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Solidarity Infrastructure: Gender and Race Solidarity and Cross-Class Coalitions in the Kansas City General Strike of 1918 ___

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Solidarity Infrastructure: Gender and Race Solidarity and Cross-Class Coalitions in the Kansas City General Strike of 1918 ___ SOLIDARITY INFRASTRUCTURE: GENDER AND RACE SOLIDARITY AND CROSS-CLASS COALITIONS IN THE KANSAS CITY GENERAL STRIKE OF 1918 _________________________________________________________________ A Dissertation presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of Missouri-Columbia __________________________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy __________________________________________________________________ by JEFF STILLEY Dr. Victoria Johnson, Dissertation Supervisor MAY 2021 ã Copyright by Jeff Stilley 2021 All Rights Reserved The undersigned, appointed by the Dean of the Graduate School, have examined the Dissertation entitled SOLIDARITY INFRASTRUCTURE: GENDER AND RACE SOLIDARITY AND CROSS-CLASS COALITIONS IN THE KANSAS CITY GENERAL STRIKE OF 1918 Presented by Jeff Stilley, a candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. ___________________________________________________ Dr. Victoria Johnson ___________________________________________________ Dr. Joan Hermsen ___________________________________________________ Dr. Clarence Y. H. Lo ___________________________________________________ Dr. Eric S. Brown ___________________________________________________ Dr. Keona K. Ervin DEDICATION For Megan Who alWays kneW the right combination of listening, advice, distraction, prodding, encouragement, socialiZing, family time, exercise, and delicious food ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Writing a dissertation can be a lonesome endeavor -- particularly during a global pandemic. But completing a dissertation represents the culmination of decades of educational experiences among friends, teachers, mentors, and colleagues. No one can accomplish anything big in this life alone. I have accrued many debts that I can only hope to pay forward. Dr. Victoria Johnson deserves a great deal of credit for whatever insights and clarity of arguments can be found in this dissertation. Her tough criticisms and questions in response to many drafts always came quickly. But she also had words of praise and encouragement whenever we talked, having more faith in my ability to see it through than I did. The phrase “solidarity infrastructure” came from an off-hand comment she made during a chat in her office as I stumbled around trying to describe what I was beginning to make out in the archives. In fact, without reading Victoria’s scholarship, I would never have known of the Kansas City general strike in the first place. Dr. Clarence Y. H. Lo has had a big impact on my intellectual and professional development. When introducing me to Karl Polanyi and political sociology in seminars, Clarence showed me how to read and engage with theoretical arguments carefully and precisely. His consistently engaged, curious, and friendly interactions with members of the community, campus, students, and colleagues around the country serves as a model for right living in academia. Through a long-term research assistantship job, he not only gave my family much-needed extra income, but also cherished apprenticeship experiences. I learned about exotic synthetic derivatives products along with the practices ii of a careful and serious sociologist. Clarence’s peerless writing prowess continues to inspire me whenever I pick up his work. The rest of my committee served me very well. Dr. Joan Hermsen was always willing to chat about teaching techniques, the job market, conferences, writing, family, or anything else that inevitably comes up for a busy and anxious graduate student. Dr. Keona K. Ervin helped tap me into the current network of labor historians and debates beyond the world of sociology. She has also articulated for me what is fresh about the solidarity infrastructure concept compared to previous narratives of US labor solidarity. Her insightful research on Black women workers in St. Louis during the early to mid- twentieth century is an exemplar of labor history scholarship. From Dr. Eric S. Brown I learned a great deal about political sociology and public policy, and how they relate to race and class. A number of other faculty deserve huge thanks. I took several classes with Dr. Tola Olu Pearce, who lent to my sociological vision much needed international and transnational dimensions. Tola continues to encourage my progress and, like Clarence, is a blueprint for curious and humble sociological practice. Dr. Amit Prasad challenged me to push my reading skills and theoretical thinking further, beyond what I thought I could do. Although I could not always articulate my thinking at the time, my bumbling attempts to argue with him in theory class were always enjoyable and productive. Finally, I must thank the faculty and fellow graduate students in the courses I took in the Women and Gender Studies program. These interdisciplinary conversations made me a far better sociologist. Dr. Cristina Mislán in particular