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Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School

1938

Political and economic policy of the United States in Latin America 1932-1936

Ralph Wayne Dilts The University of Montana

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Recommended Citation Dilts, Ralph Wayne, "Political and economic policy of the United States in Latin America 1932-1936" (1938). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 5157. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/5157

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W

. 'Ralph. Wayne Dllts

Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Blaster of

Montana State University

s

Chairman of Board o: Examiners,

Chairman of the Committee on Graduate Study UMI Number: EP40621

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ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 T m m of contents Pag© 1# Introduction 1 II# Political Non-Intervent ion and loans for Settling Disputes 4 A„ Statement of lew Policy B# Application of lew Policy 1. Cuba 2. Nicaragua 3* Haiti 4# Panama 5* El Salvador C« Provisions for preventing controver­ sies o 1* Anti-War Non-Agression and Con­ ciliation Treaty. So Inter-American Conciliation S.#, Treaty to Prevent or Avoid Con­ flicts# 4.# Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Peace# III# Economic Cooperation 43 Ao Condition of World Trade. B. Statement of Hew Economic Policy. 0« Application of New Policy. 1. Cuba So Brasil 3# Haiti 4# Honduras ' 5#: Colombia 6o Ecuador 7# Nicaragua Q« Argentina 0. Inter-American Conference for tbe Maintenance of Peace IV. Conclusion 89 V. Appendix I X X&troattotion

M M s IttftUQM&al a m m m Jfeeol&uxt Boos&mlt mmmnm®. the policy o f til© *0oo& neighbor*’ as. that o f the ^seiebber who resolutely respect& h l m o M and-# Sedaae© feo €000 ea* respects the rights o f others**!m neighbor who rospoots M s

0%X%0 x%iom and respects the sanctity of M s agftooraoxfts Is and with a world of neighbors.^ usfortusately aaey tisaos too often our steteonoa haim tsodo speeches of a MghKJoissdisg and as@olio nature o M then quickly forgotten their prostece In, the eerotiblo for pollt* iccl and economic hegcooay in 1st Is America* Gao only has to read of Ancrrioca later tost ios Is Haiti* Biesragua* Cuba* * or the Boralnlcsa Republic to p m m this potst* this is the m om ® for saktsg this invest icotlosu Boer does the theory o f the coed neighbor agree with actual feet1? Has the sew policy ahssdosei the **big ettdc* is favor of friendly cooperation? IS order to sushi© the sew -policy to aeocoplish any*- thing of value it suet he able to break dots® barriers* 9S& bresMti® of istersBtiosai barriers* is the ssj©r probl&B is 3 foreign relations*

CPabUoatioa of !Epm3riffm$el®rSW^aES« MxaovXm® Series *B0 * M l {VfesMagton, If30|.fp* § a* Buaaep ft&Lloo. 33m .Araerlosa gocOTsgatioa(3tabiieatio» of Bopartaest Series* Bo* 101 |0SSMsgtos#. 1000),p* S i See pages 8,12,20 B

The first barrier that bad, to be broken was the sus­ picion on the part of our neighbors that tbe United States intended to dominate tb© continent by armed force and economic pressure* This distrust was Justifiable by our action in tbe past, Tbe United States has flouted and dis-> regarded the rights of the Hatin American States time after time* This policy of intervention had created a feeling of bitter resentment and fear that the 'united States intended s to continue a policy of imperialism* The next barrier that should be broken, if the Good Neighbor policy was to have any meaning to both hat in America and the United States*was the economic* Since 1920 the tariff barriers have bees gradually raised until the products of most of our neighbors have been excluded* No country can expect to retain the goodwill of a people when it refuses to buy the products of an adjacent state,especially if the national economy of the latter depends on it,nor can it expect to soli its own products to iff 'onr 'cSiV*1 '¥«"'feT^T" "*■* ■ 4* Sumner Welles#"The Roosevelt Administration and its TfuBlfca?lo5'i;,'o^' Stsate^No* 6927latxn ' American Series,No* 9). (Washington, 1935), p, 5-IQs Sumner Welles, Two Tears of the "Good Neighbor” Policy (Publication ?%§*12tin" . American Series,No* 11} (Washington, 1935)* p,l-18; Sayre, cp. cit«, p* S/* Sumner Welles* Inter-American Relations (Publication of The Bepartment'bf’ sBoTHtTn American Series,No, 8 ) (Washington, 1935), P » 8 ,9 a 3

Our- exports must be paid for, and.gl if we expect to be paid* we must take a corresponding amount of imports*, The latin American States bad the tendency to lay their economic distress at our door* This w i H be the order in which the investigation will be carried on: 1« Political son-intervention and means for settling disputes* 2 c Economic non-.int e r vent ion and economic co­ operation

57 Suimer”Welles , o W ^ o i p l ^ " 1WiTcy^,'ahdnFe¥ceI'l)epartment Of State PublxcatTcn^lo7"^i6TTWashihgtoh," l936} ,p* 3 ,4 ,5 $ Sumner W elless "Good Heighbor" Policy in the Caribbean (Publication, of tEe~DopaWmont""oF^tato^lo7^647"Srtln American Series,Wo.* 12) (Washington* 1935),p« 1,5; Sumner Welles, Fan American Oooperatloiu:p«g«3; Sayre, Our Relations witSr"£^ln Welles, Our The HQoseveltT AjlSTaXhli^ with th¥"Wenuhl!Sis"of Relations,, p* So • 4

II

Political Ben-lntervention and Means for Settling' Disputes

Since the Spanish-American War the United States started on a program since known as the "big stick” or ^dollar diplomacy”* These policies will he discussed more completely in their relationship to special countries later in this paper,It is sufficient to state here that this policy assumed the right of the United States to exercise a tutelage over the countries in the Caribbean,, Under this excuse the United States intervened In Panama , Nicaragua, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic; even going so far as to station Marines and Customs Officials in these countries

for long periods of time In violation of their constitutions-* President franklin Roosevelt, in his inaugural address, laid the. basis for a new policy* In a speech before the Woodrow Wilson foundation he amplified his Initial declare ation into the statement that "the'definite policy of the

United States from now on is one opposed to armed inter* vention”7

Tfj fiei&eg-irTj r a ^ a n d 'Its' pealiagF" with The"''i^nuhilcs11 of t&ITW^llier^ ’ 7 Ibid * T' 'Udopertfion. p 0 Sumner Welles, Our FcS^ljn Policy"and'Peaod(Pub~- 11 cat ion. of the Department oflf-fca^e^fof 'We> 1 (Wash*. Ington, 1936), p. 5* * See pages £4,12,20. 5

The first opportunity that the Government had to show the Latin American states that she meant business, and to

incorporate the new policy into law* was at the Seventh

International Conference of American States at Montevideo in 1935 «> The conventions .signed at Montevideo by the delegates from the United States which concern non-intervention were those on the ’’lights and Unties of States” , and the "Anti* War Pact of Non~Agresslon and Conciliation"8 In the former the united States gave up the right which it had claimed since Theodore Roosevelt propounded the

" corollary of the Monroe Doctrine", the right to "police" Latin America to prevent disturbances *9 The important art­ icles of the Convention are: "States are juridically equal, enjoy the same rights, and have equal capacity In their ex* ereise. The rights of each on© do not depend upon the power which it possesses to assure its exercise, but upon the simple fact of its existence as'-a person under international law." "The fundamental rights of states are not sus­ ceptible of being affected in any manner what* soever" W$ 'n'Wo& signed'1 a^T '^v©B£E*IK^ American States held in December, 1933, but three months previously an October 10, 1933, Hot adhered to by the United States until April 37, 1934, 9 .Arthur Meier Schlesinger, Political and Social Growth of the United states. i8S2~195iSrr u ^ n"^^ 0

*J3te state km the x&gfcrt to In tl»1A internal or esjtermi affaIm. of fte cttsrcCHt to tte attitude the tiili tafce to ooee of ftlotwbazioos In r/biofe Anoriccm property ia threat* oaod m y ho found in Aftiela ®? *$fco jttrlg&lgtton of otntoo the Halts of notional tornibojey applies to oil the intebitantB* nationals and foretspjere ove iiisfiar the ocbbo pm » tmtitm of the loo and the natl

