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Home , Atlantis

, The Lost

Judy Johnston

(We are printing Miss Judy Johnston's complete source theme The Lost Island of Atlantis, not only because of its universal interest, but also because of the aid it may offer to those students who are preparing work along the same lines. We recommend it as interesting, informative reading.)

THE FACTUAL BASIS FOR THE STORY II In addition to the historical and OF ATLANTIS, THE LOST CONTINENT archaeological findings of Schlie- mann in Russia and , the OUTLINE discovery of lava in 1898 near the Since the , when active Canary and Azora Islands offers interest in the 25,000 year old Platonian concrete historical support to the story of the lost island-continent of plausibility of the legend of a lost island empire. Atlantis w1l;srevived, archaeological find- A. Papyrus rolls found in the mgs and historical and geological know- museum of St. Petersburg, ledge have given support to the existence Russia, by Dr. Henry Schlie- of Atlantis, while cultural similarities mann refer directly to Atlan- between European and American civiliza- tis. tions have been the basis for locating l. Expedition by Pharaoh Atlantis as a continent in the Atlantic Sent Ocean, where both and the roman- 2. Atlantean at tically interested students place it. start of Egyptian history I The story of At1antis was first B. Some of the treasures of told by Plato in his dialogues Priam, found in 1873, are en- "" and "Cr itias." graved with the name of the A. Plato had been told the king of Atlantis. s~ory, which was already C. A history of Atlantis on tab- eight thousand years old, by lets of clay is preserved in a his great grandfather who monastery in Central . had heard it from , a 1. Accompanied by map wise Greek. 2. Account of the breaking 1. Large island empire up of the continent 2. Great in commerce D. In 1898 it was shown that 3. Highly advanced civili- volcanic action had taken zation place near the Can a r y 4. Destroyed by an - Islands. quake in twenty-four 1. Laying of a cable hours 2. Lava, cooled on land, B. Although many passages in found ancient literature speak of III Ocean soundings proving that the islands which greatly resem- Canaries and are peaks of ble Atlantis, none call it by submerged mountains and facts name, making Plato's account regarding the formation of the the only documentary evi- Great Central Gas Belt make the dence of the lost island's geological existence of Atlantis existence. "highly probable." A. The Dolphin Ridge is a sub- 1. Str abo, the geographer, merged mountain range go- first to mention Atlantis ing from northwest after Plato and the Iberian Peninsula to 2. , the land of the Phaeacians, described by . in the "" 1. Azores and Canaries 3. Diodorus' description of 2. Unorganized masses of an island located west of rocks Libya in the ocean 3. Structural similarity of 4. ' reference European and American to the outside mountain ranges 5. Skepticism in regarding B. Atlantis was submerged story as a because when the Great Central Gas of scientific discoveries Belt was formed under the

-15--. Atlantic, according to one entirely discredit P'lato's geo- Belt was formed under the geologist. graphy are Atlantis m. Amer- ica, the cosmological Idea of 1. Northern and southern Karst, and the theory of Iand divisions between Ireland and Brit- 2. Gas chambers tany. C. The possibility of a flood, instead of an earthquake, de- C. The theory which builds o? stroying Atlantis has been Plato's account most fully ~s advanced. that advanced by LeWIS 1. Melted glaciers Spence and Ignatius Don- 2. Diamond fields support nelly that Atlantis ~as, m earthquake theory reality, an island m the IV There are eight main th;:;ories. of . location of Atlantis now m exist- 1. Spence uses geology for ence. . the basis of his conclu- A. The theories of 'l:'art~ssos, sion. North Africa, and Nigeria all 2. Donnelly uses the re- are lacking evidence. . semblances between .the 1. Depend on archaeologi- of the cal findings and and Africa. 2. Only suggestive value at present 3. Theory most popular b~- B. Three of the theories which cause of its romantic interest.

