factions. The party platforms and Radical speeches and letters reveal a concern with suppression of violence, protection of civil rights, free public schools, the encour- agement of internal improvements, and state aid for the in- ducement of imigration. Though some Radicals favored social equality, few openly declared themselves for it 1 most Republicans, black and white, avoided the issue. It is more than a little doubtful that Texas Radicals, on the whole, believed in racial equality, but their attitude toward the Negro was vastly different from that of most white Texans. They believed in the freedman* s ability to progress, as well as to labor. Although Radicals were unable to alter the racial attitude of the majority of Texans, a noticeable improvement in the Negro*s legal con- dition occurred under the Republican regime. Seeking to institute their program, Texas Republicans devised the Constitution of 1869. Then, they sought increased police control to fill the vacuum created by the withdrawal of United States forces. Believing themselves confronted with a choice between a rule of prejudice, bias, and local despotism, or a powerful government able to bring uniform security and freedom, they chose the latter. In surprisingly many areas the Radicals were consider- ably In advance of their times. The Texas public school system founded in 1871, provided for the first time oppor- tunity for free education to all the state*s children, in a graded system, with certified teachers. With the end of Rad- ical rule, the public education system in Texas took a sharp turn downward. The primary weakness of the Radicals was their inability to generate broadly based political support. Continuation of Radical political power depended upon one or more highly un- likely circumstances 1 continued congressional support for Radical government in the South, disfranchisement of a large number of white Texans, a division of Texas into two or more states, adoption by the white majority of a new attitude re- garding race, the winning of popular support by a highly unpopular state administration, or a rapid heavy influx of northern and foreign immigrants into Texas, THE RISE AND FALL OP THE TEXAS RADICALS 1867-1883 DI33EHTATXON Imeited to the Graduate Cornell of the Forth Texas State Xftilverslty la Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements POT the Degree of B0CTOB OP PHILOSOPHY By Jmm&m A. Baggett, B. S., M. Ed. Denton, Texas 1972 Copyright by James Alex Baggett 1972 ii TABLE OP CONTENTS Page LIST OP TABLES . ... Iv LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS v Chapter I. ORIGINS OF THE TEXAS REPUBLICAN PARTY ... 1 II. BIRTH OF THE TEXAS REPUBLICAN PARTY .... 38 III. SCHISM IN TEXAS REPUBLICAN PARTY 71 IV. TEXAS REPUBLICANS AND THE SPECIAL LEGISLATIVE SESSION OF 1870 112 V. RADICAL INNOVATION AND THE OPPOSITION , . .153 VI. THE DECLINING DECADE, 1873-1883 18^ CONCLUSION ..... 211 BIBLIOGRAPHY .218 ill LIST OP TABLES Table Page I. Examples of Texas Whigs and Know Nothings Who Became Republicans, 1865-1877 . 8 II. Examples of Texas Constitutional Unionists Who Became Republicans, 1865-1877 . 15 III. Examples of Texas Wartime Unionists Who Became Republicans, 1865-1877 • 26 IV. Examples of Texas German Unionists Who Became Republicans, 1865-1877 • 30 V. Examples of Texans In The Union Army, 1861-1865, Who Became Republicans, 1865-1876 35 VI. Eramples of Negro Republicans in Texas, 1867-1876 ........ 81* VII. Examples of Carpetbaggers In The Texas Republican Party, 1865-1877 86 VIII. Examples of Confederates Who Became Republicans, 1865-1877. 89 IX. Examples of Republican Newspapers, 1865-1877 ! 166 iv LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1, Comparison of Counties Voting a Higher Percentage than the State as a Whole (22.k%) in 1861, against Secession with Counties in which Republican Vote exceeds by 10% Negro Population in 1872 Election .... 23 CHAPTER I ORIGINS OF THE TEXAS REPUBLICAN PARTY Conspicuous amidst the gallery of portraits in the Texas capitol rotunda are those of the state's three Repub- lican governorsi Andrew J. Hamilton* Elisha M. Pease, and Edmund J* Davis. Aside from the fact that these three men served the Lone Star State during most of the Reconstruction era, several other factors come to mind when viewing their portraits* For one thing, the Texas careers of the trio ex- tended hack into early statehood! in the 1850's, they were, respectively* Congressman Hamilton, Governor Pease, and Judge Davis* In a sense, Hamilton, Pease, and Davis were representative of those Unionists who founded the Texas Republican party in the I865-I867 period* Pease typified that class of wartime Unionists which despite Confederate harassment steadfastly remained in Texas during the conflict* Hamilton epitomized hundreds of refugees who chose exilet and Davis symbolized the over two thousand Texans who fought with the Union army*1 The portraits hang as a reminder that the *"For biographical information regarding Elisha Marshall Pease, see Benjamin H* Miller, "Elisha Marshall Pease," unpub- lished master's thesis, Department of History, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, 19271 Robert J. Franzetti, "Elisha Mar- shall Pease and Reconstruction," unpublished master's thesis, post-Civil War Republican party owed its origin to prewar Unionism reinforced by the war. The Texas Republican party represented for the majority of its leadership the last of many vehicles utilized for Unionist expression. Unquestionably, the party leadership from 186 5 until the death of E. J. Davis in I883 belonged to Department of History, Southwest Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, 19701 and Walter Prescott Webb, editor, The Handbook of Texas. 2 vols. (Austin, 1952), II, 351* The life of Andrew Jackson Hamilton is ably described in John L. Waller, Colossal Hamilton Q£ Texas. A Biography of Andrew Jackson Hamilton. Military Unionist and Reconstruction Governor (El Paso, 1968).Other material of interest may be found in John Robert Adkins, "The Public Career of Andrew Jackson Hamilton," unpublished master's thesis, Department of History, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, 19^71 and Elsye Drennan Andress, "The Gubernatorial Career of Andrew Jackson Hamilton," unpublished master's thesis, Department of History, Texas Tech- nological College, Lubbock, Texas, 1955* For a brief sketch of Hamilton's life see Webb, editor, Handbook of Texas. I, 759. A biography is needed of the much hated, often much abused, Edmund Jackson Davis. Some details of Davis* life may be read in the Galveston Weekly Free Man's Press. July 25, 18681 San Antonio Daily Herald. August 31t 18701 Brownsville Herald. May 10, 1936I James T. DeShields, Thev Sat in High Place* The Presidents and Governors of Texas (San Antonio, 1940), pp. 279-2811 Norman G. Kittrell, Governors Who Have Been and Other Public Men of Texas (Houston, 1921), p. 521 J. Lee and Lillian J. Stambaugh, The Lower Rio Grande Vallev of Texas (San Antonio, 195^5, p. 115i W. C. Nunn, Terns Under The Carpetbaggers (Austin, 1962), p. 21; Seth S. McKay, "Texas Under the Regime of E. J. Davis," unpublished master's thesis, Department of History, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, 1919» p. 164t and Webb, editor, Handbook of Texas. I, 469-470. 2 Technically, the state party was founded in July, I867. The first state Republican convention commenced July 4, I867 at Houston after several local meetings of Unionists in the spring of I867. Austin Southern Intelligencer. May 2, I8671 Flake's Daily Galveston Bulletin. Mav 18671 Flake's Semi Weekly Galveston Bulletin. May 25, June 5, 12, and July 10, 1867 • long "time Texans with Whig, Know Nothing, Constitutional Unionist, or anti-secessionist backgrounds—each a manifes- tation of
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