Article 10 Giro eayh&BloeCf ttu> foot that i ■^fte territory of a state Is inviolable and nay not be tile abjeet of military occupation nor of otter osaooxes of fore© tapes©*! by anotter ©beta directly or imfiireebly m tm any mo. i w trtiat* oner ores temporarily* fte Secretary of State , £tt** Oortell iiuXXB offlnoi a res* e r m t l m vrttiob » d ® oleos? the posit ion of tte united States on tte new jtan^lmt&rrontioik poliegri chsostrlng person aaot by tbio tine tboroo- ghlf tetoretend that w m m tte lootet»Xt Msia** iteration tte Halted States (xmxemzt& Is go nadb opposed os may otter Gorornosnt to interference tlth tte the eovotfeieaty* m otter ia» teraal affairs m nmma,:c& of bte gotef«enbs of otter nations#*#!: fool safe In. nntertaicla® to- say btet««*«© goyernmnt noo€i tmr aw inter-* mention on tte part of the txaltad States under the Roosevelt 1113315' ajSSHBSSli^ ^ tetteMan > nnlleor States arltearlios. ana ntterRroraio W ■te-publfoa# ll5BSIIeHt^'WlSa^ra^^’RW wlWES^^e^*vSSFlHeri^o* 881) teshinsfco©* 1980)# p# 4* 11* Ibid# pp #. 13 a Ibid# *|>* ’5“ ,!S-« Ibids eP# 0 # 9

Th© United States is also a signatory of the "Anti-war jflact* made at Bio de laserio* October 10*1933, fhe purpose of the Pact is to: "Condemn wars of aggression and territorial acqui* sitions that may he obtained by armed conquest f making them impossible and establishing their in­ validity through the positive provisions of this treaty* Thus the United States made more concrete its non*inter* vention policy by adhering to this past which declares? "that territorial questions must not be settled by violence* and that they will not recognise any territorial arrangement which is not Obtained by pacific means which have the sanction of inter* national law The contracting states undertake to make every effort for the maintenance of peace***but will in no case resoft to intervent ion,e ither diplomatic or armed* **»•**

for the first time in many years* because of the conoil* iatory attitude of the American delegates to the Conference at Montevideo* the Latin American states began to show signs of friendship toward the United States*. The new attitude of the states to the South, may be summed up in the comment of a South American editor when he said,"The first result from the

Conference is that the group formed by the United States and other American nations is united in an admirable unity of principles and of proposals affecting the destinies which each country is developing

tlon of the '’Department1' :bf ‘State ,Sreaty Series* Mo, 905) Washington* 193$} «p*14* 15 o Hull* Some of the Besuits of.the Montevideo Conference^ p * 3 « o 8

Hcm-Intervention in Cub©

Mo declaration of principles can be as convincing as their practical application; this cannot be better appreciated than in a study of our new policy towards Cuba*

la 1903» after gaining Cuba's independence for her, a permanent treaty was made between the United States and that

Eepubile into which was incorporated the Platt .Amendment. By this agreement the American Government retained the right

“to intervene in Cuba for the preservation of Cuban indepen­ dence" and for the “maintenance of a Government adequate for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty, This treaty was more responsible for Cuba*s political ills i 17 than any on© factor.

This right of Intervention has been evoked time after time to control and shape the fate of Cuba, sometimes to prevent revolution, or to dictate financial policy. We have then the situation developing of the Cubans looking towards the United states for determination of policies, and not to the Government of Cuba. In 1928 President Machado gained his reelection by violating the constitution; and by 1933, to maintain his position had undertaken a policy of repres­ sion, as a result murder and terror lea were rampant* This was the situation that President Hoosevelt faced when he assumed office, tin (publication df“lepii'r&n¥'rW' ,''SlateV'r,i;M, ’'ll^,^i,ali6 '''' .American. Series., !o,. 7} (Washington, 1934}, p. f, 17, Welles, Two Years of the Good Mei&hbor Policy, .p, 12. All of Latin America watched and wondered* Would he continue the policy of his predecessors and send Marines to Cuba or would he actually abide by his statement that the "definite policy'Of the United States is one opposed to ■armed intervention" f American warships were sent to- Cuba but not one Marine was landedc^Latin America could breath easier; President Roosevelt had meant whatMie said at Montevideo*. The only action taken was the offering of our. good offices to Cuba for the- settlement of the political situation, which was .

accepted.* Hr-# Sumner we lies* Assistant Secretary of'State* was sent to Cuba where, during the -months of June and July,;

1955, he held mediation conferences* The result of this mediation was the reestablishment of. constitutional rights to the disaffected elements*. But these results were nullified with a revolt led by the array leaders'on August 11,- demanding the resignation of

President Machado* To this fas added a general strike* ■ As a result the Machado Government was forced to resign, and one formed by Ur* Carlos Manuel de Cespedes managed to give nose sesbience of law and order until September .4* when the array

group, with the help of some university students,, again over** threw the government by force of arms*, placing Grau San pf% Martin in the presidential .chair*

with, the EepuSlics- of bbe leiierS; HfeMlpfiifSthv e 19*. Welles* 1jelaliofis Between the United States -'and Cuba* B©*. lb id «,p• £• * 10

President Roosevelt phrased the policy of the United

States in with-holding recognition to the new government in an official statement»■ .Me said.»,,W© have not Relieved that it would be a policy of friendship and of justice to the Cuban people as a whole to accord recognition to any pro- visional government in Cuba unless such government clearly possessed the support and the- approval of the people of that Republic.#**^ * The San Martin government, was certainly not supported ! by the majority of the Cuban people; when the army with­ drew its support the administration fell* The previous attitude of Cuba was that any government recognised by the United States must be acquiesced in by that Republic; this was the reason for the with-holding recognition until a government was installed that met the- approval of the may* ority of the people.# The various political parties, finally * after a peace conference|. gave their support to Colonel MSndieta* A cabinet was formed from members of all the many factions* This government gave evidence of having fulfilled all the requirements which the President had previously announced#

Mot until all doubt was removed was recognition granted; and p p then it was freely given. * %%7-T:WS30§‘r'^oH^ 2£# Ibid## "0BMes and Cah1u^»‘ " fv ’ » 11

But the real difference la oar Cuban policy came on

Jane 9, 1934. we voluntarily renounced oar right of Inter­

vention in Cuba and abrogated the famous Platt Amendment

which declared the right of tbe batted states to intervene

in Cuban affairs. This treaty was enthusiastically received

in Cuba, and, due to the trade agreement, which we will dis­

cuss later, there was a greater feeling of friendship be­

tween the two Republics than at any other time in history.23

When Mr* Cordell Hull, Mr. Sumner Welles and M. Marquez

Sterling attached their signatures to article 1 of the treaty which read as followst

"The Treaty of Relations which was concluded be­ tween the two contractlag parties on May 22, 1903 shall cease to be in force» and is abrogated, from the date on which the present Treaty goes into effect.*24

they were only putting into concrete form what had practiced

during the Cuban crisis of 1933 and 1934,

We also waived the right to control the finances and

sanitation of Cuba, Cuba may even go so far astto close ter ports to nationals of the United States, if she deems it necessary to prevent an epidemic, without it being considered as any unfriendly act,23 What a difference between this and the American occupation of Cuba for three years beginning in 1906, 13,' 111 ""felon .'''‘'"OooiiTlrelgSor^ Welles, Ihler"^awloai rHelatlons,"rpr 1^-13-14,rr 24. Eel at lona^Treat yBetwee a t he tin! ted states of America and OubaT (lubl j cat Ion "of 'lemrtlaent, of.stale. Treaty Series, Ho, 866} (Washington, 1984), p. 2. 25. Ibjd.i p. 3. IS

Non-Intervention Policy In Nicaragua

■In or&er to show the great change In our intervention policy it- is necessary to review the- Important episodes in Nicaraguan history In which the United States has felt it necessary to intervene, or at least to exert influence la Nicaragua* Most of the- intervention was caused by the att­ empt of our government to protect American investments and property in that country*. The first case of intervent ion was in 1909 in which United States vessels refused'to .allow forces of Selaya and Madriz to land at BluefieIds in their attempt to put down the revolution of Estrada* The Secretary of State replied to the attach of Madriz that the "United States took only the customary step#*.*thus protecting the preponderating American and other foreign interssts#**,,^' s This step of intervention by force -was also carried into the realms of finance- by the taking over of the collection of the oust cans by the Treasury Bill® Agreement- of September 1, 1911 in order to assure the repayments of the loan, of 1909(the Ithelburga Loan}*27*