great is 1and - Atlantis was the largest island in the empire, vanish- group of islands in the Atlantic Ocean 2 ing fro m the and could be reached by going from one face of the earth island to another.3 in the space of a When the world was divided between day and a night the Olympians, the island of Atlantis and -has ever another story been told to the nearby land went to , who match this one? Twenty-three hundred became the first Atlantean king and years ago the story of Atlantis was first founded the Poseidon Dynasty. After a told by Plato; today it is still as fascinat- while, Poseidon divided his land among ing and stimulating to the imaginative mind as it then was. his five sets of male twins. , the older one of the first sets, was the head When he was a child, Plato had been of all the rest, and was the one to whom told the story, already eight thousand the island was given. The entire island, years old, by his great grandfather who the capital city, and the surrounding sea had heard it from Solon, one of the wisest were all named after him _ thus, Atlan- of the ancient Greeks. Egyptian priests tis.'4 had related the story of Solon when he VIas traveling in .1 In Timaeus The island consisted of a large, fertile plain bounded on the north by high moun- Plato describes Atlantis as an island, tain ranges. The capital city, also called larger than Asia Minor and Libya com- Atlantis, was connected to the sea by a bined, lying ten thousand stadia (one deep, artificial canal and was surrounded thousand miles) beyond the Pillars of by three large stone walls.5 The city of , the ancient name for Gibralter. Atlantis was tamous for three things: two

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springs of running water, one hot and one means 'a center for commercial ex- cold, which Poseidon had created; a large change.'ll Before the Phaeacians had harbor with many. docks; and a magnifi- lived in Scher ia, they had lived in Hy- cent temple with much gold and silver pereia near the who are said to which was used for the worship of have lived in . They were brought Poseidon.6 The AtIanteans made their west to Scheria by Nausithons, a son of country a great commercial center and Poseidon. 12 Because of these resem- built many ships, temples, and canals; blances, "it is quite possible that Scheria, their main city resembled Carthage or the island of the Phaeacians in the Tyre at their peak of wealth and pros- Odyssey, is connected with Plato's perity.7 island." 13 "But in spite of the resem- For many years the Atlanteans dwelt blances, the differences are marked if' this land, living mainly by commerce enough to exclude the possibility of a and agriculture. After a while, however, direct relation between the and the they became warlike and conquered much Odyssey. It is more likely that both con- of the territory within and around the tain elements of the same tradition, or Mediterranean. When they tried to con- elements of different versions of the same quer Greece, the Athenians rallied and tr adi tion." 14 managed to defeat the invaders. They A famous passage describing a some- were conquered in approximately 9600 what similar island located in the ocean B. C.8 While the Athenian army was still west of Libya is contained in the Histori- occupying the island of Atlantis, an earth- cal Library of Diodorus, a Sicilian histor- quake Came and in a day and a night the ian living in Caesar's time.15 Another entire land, with its temples, cities, civil- possible literary reference to Atlantis is ization, and people, disappeared. from the given by Theopompus of , a contem- face of the earth. This is the essential porary of Plato's. This Greek historian material contained in Plato's dialogues, wrote that Europe, Asia, and Libya, the Timaeus and Critias, "not only the earliest three islands making up the known world, but the sole documentary evidence of the were surrounded by the sea with nothing existence of Atlantis."9 outside but a huge continent with much , the geographer, who was born gold and silver.I6 in 54 B. C. is the first to mention Atlantis Atlantis was reganded only as an in- after Plato.lO Although he did not be- vention of Plato's until recent years.17 lieve the tale, he tells of a first century After the Renaissance when interest in Stoic, Poseidonuis, who did believe it to the was revived, many men such be tnue. There are many passages in an- as Voltaire and Buffon seriously debated cient literature which are thought to refer the possibility of the island's real exist- to Atlantis although they don't call it ence.18. One reason for considering the by name. Scheria, land of the Phaeacians, story as is that no writer before told of by Homer in the Odyssey, resem- Plato - even who had visited bles Atlantis in many ways. It, too, is Egypt one hundred years after Solon- located beyond Gibralter in the ocean; ever mentioned it.19 Another fact which according to Homer, Scheria was moun- discolors the story is that Plato states the tainous; and the word 'scheria', itself, exact measurement of the canals and comes from the Phoenician language and buildings; this would call for a most re-