set the example for politically engaged scholarship and teaching. iii I have presented my Kansas City research at several conferences and colloquia. I want to thank the many sociologists and historians who have provided feedback and tough questions. Easily the most memorable conference was for the Winnipeg 1919 general strike centennial in Winnipeg, Manitoba. There I received a great deal of encouragement, especially from Dr. Geoffrey Ewen and Dr. Jim Naylor. At a different conference, I happened to meet Earl Browder’s descendent, Dr. Dorothea Browder. She not only showed interest in my project and offered scholarly insights, but she also placed me in touch with her sister Dr. Laura Browder, for which I am very grateful, to see if the family had information about Earl’s sister Marguerite, an active member of the Kansas City Women’s Trade Union League. Archival research simply cannot happen without the expertise and assistance of librarians and archivists. I want to especially thank those I worked with at the National Archives, State Historical Society of Missouri, and Ellis Library, including Rachel Brekhus. Getting through graduate school rests on the work and support of departmental office staff, and I remain in debt to Drew Elmore, Crystal McCracken, Debbie Friedrich, and Mary Oakes. I had many teachers and mentors growing up in Lee’s Summit, Missouri, who deserve recognition. First, Ben Jewell introduced me to Howard Zinn in high school, which, unbeknownst to me, sparked a lifelong interest in “history from below.” I am grateful for that experience and his sardonic humor. John Bussard was the master builder of custom drum equipment and continues to offer his dry wit and words of encouragement. No one outside of my friends and family had a bigger impact on me than Rosa Adams-Bussard. She taught me how to play drums, be creative, demand high iv expectations of students, and believe in myself. Rosa’s memory continues to bless my life. From my time in Manhattan, Kansas, I want to thank my friends from Students for Environmental Action and the Manhattan Alliance for Peace & Justice, including Anne Cowan and Christopher Renner. It was through them that I came to believe another world is possible. Dr. Kurt Gartner and my musician friends supported my meandering journey the whole way through, even though I did not stick with music. Before coming to Mizzou, I was fortunate to learn from a number of brilliant scholars and dedicated teachers at the University of Colorado, Denver, for my Master’s degree. I want to especially thank Dr. Akihiko Hirose for providing a very solid theoretical foundation for me to continue to build on. Aki was an incredibly patient teacher and advisor who had to deal with me operating on very little sleep and high stress. Dr. Chad Kautzer and Dr. John Brett opened my eyes to the world of leftist academics. My co-workers at Natural Grocers in the Denver, Colorado, area helped me survive work and my Master’s degree with good humor and interesting conversations. In Columbia, I have greatly benefited from the organizing work and political education provided by the Mizzou graduate student workers’ union (Coalition of Graduate Workers), Dr. Eric Scott, Joe Moore, Emma Bryant, and especially Shane Johnson. Shane has taught me a great deal about left politics, organizing, and commitment to working people. His friendship has been a lifeline the last couple years of graduate school, and I am in awe of all he does for his family, patients, and left movements. v I treasure the friendship and conversations I have had with many of my colleagues. First on the list is Dr. Doug Valentine, with whom I shared office space for the entirety of my time here. We also shared the struggles of parenthood, as well as interests in some of the more dense and esoteric class readings. I could always count on Doug having a great deal more institutional knowledge than myself, and, more importantly, providing humor to my day due to his talents in the art of impressions. I also want to thank Julien Grayer, Nathan Katz, Dr. Katie Knop, Dr. Mike Sickels, Dr. Isais W. Smith, Dr. Don Willis, and the rest of my graduate school colleagues for the many stimulating conversations and good times over the years. Dr. Jenna Pirok and Kenny Kovacs remain good friends to my family and I, providing sympathetic ears, humor, and groundedness to this whole crazy experience. I am always grateful to see them, and the hilarious Ben and Sam, whenever we visit Kansas City. Similarly, Dr. Alexis Reddig and Matt Knudtson’s home has been a refuge where I can complain if needed, or just hang out. I look forward to watching Jack and Ruth grow up. It has been an honor to move through graduate school just behind Dr. Kristen Kalz. I have always admired her directness and honesty when speaking to people, no matter their place in the academic status hierarchy. An extremely talented scholar and teacher, Kristen always has sage advice and a sympathetic ear. She has kept many people on track with their goals and in check with the bigger picture, and I consider myself lucky to be among them. Ty Thomson and Heather Kennedy are the best friends anyone can hope for.
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