26:4 The United States and Nicaragua..* A Survey of the S©nb,L of''Wa b e »So*rT"SS9,#'.''i:l^,iTii American Series # No* 6 ). Washington* 13SS),p* 9* B?0 M&»* P * iS , 1 4 » 13

Itt 1918 the revolution again broke out between the Liberal and Conservative factions,,, Finally* being unable to protect American property 9 .president Bias requested that "The United States guarantee with, its forces security for the property of American citizens in Nicaragua and that it extend its protection to all the inhabitants of the BepubXie,}6Si At this point the United States announced its determination • "to take the necessary measures for an adequate legation pQ guard at Managua *,„to protect American life and property", Ha accordance with this pronouncement 360 Marines land­ ed and captured Barranca Fort and put down the revolution* Afterwards a guard of 130 men m s retained as a Legation guard at Managua*^0* Bu© to the revolution the.country was facing a- finan­ cial crisis! and the -government borrowed $100*000 on August 4, 1913 and $500,*000 on November 4, 1913* “Since the bankers of the United States controlled the bank* the entire stock of the bank m s pledged as security to the bankers; they wanted to make sure of the safety of their investments* this was also■accomplished by the handing over to the National Bank the privilege of collecting all internal taxes of the Fepublie*33,* 'gg* T'18ie 1.r"nr"r,'‘ ■* * 2 9 «...... so* 3 2 N; • 31, lbid « *p * 22 j 23 « finances o f ' the Nicaraguan government , even with additional loans .of §150,000 in 1913, and §1,060,000 in IS14,and short-time loans from the Bank,were still very

unstable. By 1917 #500,000 was owed to officials for sal­ aries alone*' Bven with the #3,000,000 paid to Nicaragua by the United States for the option on the construction of a canal It m s found necessary' to revise the whole financial system of that country*^* More and more the control of Nicaragua was being placed in the hands of the United States, for under the new plan {1917} a High Commission was established, one member app­ ointed by the Secretary of State of the United States,, and the other a Nicaraguan, appointed by the President of Nic­ aragua » which was to have final Jurisdiction over’the pay­ ment of loans to the bondholders* In case of a dispute the Secretary of State was to name an arbiter* ^ 8 By the time of this agreement the national Bank,controll­ ed by Americans, and the Council of Foreign Bondholders had a lien on the customs duties, a lien on 49 per cent of the stock of the- Pacific Bailway and on 49 per cent of the stock 34# of the National .Batik* "

3 2 T “fhe^tjE[i¥ed*^Eates" and' NiearaguiTpr™85^34# — • 35 o i s i a r y r w *“ ~ ■ 34o Xbia+,p*.S6 15

Due to world prosperity fiom 1920 to 1929 there was a

balance la the treasury which was used to pay off the debts.

Thus one Is able to see the close relationship between

the paying of the loans and the policy of withdrawing of the

Legation Guard, since there had been minor revolutionary

activities in 1921 and 1922 the Department of State based

its policy on "(1) passage of a new electoral law and the assis­ tance of an isaerican electoral mission In putting into effect

this law both during registration and election, and (2) the

reorganization of the A m y by converting it into an efficient constabulary under American instruction.f,3S

The interesting, and the important thing to note here

is that the candidates for the presidency In 1928 wrote to the Secretary of State to see if the government would look with favor on their candidacy. Ividently, if the United

States approved that was all that was necessary. The

HI caraguans gradually came to believe that the approve! of the United States must be acquiesced in by that Bepubllc.

When the Marines were withdrawn on August 1, 1925 the

Liberals and the Conservatives continued the revolution.

It is not necessary to discuss here the complications, the skirmishes, etc,, but the Marines were again sent in and by 1928 they numbered 5,480.^

W. fSe"'UhI¥e^ "stages""inS ilcirajiqa,'"' 36. p..10?. 1 16

The policy of the American government mas to “look to whichever regime m s functioning for the carrying out of the Financial Plan and for meeting the external obligations of Nicaragua**0' There seemed to he a strange mixture of the "Good Neighbor* policy and ^dollar diplomacy* is our Central Amer­ ican policy during President Goolidg©*© administration* On December 8 * 1926, is answering a request for assistance to protect American lives and property, the Department of State informed President Dias: I"That recognition did not put upon the United ; States.any obligation to protect his Oovern- ' meat by physical means;■ that the United States Government was prepared to lend to him such moral encouragement and support as are ordinarily due constitutional governments with which the United States maintains friend- - ly relations, when those governments are threatened by revolutionary movement©, but that further than, this the United States Gov­ ernment was not prepared to go?

But on' January 10, 192? president Coolidge in his mess­ age to Congress stated: "I am sure it Is not the desire of the United State© to intervene in the internal affairs of Nicaragua or of any other' Central American Republic,,,nevertheless it must be said that we have a very definite and special interest . in the maintenance of order and good govern­ ment in Nicaragua at the present time* SfTw^EElHHeSwsMtei‘*l^^lIcaraHtiST5,r^lTw ^ 3 8 , ftrn Hatted States mn motptMmt&m# fail to vlo& with teep m n m n m say ssri©«s throat to stability aim oonstlttitioml, ^oveoraaoxkt la w i.m m ^m tending tooaftft aimrtey and Joa&avOlgliig Aosviooft In * tm m tB p eopeotslly If snob state of of# fatra to oontsitnxtod to or OgoagOfe about by ontofdo isflooooeo or by s«y foreign roooro*. It has teen ant rnm S m - the polisy af tto Hat.tod States in stiou sir** owmtmm® to totee the ©tes*© bteb way to s&eooaavy'ftop tfeo prasawatloa and pro** ■\ teetioii of tfco H u e s and property * and the interests of t e oltlsso&o ood of this G o m m m m t Itself«** consequently$ 1 tone teoiwd it w duty to m m the pews** ©as ooBiaittod to a# to tm m ® too ado# Ototo protection of ail Jbssrieatt inter* ests la tfieaxogua*. oOotOtr thojr bo ea# tengorca by internal strife m by out** sits iu to rn k m m m la tbs affairs of that BopUbliO* s&

Ptellfv after asay aogotiatloas oaj»rl

teetered a t m a e goring mOteO s tettteosoBft « s finally m d m ;

mm eteotiono nor® to bo bold enter the aupervlslcti of%tm

Marines ;in 1908*, both alfioo novo to lay dooa tool? anno*, raid m natlno 3 n&rftl&»t6 bo tratsod by too il»rioans# tm# to be

o&o&tod#. fteso pfoirlaica® were oarsisd o«fc* 'ooaoral Mooeate 0l#ebe% end oaoept for banditry note? Sanai»o# too-

ecmttey ims in a stable political ©oiiiibiea#® iy.iwr,i.-.f.|i ir"ri‘Trii'f‘f'‘l,*'‘fr7i1r‘,-‘‘rir,>rrt~llf[',r ,li'nt(T^ihri^TV~~tifm,;iiii>'>intTffiriairffint»^iiwi)iirMinr~i>iiiiwiiitiii() r -«

Gh February 13, 1931,. the United: States announced its ' intention to withdraw the Marines but still on April 1, 1932 there were 733 members of the Army and Navy on active duty in Nicaragua?**' The policy of the "Good Neighbor" Is not a pet theory of the Hew Deal only, but was started, or the basis laid during the Hoover Administration, The new policy started- ■ on April 17, 1931, On that date the Secretary of State

telegraphed to the American fie© 'Consul? "In view of outbreak of banditry in portions of Nicaragua hitherto free from such vio­ lence , you will advise American citizens that this Government can not undertake gen­ eral protection of Americans throughout that country with American forces, To do so would lead to difficulties and commitments which this Government does not propose to undertake. Therefore, the Department rec­ ommends to all Americans- who do not feel secure under the protection afforded them, by the Nicaraguan Government through the Nicaraguan National Guard to withdraw from - the country, or at least to the coast towns whence they can be protected, or evacuated in case of necessity« Those who remain do so at their own risk and must not expect American forces .to be sent inland, to their a i d . * ^ 2 This policy was elaborated in an additional" statement to the press on-April 18, 1931*

S t * J. P£^rt»idt:ro f 'leiease, Weekly Issue,No, 72, Saturday, February 14, 1931} (Washington, 1931},p., 785 The United States and N i c a r a g u a 107,108, 42« 'ibldVsp, 1651“" Statement by Secretary of State (Publi­ cation of Department of State,' Press' Release,No* 81 Saturday, April 18, 1931} (Washington, 193.1 Jfp, "277-284, 19