17 - markable memory. On the other hand, waters of the Brahmaputra River in Cen- "if Plato had sought to draw from his tral Asia which contains tablets of clay imagination a wonderful and pleasing giving a long history of Atlantis is im- story, we should not have had so plain portant. On these tablets it is written and reasonable a ."20 Scientists, that "Atlantis was joined to both America, for centuries, paid no attention to the Europe, and Africa. A great volcanic story, but now because of recent findings, convulsion took place and the American it is admitted that "Atlantis is a possi- end was broken and: a number of islands bility."21 formed. Subsequently another great vol- Dr. Henry Schliemann, excavator and canic convulsion took place on the other archaeologist, is one of the men who has side of Atlantis. Land was submerged done much to strengthen the theory of and a sea formed. Then Atlantis became the existence of Atlantis. In the museum a great island with water on all sides."26 in St. Petersburg, Russia, he unearthed a These findings would seem to prove that papyrus roll saying that Pharaoh Sent of there is a firm basis of fact for regarding the Second Egyptian Dynasty had sent an Atlantis as a once existent island. expedition to the west to search for traces Another purely historical finding to of Atlantis. After five years, however, strengthen the plausibility of the story the expedition returned having found was made at the turn of the century. A nothing. The same papyrus goes on to cable, being laid from Cape Cod to Brest say that the ancestors of the Egyptians in 1898, broke when it was about 1700 came from this land, i.e. Atlantis.22 In fathoms deep and: 500 miles north of the the same museum there is another Azores. In fishing for the broken strand papyrus saying that the height of Atlan- the grappling-irons brought up lava. tean civilization coincided with the first Further examinations, showing that the beginnings of Egyptian history.23 lava had cooled in the open air and not In 1873 when Dr. Schliemann was ex- in the ocean, proved that the volcanic cavating and found the treasures of action had taken place on land.27 By Priam, he discovered some engraved in geological estimation the eruption took Phoenician hieroglyphics saying, 'From place less than 15,000 years ago. the king of Atlantis.'24 After the lava was discovered, ocean On the Lion Gate, Maycarne, Crete, soundings were taken which showed that Schliemann discovered an inscription the ocean bed in this was very which read: "The Egyptians descended mountainous, with deep valleys and high from Misor. Misor was the child of Thoth, peaks. The summits of this submerged the god of history. Thoth was the emi- mountain range going from Northwestern grated son of a priest of Atlantis, who Africa and the Iberian Peninsula to Cen- having fallen in love with the daughter tral America, sometimes called the Dol- of King Chronos, escaped, and after many phin Ridge, are in reality the Canary and wanderings landed in Egypt. He built Azore Islands.28 As early as the seven- the first temple at Sais and there taught teenth century Father Kircher, a Jesuit, the wisdom of his native land."25 had advanced the theory that the Canaries In addition to these significant arch- and Azores were the peaks of the sub- aeological findings of Dr. Schliemann, the merged Atlantean mountains.29 To prove discovery of a monastery near the head- this theory it will only be necessary now

18 - to show that Atlantis was actually located and Julia in the Mediterranean where Plato described it. were formed in this way.34 Another Much of the Dolphin Ridge around related point is that "the geological for- these two groups of islands is composed mation of the diamond fields of Brazil of unorganized masses of rocks. "No such and of Africa can only be accounted for confusion and disturbance could be by such a catastrophe as is described in accomplished except by the material fall- the account of the destruction of Atlantis. ing."30 Other geological information Any physicist knows that diamonds are which has some bearing on the case con- only formed under the intense heat and cerns the Great Central Gas Belt which pressure that such a catastrophe would encircles the world underground. entail."35 The Great Central Gas Belt is divid- It is possible that instead of the con- ed into two lines; the Northern going un- tinent sinking, the Atlantic Ridge Plateau der the Atlantic beneath the Azores, and was exposed by a subsiding sea and left the Southern passing below the Canary bare and later flooded when the sea Islands. Atlantis was held, upon the arose due to the melted polar ice. One level of the water by isolated gas cham- geologist36 has said that the sea during bera and was immediately above the the glacial period was 12,000 feet below route of the Gas Belt which was forming. the present sea leve1.37 The rising sea When the Belt tapped these chambers, could not have been told from a falling they were blown out and the land went land' by the people living on the island. down.31 If there had been no chambers Probably the suddenness of the sinking holding up Atlantis, instead of the land was added by the people who escaped to going down, mountains would have come make the story more dramatic. Geologi- up. The formation of the Northern Divi- cally speaking it is the rapidity of the sion of the Belt, which, in itself, is not submersion, and not the sinking itself, too deep in the earth, first pulled the which makes the whole story so unusual. land down so that it was awash at low In 1912 Pierre Termier, a distinguish- tide. Later, when the Southern division ed geologist published a volume supporting formed, the land sank to its present the idea that the Atlantis story had many level. 32 This geological theory agrees facts for a basis.38 He said that "the with Plato's statement that the Atlantic Platonian history of Atlantis is highly Ocean was impassable because of mud probable."39 On the other hand, how- shoals after the catastrophe. "From a ever, Schuchert in 1917 wrote that "there geological standpoint there is no date are no known geologic data that prove or shown when Atlantis was submerged even help to prove the existence of Plato's except that it went down when the Great Atlantis in historic times."40 Central Gas Belt was formed runder the There have been many efforts to North Atlantic Ocean."33 place the island of Atlantis. One of the Geologically, the disappearance of most fantastic theories was given in 1679 Atlantis is not impossible. Not only have by Olof Rudbeck who tried to prove that islands been completely swallowed. up by was Atlantis.41 In the main, the ocean before, but they have also been however, there are eight theories regard- thrown up above the surface of the ocean ing the location of the island. They are by titanic energy. The two islands of are follows:

-19- "Atlantis in America, in North Afric~, island, in Morocco, opposite the Canary d in Nigeria' Atlantis as an island m Islands.47 ~he Atlantic Oc~an; Atlantis as : K t' theory of a two-fold Atlantis; The theory that Atlantis was in the GfJ~n~s theory of the land subsidences Yoruba country, part of Nigeria, was between Ireland and Brittany in th,e Bronze Age; and the theory that Plato s advanced by the African explorer, Leo Atlantis represents a memory o~ t~e flood- Frobenius. The Yoruba country has many ing of the Mediterranean basm. 42 lagoons and canals along its borders-both The theories of Tartessos, North on its coast, facing the Gulf of Guinea, Africa, and Nigeria all are lacking evi- and along the banks of the Niger River dence. Adolf Schulten was the first one which separates it from the rest of who connected Tartessos43, an ancient Nigeria.48 Bronze Age city located at the mouth of It is evident that the theories of these the Guadalquivir and approximately the three locations - Tartessos, North Africa, modern Cadiz, with Plato's island. In and Morocco-all depend on archaeologi- Plato's time Tartessos was thought by the cal evidence. Until this evidence or some Greeks to have disappeared about one other concrete support is discovered they hundred years before then in approxim- will be nothing more than suggestive ately 500 B. C. The city disappeared in theories. this way. In 533 B. C. the Carthaginians A Spaniard, Francisco Lopez de sacked Tartessos and became its masters. Gamara, became in 1553 the first to By 509 B. C., because of a treaty made identify Atlantis with America.49 Francis with Rome, the Carthaginians were the Bacon was one of the men who accepted only people who possessed the right to this theory. This theory of identification navigate beyond the - has changed so that now it is thought thus, this made Tartessos disappear in a that the eastern part of America, once a sense from the rest of the worlct.44 All much larger continent, is submerged un- searches for this ancient city were failures der the Atlantic.50 and 'fin 1926 Schulten had to admit that An entirely different and original Tartessos must be buried under the sea, theory is that there were two islands of for he could find no trace of it at the Atlantis, a theory making use of the mouth of Guadalquivir."45 cosmological thought of a Pillars of Her- Professor Paul Borchardt of Munich, cules both to the east and west. Accord- Germany, advanced the theory that Atlan- ing to the orientalist Karst, the originator tis was located in North Africa on the of the idea, there was one island of Atlan- Syrtis Minor.46 His reasoning is based tis in the Indo-Persian Ocean which dis- on Atlas, one of the kings of Atlantis. appeared at the beginning of the Ice Ag,e According to mythology Atlas was an and another in North Africa. The second ancestor of a great people near the Syrtis was destroyed by flood.51 Minor. It follows then that the Syrtis Dr. Gidon, the man who thinks that Minor and Atlantis are identical. A a vague knowledge of the land sub- slightly different African location was sidences between Brittany and Ireland proposed by Felix Berlioux, a French might have begun the Atlantean legend, archaeologist in 1874. He claimed to have has a case which is primarily botanical. found Atlantis, which he thought was the He doesn't claim that the submergence capital city of large empire and not an will fit the entire legend. He does, how-