Ott speaking of the situation in Hloaragua the Secretary Statedt *By assisting the Government of Nicaragua in organising, and training a competent Gu&rdia , we are not only furnishing the most practical and effective method of meeting the bandit- problem and the pro­ tection of Americans and foreigners in Nicaragua from its 'attendant perils, but we are at the same time recognizing that * it Is a - problem with which the sovereign Government of Nicaragua la primarily con­ cerned -and a problem which it is r^imar- ily the right and duty of that Government to solve m view of the above statement a program was devised for the evacuation of the Marines after the elections of 1938, .1 4 but it was not carried out until January 3, 1933„ fhis- departure of the Marines signalised the new policy of non*

■intervention in tat in America as announced at Montevideo in 1933*

4§* BlateEe^**W BecSgrForgplg'3* I f O i T ' --- —**- 44o ^'rhe’^atablis&aent of Peace in Nicaragua» Foreign Affairs * ff C$iXy» ls>53p, m

.is Solti

IS 10X0* ieoaose o f tto& chaofcic m n£% tiom #tie lingo

4eit of %tm m & ts© 'Mmmmi'W of MmT-iom property Is Ha^ti tie Ignited state© toele mr&r m nf ncw&m* m & ta& .sgene&ec* en£ duties^ tie n»et iapertanfe feoing. tie

poll$&a$ of tie esHntssr W t o r t e s ti?eep% eat tie- tetai** Xlshiog the finances of Haiti os a f i » as# m lM baols*w^9 fie first t»s easriM out if stationing m % tm ® is

Haiti fross X9X8 to 2J®&g tie » e e » % if creating tie off toe

of FtesMai MMoer^seml, aoteter* Mttie if iitii© t m QommX M m tvm ©scteaiei M e control until to per seat of tie revenues of Haiti trere aafier M s sutterMsion (2.OE0)*

‘fie payment of tio t e a s o f 1919 aa& 19S2 m e Goearofi if tie M m w lem o control of tie esstoaa#^ fie aeties of tie iMtefi State© Is aiteiiig tie Mesa*

Ittties of tie lotlelatifo asi tie nxllstg of tie tepsMIs iy a jftwAiaost sad a Ooeseil, of State* unfier tio

atroetios of Asorissm offi»oielef t e a to stoking Haiti ©a /Ulricas possesstoa is reality If sot in t&oary*

W w^ E w^ ^ ^ B S i,’W ^ ^ ^ r ,e,l^EI31glmreT9B9)*p* is* 44*. IMi** $* S0| lialtteatetim of, .tie .carae^ W l t M r a m ^ of Mlitarf m B m B r & M fj^japSgT ’118151, *l ^ B S o q "

Statet . fio* 905* Bsocutlre AgreeaBSft Series* Ho* 40$WaaMssto% 21

The Commission>appointed by President Hoover, Bent to investigate the situation stated? • "The treaty officials gave.your commission the impression that they(the dissolution of the legislative assembly,and the ruling of the Republic by a President and a Coun­ cil of State) had been based upon the ass­ umption that the occupation would continue indefinitely* in.other words, their plans and projects did not seem to take into con­ sideration that their work would be com­ pleted by 1936, and the commission was dis­ appointed to find that the preparation for the political and administrative training of Haitians for the responsibilities of government had been inadequate*1**7 .It cannot be denied that the occupation and control of finances by the United States improved the economic and political status of Haiti, but the Commission "was disa­ ppointed at the evidence it received of the lack of appre­ ciation on the part of the educated and cultured Haitians of the services rendered them by the Occupation,*."^S This lack of appreciation on the part of the Haitians of American control of their country led to the outbreak of student strikes in 1929 and' 1930* Along with this resistance was the demand of the people for the right, to elect their president rather than having his selected by the Council.

ana • IJcWlBnsW'^WlD^Er^ESC^I^liteT'IaYiS’SisHcan Series, Ho* 2} (Washington, 1930},po Q 48* XbidM p«e " m

As, a resalt of these insurrections, and the knowledge that the populace would not accept the old method of select** lag the' president f. the opposition parties and President Borne compromised their differences and drew up a. plan for the election of a XegislaMw-assembly consisting of two chambers which in turn was to elect - a president for a term , 49 of sis years*. Our new policy of withdrawing our troops and handing back to Haiti the Jurisdiction of her internal affairs was started in the administration of President Hoover* In his instructions to the special investigating commission toe stated:

MShe primary question which is to be invest­ igated is when and how we are- to withdraw from Halt i,,, certainly we shall withdraw sometime*, , ,on the other hand! our treaty of 1915,under which our forces are present in that country* in the main expires in 1936, or sis years hence,,,We have no mandate to continue the present relationship after that date,,„as I have stated before, 1 have no desire for representation -of the American -Government abroad through our military for­ ces,, „$e need now -a new and definite policy looking fggward to the ©spiralion of our- treaties,,

- One of the first withdrawals of our special rights was the agreement of August 5, 1931* 49* Report of Presidents Commission»p»5.6 » 50 o — 23

By this agreement we relinquished the right granted us in the treaty of September IS*. '1985* of controlling the san­ itation and public improvements, also the Service a* Agri­ culture,, On October 1, 1931 the Government of Haiti -assum­ ed the administration of these departments*. This same agree­ ment provided for the abrogation of the Accord of August 24, 1918 which had made compulsory the sending of laws that were pending in the Goutic.il of State of Haiti to the Secretary, of State of the United states* Also- the two governments.agreed to continue their discussions regarding the other problems arising from the treaty*®* The most pressing problem was the withdrawal of the military forces* This problem was the subject -of an accord of August 7, 1933* to Article ¥ it states? "The withdrawal of the Marine Brigade of the united States and the American Scientific Mission established by the Accord of August 5, 1931,shall commence on October 1, 1934 and shall be completed within thirty days,”52 This agreement was changed in minor details on July 24, 1934, but by August lo, 1934 there was not a Marine left in Haiti* Thus for the first time in nineteen years Haiti had full control over her military forces,53 ri>X»1 MCBISarsB^^ 'l!SIEr^SI^C 1S F a W s r § n d BaS^f'» WlgneS 'August '&« "I^Sl'Clublicalf-on '''off1-'the Bepart— mrnit of State ,Bxecutive Agreement Series ,10*28 )Washing» ton,1931},fext ■ SB-# .Haitianisation,WltMrawa.l of Military,*. f,p ,2 33*- Withdrawal of .Military Forces from Haiti, g Agreement ; leiween 168®' ; Department • of State^Executive Agreement Series,No.6 8 } (Washington, 1934),2 24

Panama

Another significant; step in our "Good, Neighbor” policy has bean the negotiations carried on between the Governments of the Republics of Panama and the United States« it has- been recognised since 1926, when a treaty was mad© between the two. countries, but never ratified, that a new understand* ing must be made If the relations between the two countries were to be satisfactory, on October 17, 1933,as, a result of a visit of President Arias, a joint statement was issued establishing a foundation for a policy of cooperation*5'3’ The negotiations continued during the years of 1934, 1935, and by March 2, 1936 a series of agreements were signed by the two governments The Injunction of secrecy has not yet been removed, but the agreements la general include the following: 1* A general treaty revising the aspects of the convention of Hovemher 18, 1903* 2„ A convention for the. regulation of radio communlcat ions la the Republic of Panama and the Canal Zone,accompanied by three supplementary exchange of notes. 3* A convention with regard to the trans­ fer to Panama of two naval radio sta­ tions* 4« A convention with regard to the con­ struction. of a transisthmian highway between the cities of Panama and Colon#5® 'j&tii '*r%a~jXes^ W»it^SSS9SSX ’"S^lnlitriliiuirriT ~p7" W. 7 tWelies * Inter-te^rf;c^ " ! ^ a f l H 9 3 *iriW^ ^ : ' ,ll'ielles* Pan-American Cooperation,p.4, ...... 55* gtatemehf^saued to the Press by the Department of state 5 6 # ibid*,p,*i

' 85

More important was the renunciation of the right of the United states to guarantee the.Independence of Panama and the right to intervene in the cities of Panama and Colon to maintain order# its » s stated by the United States the purpose of the Accord was "to eliminate* insofar as possible* all causes of friction and all grounds of legitimate complaint, on the part of Panama* but without sacrificing any rights deemed essential by this Government for the efficient operation* maintenance* sanitation* and protection of the Canal