20 - ever, think that the speed of the disaster continent, broke up, until, in 25,000 B. C., is very probable because all of the Zuyder all that was left was two continental Zee was submerged in 1282 in one day.52 islands: Atlantis, near Gibralter,. and Many of the theorists who have Antilia, now the islands of Antilles, off attempted to locate Atlantis believe in the the· coast of America. The breaking up details but not the framework which process continued until, in approximately Plato gives. They claim that his dates 10,000 B. C., Atlantis was submerged, and geography are wrong, but, in trying except for the summits of her moun- to prove their theories, they use his tains.57 topographical and architectural details. The last theory, that of Atlantis as an The theory which builds on Plato's ac- island in the Atlantic, gains the support count, disregarding none of its aspects, is of all people interested in the story from that Atlantis was really an island in the the romantic view. To them "either Atlantic Ocean. Cadet, a Frenchman, was Atlantis is an island in the Atlantic the first to advance this theory in 1787. Ocean, or it is not 'Atlantis' at all." 58 Ignatius Donnelly's book, "Atlantis: the Human interest is aroused by the idea of Antediluvian World," published in 1882 a civilization existing on a large contin- made this theory popular.53 ent struck by disaster from the face of Donnelly'S entire theory was founded the earth. on the similarity between ancient civil- Thus the case of Atlantis rests. If ization in the old and . 54 A the Platonian story is ever to be com- great deal of his book dwells on the sup- pletely proved, "a great array of sub- position that because of all the resemb- stantial evidence"59 will have to be. pre- lances between the two , a contact sented. Almost every branch of between the two was necessary. He will have to be represented and a great states that the customs, manners of living, deal of research will need to be done. ceremonies, painting, agriculture, and But whether or not the story of. the lost continent can ever be proved, it will no various building materials of these two / were all so similar that "it is doubt continue to live, "for it was chiefly absurd to pretend that all these similari- to the ideal imagination - the portion of ties could have been the result of accid- the mind which prefers to believe the im- ental coincidences."55 possible just because it is impossible- Although another of Donnelly's that the dream of Atlantis appealed."60 claims is that Atlantis was the land where civilization began, , who has published three books on the subject of Atlantis,56 says that this is both fantastic and unscientific. Spence, who was more accurate and less prejudiced in his views, FOOTNOTES uses geology as the basis of his theory that Atlantis was an island in the Atlan- 1. Clavering. "In Quest of the Lost Atlantis." Current History. vol. 39. tic. He quotes many geologists to show p. 439. January, 1934. . that there was at one time a bridge of 2. ibid. 3. Bertarelli. "Atlantis Questions." Liv- land between the and the new. inl!' Age. vol. 332. p. 170. January 15, 1927. . He then states that this land bridge, or 4. Bjorkman, Edwin. The Search for

- 21 Atlantis. A. A. Knopf. New York. 49. Bjorkman. op.cit. pp, 31-32. 1927. p. 26. 50. Bramwell. op.cit. pp, 107-109. 5. ibid. p. 29. 51. ibid. p. 132. 6. ibid. p. 30. 52. ibid. pp. 130-131. 7. ibid. 53. ibid. p. 137. 8 Clavering. op.eit. p. 440. 54. ibid. p. 138. 9: Bramwell, James. Lost Atlantis. Cob- 55. Donnelly. op.cit, p. 163. den-Sanderson. London. 1937. p. 59. 56. Problem of Atlantis, 1924; Atlantis in 10. ibid. p. 64. America, 1925; The History of Atlan- 11. Bjorkman. op. cit. pp, 39-42. tis, 1928. 12. ibid. p. 45. 57. Spence. "In Quest of the Lost Contin- 13. Bramwell. op.cit. p. 68. ent; Review of the Problem of Atlan- 14. ibid. p. 70. tis." Travel. vol. 45. p. 32. July, 1925. 15. ibid. p. 65. 58. Bramwell, op.cit. p. 137. 16. ibid. p. 66. 59. "Unlearned Lesson of the Titanic." 17. was one of the foremost men Atlantic Monthly. vol. 112. p. 184. who considered the story as fiction. August, 1913. 18. Hopkins, A. A. "Legendary Islands of 60. "Proving Atlantis." Nation. vol. 120. the North Atlantic." Scientific Amcr- p. 536. May 13, 1925. ican Monthly. vol. 4. p. 14. July, 1921. 19. Bramwell. op.cit. p. 67. BIBLIOGRAPHY 20. Donnelly ,Ignatius, Atlantis: _the Antediluvian World. Harper and GENERAL REFERENCE WORKS Brothers. New York. 1910. p. 23. 21. Bramwell. op.cit. p. 187. "Atlantis, Atalantis, or ." 22. Churchward, James. The Children of Encyclopaedia Britannica. ninth edition. Mu. Washburn. New York, 1931, p, 106 vol. 2. pp. 637-638. This was purely fac- 23. ibid. tual and of little help. 24. ibid. p. 107. 25. ibid. BOOKS 26. ibid. p. 110. 27. Bertarelli, loco cit. Bjorkman, Edwin August. The Search 28. ibid. ,,'.I for Atlantis. A. A. Knopf. New York. 1927. 29._ibid. This was especially good for material on 30. Churchward, op.cit. p. 111. Atlantis in mythology, Scheria, and Tart- 31. ibid. p. 113. essos. 32. ibid. pp. 112-113. Bramwell, James. Lost Atlantis. Cob- 33. ibid. p. 113. den-Sanderson. London. 1937. This was 34. "Atlantis, the Lost Continent." Re- one of the best reference works on the view of Reviews. vol. 72. p. 216. subject, especially on the theories of August, 1925. location. 35. Hall, L. G. "Legendary Islands of the Chnir chward, James. The Children of North Atlantic." Scientific American Mu. Washburn. New York. 1931. pp. 103- Monthly. vol. 4. p. 362. October, 1921. 120. This was good for the geological 36. A. C. Veatch. material. 37. Ingalls, A. G. "Myth? Part Truth? Donnelly, Ignatius. Atlantis: the An- Lost Atlantis Tradition and a Hypo- tediluvian World. Harper and Brothers. thesis of Sea Level Changes." Scienti- New York. 1910. This was so biased that fic American. vol. 163. u, 179. October, it wasn't reliable. 1940. 38. Bertarelli, loco cit. SIGNED MAGAZINE ARTICLES 39. "How Recent Geology Confirms the Legend of the Lost Atlantis." Current Bertarelli, E., "Atlantis Questions." Opinion. vol. 61. p. 182. September, Living Age. vol. 332. pp. 169-172. January 1916. 