B w l e t p T * ! # m

ItBOOra It ion

m Bho\iM look for a gagaafe Q& ttio poHogr ttf recog* ultioa to wMoli m p Unit#! Staton tee ftfflKteod If we ar$ to

t$& foitoy trMeh m 1mm t&Mmm during the Qattrso of our biota*?* 2& tJ» early years of o w m m %®y gtmjmofifc foil** a?©a tfeo preofiHSost of l&taroatloa&i low-00 ooooenso 3*0 0 0 0 * mittm of a notr go r o « » a t # Vtoamvwt a two r#9ovaaofe$ io ootabXiohoft fey voooiixtloti* ati. ooatrolo ali %m t& s r t tory* ana eon tarry out its iotofsiatioaal obligations* %hm oX4

Anorioan yoMoy wac to sooagnloo tlio nott gorerment ao a a# jute geyoraaest vitooai. asking, aiay questions os to ofeotfeor the am? iss oatafeilofeofi fey constitutional m a n s or mtp in othm t/oMs fcfee directly opposite via© of the ^legitiraacy theory* of tfeo tttaOrupIo Alliance of 3B30 in eg Suropo.«

Bat feaglfesl'ag tfee taeotiotb ocfntusjy out aoooggoitiott policy ofeoagoa notably |® too ooyo in i^spoot to Xatln Anew*

£e&» flfafe wo aeoifiM that m aaaXA imtew* Qwt tim m i&X m i aosiestio oontrol m m tfee m & im to tfeo South 'fey osteod* tag rooogaitioa for a ooooidmtto#

M m % 0 & ut

This point can be prove A by our recognition of Estrada in Hicaragna because tre thought that we could get a lower tariff.for American products, and also in the same Republic, in 19IS when we tried to force through a loan even though eighty per cent of the population was against it* This was the true basis for the necessity of armed intervention in Nicaragua*69 On the second point we deviated from established infer-*' national law by requiring that the new government only be established by constitutional methods* The climax: of this new theory reached Its peak in the General Treaty of Peace and Amity of 'February , 1983* This treaty was not made by the United States.* but was drawn up and signed by the Central .American 0.ountries*th© United States accepting it later;., thus those countries themselves were partly responsible for the intervention necessary to supervise the constitutional elec­ tions 0 If this policy of 'recognition had been continued there could have never been a revamping of our intervention policy* The Treaty provided that any government established by revolution or unconstitutional means would not be recog« ' nisei by the other Central American Republics#®6

W « '"'ITeprel^^^ W"SesHon*vol* Congressional Record* M'VTCeS^ress* pt.3,February 10, 1931,.p* 4537*4032, 60, Henry L* Stimson, The United .States, and the Other la tin American Repub liespublication ‘'of'1SS"15^art^^,n of state. 'Berios*tfo.* 4) (Washington, 1931),p* 9,10, as

But El Salvador 9 exhibit "A" , is a perfect example -of how we changed our recognition policy thus making intervene / tion no longer necessary* On December 2, 1931 a revolution, broke out and by December 4, the Republic was in the hands of the rebels* President Araujo left the country 5 and ex­ cept for a few skirmishes during January* the Republic was in comparative peace under the new President Martinez,®^ But the United States, under the old policy refused to recognize the new Government, because.under the terms of Article XI of the Treaty of 1983 we were not to recognize any president who took part in a revolution to gain his position*®2 • ■ This situation continued until our reversal of policy in the Convention on the Rights and Duties of States signed at Montevideo, December 3-86 , 1933,* By this Convention we reverted back to the generally accepted principle of inter* ■ national law* in Article IX we find! "Even before recognition the state has the .right to defend its integrity and indepen­ dence,. to provide for its conservation, and prosperity, and consequently,, to organ­ ize itself as it sees fit, to legislate up­ on Its interests, administer its services, and to define the jurisdiction and compe­ tence of its courts*

DiparlSni^W^^le^ScTzlS^Weii’^eleas^,Weekly Issue. Uo« 114} (Washington, 1931},p. S10|. 62* Stimson * op«elt.»p» 6*13$ genuls, op »elt». ,p» 2 oS 8 9

"The exercise of these rights has no other limitation than the exercise of rights of other.states according to international law? Utw Conference elaborated the law in Articles IT, V, and VI; ^States are Juridically equal, enjoy the same rights,- and have the equal capacity in their exercise„ She rights of each one do not depend upon the power which it possess©® to assure its exercise ,/but upon the simple fact of Its existence as a person under international law. wfhe fundamental rights of state® are not susceptible of being affected in any manner whatsoever. M2 he recognition of a state merely sig­ nifies that the state which recognizes it accepts the personality of the other with all the- right® and duties deter­ mined by international law.”®'* A® a result of this new policy, or the reversal to the one proceeding 1910, the Charge d* Affaire® to 11 Salvador was instructed that in views "Of the denunciation by El Salvador of the treaty of Peace and Amity of 1933, and the recognition, on January 25, of the present regime there by the Republics of Nicaragua, Honduras, and Guatemala,Costa Rica having previously denounced the

of1 "iW'v 'ilale"Jllo7n ©if'#'1 Conference Series,Ho#•19) (Washington,1934},pe 166 64. Ibid. ,p. 166,167.# ' 3 0

Treaty and extended recognition to El Salvador* the American Charge a* Affaire ad interim in San Salvador has today been instructedf under authorisation of the President, to extend recognition to the Government of 1 1 Salvador.,, on be­ half of the United States*,;65 Thus in a period of three years we at first refused to recognise a state because she did not adhere to a treaty and then we finally did so because she- renounced, it i By these examples of our policy in Cuba, Nicaragua„ Haiti, Panama, and Si Salvador it .can been seen that our Intervention and recognition policy -has been radically chang­ ed; that we now conform to international law, and for the first time the United States has conceded that the Batin American Republics studied in this paper are free and inde­ pendent soverign states4 So much for recognition and inter­ vention*, But refusing to intervene,, and the recognition that such states exist, is not cooperating to the fullest extent with nations* which, due to geographical, and economic factors, are per so .closely connected with our a m » Beginning in October of 1933 a new era was inaugurated in relations between the United States and latia America in the Anti-War Nonaggression and Conciliation Treaty between the United States of America and Other American Republics*

fileirms between the Secretary of State aji&: Minister-. 2 , 1934. (Mis epgraphecl) 31

We have already discussed the part relating to inter** ? rention bat we must investigate the article persuent. to conciliation* This Treaty provides Tor a conciliation cornsission: "Which shall be formed as follows, unless there is an agreement to the contrary of the parties in each case* The conciliation commission shall consist of five members* laoh party to the contro­ versy shall designate a member, who may be chosen by it from among its m m nationals* The three remaining members shall be desig­ nated by common agreement by the parties from among the nationals of third powers who must be of different nationalities, must sot have their customary resident in the territory of the interested parties, nor be in the service of any of them* The parti©© shall choose the president of the conciliation commission from among the said three members*"^ This commission may be substituted for by the tribunals

of both' countries working together* The duty of the comm­ ission is to ^secure the conciliatory settlement of the dis­ putes submitted to it© consideration!®^ The report of the commission doe© not have to be accepted, but the parties to = the. dispute must register whether they are..willing to accept the decision or not, and must refrain from any act which ■ might prolong the controversy* lionaggressloh "and hohclHahlbii' Treaty'letffeen' The^llnited',States"W'lS^ioa W o t h e r Ji^rfeSa j^UjpiIcs *

07* ibid*, lie 10* 32

Another example of cooperation between tbe United

States and Xatin America, tools place at Montevideo in December

1933 in the form of an’additional protocol signed at the' Pan American. Conference « fills convention had for its purpose the creation of commissions of investigation and conciliation which had been provided for by the Convention between the United States and other American Republics signed at Washing** ton January 5* 1939, and the ‘Treaty to Avoid or Prevent - Conflicts between the American States signed at Santiago* May 3, 1923e These two latter agreements had become "dead letters" in m b in' American relations*; The Additional Protooa was to ma&e them articulate* The machinery for conciliation .in -the Treaty of 1923 was provided for in Article 111,1?* and ?X:

"Two commissions to be designated as permanent shall be established with their seats at washing-* ton and Montevideo***fhey shall be composed of the three American diplomatic agents longest accredited in said capitals, and at the call of the Foreign Offices of those states they shall organize *»*Thel2? functions .shall toe limited to receiving' from the interested parties the re­ quest for a convocation of the Commission of .Inquiry The Commission of Inquiry shall toe composed of five members all nationals of American States, appointed in the following manneri each gover­ nment shall appoint two at the time of convoc­ ation,. only on© of who may toe a. national of its country* The fifth shall toe chosen toy common accord toy those already appointed and shall per­ form the duties of president*" 35

"The findings of the Commission will he considered as reports upon the dispots®» which were the subjects of the invest­ igation, but will not have the value or force of judicial decisions or arbitral awards \ In the Treaty of Inter-American Conciliation of 1929 the above Commission of Inquiry was also charged with the

duties of conciliation, and the Permanent Convocation Com­

mittee was allowed to start conciliatory proceedings until ft© the Commission of Inquiry was established,,

In the Protocol to the Treaty of 1929 the countries were ashed to form the Committees of Article I?, such to be

called commissions of Investigation and Concilia at I on. The

Commission of Article III, which was at first only a com­ mittee of convocation to call the Commission of Inquiry, and

then changed by the Treaty of 1929, was now by the Additional

Protocol of 1933 a Permanent Diplomatic Commission of Invest- t igatlon and conciliation,7® But during the period from 1933 the weak® ss of the peace machinery was well illustrated in the shape of a war over the Chaco region between Bolivia and Paraguay, a dispute

6 8 . treaty betweer the Urilted States and other American Republics to Aivold ox Prevent Conflicts between ifio freaTy leHel'rio* 752) {Washington, 1927), p, 2, 3, 69, Inter-Amerl can Conciliation, Convention between the tJalted Mates" of "^Lerlca',u"aid OtherT American Republics (Publication '"oF the department of rSt'alie,'"'Weaty 'Series, Ho. 780) {Washington, 1929), p. 6 . 70, Inter*Aaerlcan Oonciliat ion, Additional Protocol to the <5onvertt Ion of Jarniary 5, Xlf29 _ Between the United states " ^^]^E©F]]^Kf|cin[[^^Mbir^nr?uSI13tfIoS^oF*¥e^rSiif of: Staie,'"treaty' Series, £io. 087) {Washing'ton, 1935) p. 1, 34

between Ecuador and Peru, which was submitted to President

Roosevelt for arbitration In yuly, 1936, a quarrel over the

Beagle Channel between Argentina and Chile, and a general increase in tariffs and armaments.^

Sot only this but many of the Latin American nations had refused to sign the peace treaties already In existence^

Bolivia had signed none of them, Argentina only one, and Colombia, Costa Hica» Paraguay, and Uruguay had^refoaed to »9 cooperate in not adhering to certain of the treaties, Meanwhile, the representatives of the Republics of

Bolivia and Paraguay had decided on a peaceful means for the solution of their controversy. President Roosevelt, belle v~ lag that the opportune moment had arrived, wrote a letter to each of the presidents of Latin American States expressing his views on the need for a new statement of policy:

WI cherish the sincere conviction that the moment has now arrived when the American Republics, through their de©lg» sated representatives seated at a y i r ffittSfcr Welles.t"f^'^iSctl'caljAccSIislm^^gW^f "t^e ''' Buenos Aires Conference (Publicatloa of' the"Pena rtms at of State, .8 0 * lOXE,' Conference series, No* 29) {Wash­ ington, 1937), p. 4; Cordell Bull, Results end Signifi­ cance of the Buenos Alres_Coaf©rance'l'^ubllcation of t¥e^ipSr%ient '"or sfcat®, S o *r 6 8 b, Conference Series, No. 27) (Washington, 1937), p, 3; Report of the Dele* gatlon of the United States of America to the Inter- S i H c M '1 Conference the'''rlaIal>enahc®T;of Peace " ,'(Pubiicatlo¥roFijhe'’''¥^artiaiai'1'of'-"state, »©♦ 1088, Conference Series, No. 33) (Washington, 1937), p. 109. 72. Ibid.i p . 208* 35

common council table, should seize this altogether favorable ’ opportunity to con­ sider their Joint responsibility ana* their common need of* rendering less nice­ ly in the future the outbreak or the con­ tinuation of hostilities between them, and-by so doing, serve in an eminently practical maimer the’ clause of1 permanent peace on this Western Continent# It has seemed to' me- ■ that the American Governments might for these reasons view favorably the suggestion that an extra- ■* ordinary inter-Amerioan conference be summoned,. *to determine how the mainten­ ance of peace among the American Bepublics may best be oafeguarde a-whet he r, perhaps, through the prompt ratification of all of the Inter-American .Peace Instruments al­ ready negotiated; whether through the amendment of existing peace instruments in such manner as experience has demon­ strated to be most necessary; or perhaps through the creation by common accord of new instruments of peace additional to those already formulated#7^ This plan was enthusiastically received and the repre­ sentatives of the American Bepublics met at Buenos Aires the First of December, 1936# During this meeting the Conference adopted eleven treaties and conventions and sixty five resolutions and dec­ larations*; in this section of the paper we are only concer­ ned with those dealing with our political policy# #'r"r§iiaheg 'w&HeiT : Wcd&pii^Snls" American ' Q o a f TSmGSSSSSS^’^T'SS^ Tp®iicalldn of*US ''WpartmM ’' o f # 9^i'7 ~ Conference Series,Ha0 8 6 } (Washington, 1957},p0 S Sumner'Welles, The Way to Peace on the American Contin­ ent! Pub licationr’oF ’lIe 1 leparl5Siit1rlTrdfJI"’Ma t © : 1 ,r 'I: American 151 (rJaeMngto%l93@l,p» g 36

This. Conference was perhaps the most Important demon-* stration of our motives and of our willingness to cooperate 74 for the common good# -

The first agreement signed was the Convention for the

Maintenance,: Preservation »an& Eeestablistosnt of Peace I "In event that the peace of the American Bepublics -is menaced,and in order to co­ ordinate efforts to prevent war, any of the Governments of the American Bepublics signatory to the Treaty of Paris of 1938 or to the Treaty of Non-Agggression and Conciliation of 1.933, or both###shall consult with the other Governments of the American Bepublics, which in such events,shall consult together for the purpose of finding and adopting methods of peaceful cooperation# 2to the event of war, or a virtual state of war between American states, the Gov­ ernments of the American Bepublics##. shall undertake without delay the recess* ary 'mutual consultations, in order to ex­ change views and to seek#..a method of peaceful collaboration#, #.sueh consulta­ tion shall also take place to determine the proper time and manner in which the signatory states may eventually cooperate # ««to preserve the peace of the American Continent,” The- machinery for consultation, by this treaty, is to be the respective foreign offices of the Bepublics* This is one of the weaknesses of the Convention in that there 74# Treaties and.Conventions of the Buenos Aires Conference cation W 1 fiEefiepaftSeht of"rWess" Release,Saturday ,Jtey 39,193? , Vol * ,X?1 ,Wo *400) (Wash­ ington, 1937 ),p# 376 75# Report of. the. Delegation of the United_ States of America

^^^rnraiir**’ — ™ , w _ _ w m w no permanent consult at ire organisation which should convene automatically at the outset, of war# Nevertheless it is a step, in the .right direction as it is a method for ■the mobilisation of public opinion.# When people of the American States know that consultation is going on for averting conflict they will demand peaceful settlement#*^ One of the problems of first importance was the neu­ trality Question# What was to be the action on the part of neutrals in case war should break out? tfhe delegations of the united States* Colombia,, and Bolivia desired a common policy on the part of all the states to be inserted into the convention, but Argentina,Chile and Uruguay,wanted either independent action as regards neutrality,, or a committee / who would apply sanctions only on the aggressor# Argentina and Chile had their way and the policy arrived at for the moment is one of independent action*7^ The Convention to Coordinate, Extend and Assure the Fu3fil3aent'of the, Existing Treaties between the American Statesfwhich contains'the neutrality provision,contains ng ' two other sections!