1927. This was good for background. ' 40. Schuchert. "Atlantis and the Perman- Clavering. "In Quest of the Lost ency of the North Atlantic Ocean Atlantis." Current History. vol. 39. pp. Bottom." Scientific American Supple- 439-444. January, 1934. This was medio- ment. vol. 83. p. 259. April 28, 1917. cre. 41. Bjorkman. op.cit. pp. 32-33. Hall, L. G., "Legendary Islands of the 42. Bramwell. op.cit. p. 107. North Atlantic." Scientific American 43. Tartessos is the Biblical Tarshish. Monthly. vol. 4. pp. 362-363. October, 1921. 44. Bramwell. op.cit. p. 124. This was of little help. 45. ibid. Hopkins, A. A., "Legendary Islands of 46. "Atlantis and Troy." Living age. vol. the North Atlantic." Scientific American 334. p. 839. May 1, 1928. Monthly. vol. 4. pp. 14-18. JUly, 1921. 47. Bramwell. op. cit. p. pO, This Ij1J~t repeated what I already had ~!J. ibi~ p, 120, read, Ingalls, A. G., "Myth? Part Truth? 334. pp. 838-839. May 1, 1928. This was Lost Atlantic Tradition and a Hypothesis of no help. of Sea Level Changes." Scientific Amer- "Atlantis, the Lost Continent." Re- ican. vol. 163. p. 179. October, 1940. This view of Reviews. vol. 72. pp. 216-217. wasn't too good. August, 1925. This was helpful. Schuchert, C., "Atlantis and. the Per- "Atlantis Once More." Review of Re- manencey of the North Atlantic Ocean views. vol. 50. pp 361-363. September, Bottom." Scientific American Supplement. 1914. This was helpful. vol. 83. pp. 258-259. April 28, 1917. This "How Recent Geology Confirms the was of no help. Legend of the Lost Atlantis." Current Spence. "In Quest of the Lost Con- Opinion. vol. 61. pp. 181-182. September, tinent; Review of the Problem of Atlan- 1916. This was good. tis." Travel. vol. 45. pp. 32-35. July, 1925. "Legendary Islands of the Atlantic." This was good for background. Scientific American. vol. 127. p. 183. Streit, C. K., "Atlantis Now." Christ- September, 1922. Much of the material ian Science Monitor Weeldy Magazine contained in this wasn't related to the Section. p. 2. November 6, 1943. This was immediate subject, but the material which of no help. was relevant was fair. Tarkington, Booth. "Veiled Feminists of Atlantis." Forum. vol. 75. pp. 358-365. "Proving Atlantis." Nation. vol. 120. March, 1926. Reading this was a waste of p 536. May 13, 1925. This was repititious. time. "Unlearned Lesson of the Titanic." UNSIGNED MAGAZINE ARTICLES Atlantic Monthly. vol. 112. pp, 157-166. August, 1913. Too much of this article "Atlantis and Troy." Living Age. vol. was entirely unrelated to the subject.

TO A HOUSE THAT IS LOVED

Verse Forms Class

It stands alone, deserted now and stark, The house where hearthfires blazed with living light

To warm the little children's hands, make bright / A wrinkled face for four decades. The spark

Of fireside talk has burned a lasting mark Upon the minds of visitors who might Absorb the love and peace of friendly night And warmth of sunlit day. That house is dark.

Whatever alien feet may climb that stair, Or strange new laughter echo through the halls, That house for those to whom it was so dear Remains engraved upon their minds, as clear As when they lived so richly in its walls; Not empty and not dark to those who care.

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