C.cmfei^ixce#p#S^W'^'MIIei#~ ;fhe...... ' Xnter-Amerloan Conference' p'l '^7^*1$;''^XSsau The*:i,fracf leaf l^ccCmplfs the Buenos Aires - .l^Ii^ges W FTfemi‘%p/fe&S"^fa¥isn',,€d",'~t^ 2nter*^eWoaa~' Conference 79#. Ibid#,p.# 2 3 ..SIgS I ,S5 «86* ?S# l H d # ,p-c 131-139’ m

1* Coordination of the following peace agencies* a* 'Treaty to Avoid and Prevent Conflicts of May 3, 1925* b 0 Treaty for .the Renunciation of War# 1928. Pari® Peace Pact. Co. General Convention of Xnte r-Amer ican Ar­ bitration# January 5# 1929. d«.. General Treaty of Inter-American Concilia­ tion, January 5, 1989, e* Treaty of Hon-Aggression anh Conciliation, October 10, 1933.

2* A Common neutrality Policy* "They shall adopt in their character as neutrals a common and solidary attitude, and shall consult immediately with one another*..with this object**.they may consider the imposition of prohibitions or restrictions on the sale or shipment, of arms, munitions and implements of war, loans or other financial help to the states in conflict, in accordance with the municipal legislation of the High Contracting Parties." 3. Whether hostilities actually in progress constitute a state of war*. "In regard to the question whether hostil­ ities actually in progress constitute a state of war, each of the High Contracting Parties shall reach a prompt decision." In the last analysis the neutrality pact depends, not on any permanent committee for its enforcement,, but on the municipal legislation* _ _; ^ : ^ _ _ _ _ -\ ? h * :^epor^ 'of' '"tiSe ■ jj^egates' W to the Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance -----' 11 '•' ""'• 39

Tiiis meaning that' if the. state wishes she may sell munitions or foodstuffs to the belligerents* Iren though a common policy was wanted the nations did not want to go so far as to apply sanctions | Argentina -and Paraguay mating re sen- OA rations to this effect* However,-while consultation Is taking place$ the states

are not to commence hostilities for.a period" of six months and a report must he submitted to the other states as to what

methods are -to-be. used to pretest prolongation of the war*®f la order to anticipate or prevent any future difficult ties or controversies the Treaty on'the Prevention of Oontro- versies was signed at the Conference* This Treaty provides for permanent bilateral mixed commissions* composed of rep­ resentatives of the signatory governments*, whose duty shall be Hthe study as far as possible* the causes of future diff­ iculties or controversies*,»and to promote».*the due and

regular application of treaties in force***and also-to pro­ mote the development of increasingly good relations in all ways between.the two countries delt with in each case*”82 § 5 * ifepdrtv'udf ''"^elegateW o f ' '-feMe

81* Welles* The Accomplishments of the inter-American 8 onference',Jtl w " l l S ' , loit 82«. IliWorfW*the Delegates of the RnlteA States. of America lotle^S$sF^roHmH^otoFerenW*'^^^EewWS^e5incer^ Peace „p *11-61 40

Realising that a party to a dispute will not accept tie good offices or mediation of another party unless it lias been previously provided for^because public ©pinion beeanee aroused to the point where it believes that any tender of' good offices shows partiality for the other parfcywtfce Confer** m m signed ah Sate^Aneriean treaty on Good Offices and Mediation.# la this convention recourse , may be had to the good offices and mediation of m eminent citizen of any of the 1

American Republics, the names to be selected from a list pre** pared of two names from each country# This person selected “

’’Shall name the place where, under his chairmanship, one duly authorised representative of each of the parties shall sect' in order to seek a peaceful and equitable 'solution of the m difference#”

If the settlement is not made within six months the controversy is to be turned over to the procedure of oomoil'**

iation already provided for in other treaties# The.purpose of this special treaty is to provide a more elastic method than that provided for in the Uorasisslon of foscillation#13^

• - 1 5 S S H c a m m W e^ir''^^ar^BSEeW'^ale7**Sirwl W ^ r ^ ,ty information Bulletin#. So# 89||Wash.ington.s..19S^);.#p* SS .* 84# ^ Report ^ ^ ,of. , , theg|gg|g|| %logafes, of the United. States of jUaerica

* WajSIjuTioIlirT K M of the Buenos Mfcl fonference^.grim^l^liT'iSlu^ayAr'^ 43*

in this same- Conference for the Maintenance of Peace the United States again reiterated its stand against non- intervention* The substance of* the Protooal is "that no state has the right to intervene in, the- internal or ex- 9 5 . teraal affairs of another.*-* And due to'the fact that the United States has continued that policy the la tin Amer* lean States are beginning to believe it. The new political policy of the United States may be said to be stated in the Declaration of Principles of Inter* .American Solidarity and Cooperation which was accepted by the Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Peace; "The American nations,true to their repub­ lican institutions* proclaim their abso­ lute Juridical liberty* their unrestricted respect for their several sovereignties and the existence of a common democracy throughout Americaj

"That every act susceptible of disturbing the peace of America affects each and every one, of them, and Justifies- the initiation of the procedure of consultation provided for in the Convention for the Maintenance, freservation,.'and Reestablishment, of'Peace *«*an& that the following,principles are. ' accepted by the International American Community; Proscription of territorial conquest and ."that* in consequence, no'acquisition . made through violence shall be recognized; 'lrobbo^,,W3 ^ ^ v e :'tbr ' Treaty Information Bulletin,Ko*89,p.3 5 j Report of the Delegates of the United. States ..Of Ajmerica^lo 1 ibe Wfcer- 48

Intervention by one state in the internal, or external affairs of another state is condemned; Forcible collection of pecuniary debts is illegal; Any difference or dispute between the Amer­ ican Nations* whatever its nature or origin shall be settled by the- methods of co&oii* 1stion#or foil arbitration* or through operation of international justice Summing up- the m w policy of the United States toward political X&tin America. %m may say that the Monroe Doctrine

Is no longer a unilateral policy but a multilateral one*

!yea^e *p.tf ‘ JJiSll^gJS8S .* XII 45

Economic Cooperation

It Is interesting to note the course of our foreign trade before and after the World War. Previously we were a debtor nation and borrowed great sums of money so that by 1914 we owed Europe #3,000,000,000. During this period the more goods we could export the more we could balance our

.international accountsi;reduee interest charges, and borrow more money to add to the material development of the country. Thus a ^favorable” balance of trade for us at least meant an on excess of exports over imports. But after the War our position was completely reversed, Europe now owed us #16,000,000,000„ While our economic po­ sition changed our "favorable” balance complex did not, so that each attempt to increase our exports only added to debts owed us from abroad* How it is well known, that international debts can only be paid with gold or economic goods but Europe did not have enough gold to send to America and still have enough to keep a stable currency, The only logical rmy for American loans to be repaid was by the shipment of goods to America,. Obviously if we were to be paid we must reduce our' tariff walls?® 8?, "'franois'7"Sayre 7- The' :^r o S m '"Trade'r of'~the 'stye's {Publication of ington,1955|,p# 4,5; Francis B. Sayre, The Menace of , Economic Hat ionallsml Publicat ion of the Department of State, wo. 66b) gashing ton, 1934) *p*0 88, Sayre, The Foreign Trade of the United States,p. 5 m

m t tic ■ aid eamstly tit# M M S m Increases tbo tariff# is 1983 wo acuta raised the tariff x m ll osd* to o lim n , it oil»aSts& m should h m o iocs-red tie %m&o restrict**

lo iis to lacrosse %im mrfeet for our surplus orodaets and also to m m tm payments m o m 4 e b t % tic passed %n® iiowloy** ascot

Along witfcthio high tariff polloy «jb developed a pam« liel policy#. is order to &e.op up our ©sports# of lending money to foreign countries to buy our agricultural mad mas- 00 nfaoturod products# But witft the Bopreooios of 1989 th& %mtm stopped? for** ©ign countrios tboa faced « ©rieia# they ssnst either inereas© their ©sports to tbs Waited Stotts or curtail their imports# but os© ©an m o that ttitl* our o M tariff policy the ©sports si could sot bs Inorsoood*

as a result m M m the rise of a riotous system of ©conomie matioseXieaa ©a tho part of all foreign © otm trles* It M m m that they produce witMs. their mm couo- try ell the cmaodities that they seeded# or sot up a system of exelms© controls# isport ileenolcs* coapesmtioa ag ree* meats* and the life©#

Gordo iir „ mrasre State! IMbllcatioB of' life© Sipr£»tir©f "itst©#. * yf*n»i W T i rp

93 # Sayre , f S e ^ State a ,p #6, ? • 94o Sumner Wel'Xes", '~%he~ ¥rade'r J^ r e ^ e n C s ’l^^^ailt^ibli cat ion of the BepartsenTW^Htel,So7BSBTlWsh3hEton,1954) ,p,3 95# Francis B# Sayre, Tariff BargainingjFublication of De­ partment of State*'S'94T‘"Islington*-1934) ,p.3 96.#. Welles* Ihe Trade Agreement Brogram,p«3,4# 46

Our economic policy to Latin 'America was of the same proportions but ©yen more imperialistic that,besides high tariffs and other forms of economic imper ia lism,we tools over the financial management of such states as Cuba, Haiti, Nicaragua, and the Dominican Republic»dictating as to custom duties, taxes,and loans* Meanwhile, due to economic imperialism,, and the world depression, to which the former was a contributing factor, the trade of Latin America with the United States diminished at an alarming rate, following table illustrates the QO loss.

JBBEEte&03ffifeaadte$^ 1920 LOSS Cuba- •-•**—~—|>336,330,535**— -<***—^lS4r jSSS ,280** ****63% Argentina- 337,873,000* 72,175 ,000— 77$ Bolivia' 6,364,940- 5,270 ,275---17$ Brasil* 183,663,000— --*— — 131,859 , 376— 28$ Chile- IS?,801,000* 34,939 , 950— 77$ Colombia- 153,508,000 79,057 , 924— 47$ Costa Rica— 13,515,000— ** »**•* 5,287 ,518— 61$ Dominican R, 38,669,000mi/f #* «* «*> ** ** 9,604 ,854-- 57$ 11,942,000- 5,441 ,261— *54$ Guatemala— 19,994,000 6,321 ,5X5— 68$ Haiti 101335 ,000****** ***** 5,326 ,156-- 47$ 'Honduras 35 ,644,000— * 13,784 ,856**— 46$ .Mexico- 251,668,000— 91,556 ,755— 63$ Nicaragua iiMMM 12*780,000 3,957 ,075******69$ El Salvador- 11,880,000"*— -*“**•** 8,073 ,000— 52$ Panama- 46,484, O00-- — 84,907 ,000 Am M **46$ Paraguay- 3 , 089 1000************' 1,051 , 000**—**4-8$ Peru-- 56,344,000 18,988 , 000**— 71$ Uruguay- 46 .,922,000-t w» <>■»m+w w»'#» 10,851 ,000— 76$ Veneziie la- 96,459,000— 41,406 000— 57$ wrwmMynxmwrmm^^mrmw^mrmm^mmr^ in 1934(Publioation of the.■ Fan'SeTicah'• American Union Bulletin,vol* ,89,p eS23«4{Washingt0n,B*O) Ifetllda Phillips tirade of the U»S with Latin America in 1929{Publication W t h e Pan American Union,Pan American Union Bulletin,vol*,64,p*414{WashiHgton,0,0,) 41*

ft»3® met te saws oloso mmmrnAm with m m tariff polioy mm this loss of train m at tte &m» tim m were losing train otter omistrioif snob as Stent »ritai%ltely#; Bmssllft. pm Japan i s m a s s d tteir train# fte .last tbroo temtfles mm& coE§*onsatio» sgteo®iite ate oxoteiige controls * tbs first tel: rooiprotel sgt e « m t e site tte of os the Esttm mmwMm stmte§.e

■ m a n tfce foreign teal© of latte Jsssriia with tti© teitei States ieoli&os m rnmh m ff- par ssafc .in a portei of firs .years scs&thlag tons* te &oift»# Our g c o s n n s a t appears# to have one of two otei«a# ©Ittier tbs altermtiir© of profess enfcial bargaining nr tte aote^f&torM nation program*^' Preferential termites© is tte policy ttet tea team foil* a m i hy moot nations siae* the worli War# fte note of the polity i© to train special priyilei© im speotex prlvilegs, tte«*yot**t»io«*sritli.*«-f «ad tte l^trate#wlttey©ti*flte* fte teiriooa sste to m% tei© plan isto sffeot m m exetesge cos*' trele* quote vestvlotlaBS# ate. traits© prafershoesA As s t e m ty tte aaaipots of train with latte, tortea te© Unite# States sttfgsvo# a great t o o of %wB» b$ ttei epafc ) fte &satef/*timoa& tariff m s the oontribtttioa of the m t t o d .States to this type- of seoaooto m tlom lim *.

tariff: ^ 006. W ® 1 * 1 E Qtemteiiift, Entries** Mm to Ummrn ' - ■ ' toaW^TSSBHBSSTcSte^^'Kb) ■|ifasMii@tos#liS§l #f xoo« mwm& Mmmmu &m p*3*4f Frenois S*Say»t fte© total m^tmlWI™$wmMnQ* i

In a speech, to the Conference , Mr* Hull proposed,at the time of remarking that '“International trade is hopelessly clogged with prohibitions ^embargoes* quotas , and many other arbitrary restraints and restrictions, that a general understanding among all important countries, should* **be brought about in concert for the elimination of the more useless and hurtful barriers and for the reduction of tariffs in accordance with IQB a moderate policy*“ This moderate policy was put into a resolution adopted by the Conference which stated that? ”** ,thef American States***are desirous of ab­ andoning economic conflict and of achieving , : some measure of economic disamament* “That the governments of the American Bepub- ■ lies subscribe**,of gradually reducing tari­ ffs,.and other barriers to mutually profitable movements of goods, services, and' capital,** “That'at the earliest practicable date,*,*the subscribing, governments , * *will simultaneously initiate between and among themselves nego­ tiations for the conclusion, of bilateral or multilateral agreements- for the removal of tariff, rates to a moderate level* “The subscribing governments declare that the principle of ©quality of treatment stands and must continue to stand as the basis of all acceptable commercial policy* Accord­ ingly they undertake that whatever agree­ ments they enter into shall include the most- favored nation clause in its unconditional and unrestricted formjto be applied to all ,04 types of control of international trade**,”

WldS^'ge^ntH 'l^erSatT^ W "Sericaui B^E©E|WE$lcaHon^f,^SewSe^r^EaE~olrWEaW^o7,^66lt GEiierenee Series,No*19) (Washington, 1934)*p, 113,114* 104* Ibid*,p. 196yl98« 50

The United States was one of the first American states to enact a law for the making of reciprocal trade agreements? The Trade Agreement Act of 1954 was the contribution of our government toward the correcting of trade relations with South America* This Act provides ? "That for the purpose of expanding foreign .markets for the products of the United States . ««the President* whenever he finds as a. fact that a ny existing duties- or other im­ port restrictions of the United States or any foreign country are unduly burdening and restricting the foreign trade of the united States.„«is authorised from time to time; 1* TO enter into foreign trade agreements with foreign governments.;, and S« To proclaim such modifications of ex­ isting duties and other import restrictionss or such additional import restrictions or such continuance* and for such minimum per­ iods* of-existing, customs or excise treat* • meats of any article covered by foreign trade agreements* as are required or appropriate-to carry out any foreign trade agreement that the President has entered into hereunder, lo proclamation shall be made ■ increasing or de­ creasing by more than 50- per cent any exist­ ing rate of duty or transferring any article between the dutiable and free lists* The proclaimed duties and other import restrict­ ions shall apply to articles the growth*, pro-105 duce» or manufacture of all foreign countries,**

ment of' State',SxoHinveir""Sgreement Series^No.101) (Washington* 1937} *p*X,£ An Act to Amend the Tariff Act of 1930 (United States st0^WeI“'raC l S p ^ » S o ^ i S y '"Slrd " Congress,vol. ,48,1934,part 1*1 #p,943,t> . . SI

The President has a weapon la the form of with-hoMing tariff concessions unless other countries reciprocate with fair treatments But the President is not granted arbitrary power in that the treaty cannot be made without prior axmou- - cement and public hearings

Mote

There might he some question why some countries are considered in one section of the paper and not. in. the' other* In the first part only those countries in which the Baited States directly intervened are considered* In the second part only those- countries which are cooperating ec­ onomically with the- Baited States are consider­ ed* Thus in some cases the country may he in one section and not‘in the other and vice- versa*

rfcfBT * ¥ ^ 7 "The'"^gooC’"lelgIhorif1~r^^3^oy'1Sjai^'' ■ meats ,0*9*'. SB

The trad© of the United States with Cuba declined 63 per cent from 1929 to 1934*: The economy of Cuba is built primarily upon the export of sugar and sugar products P There is a very close correlation with our high tariff policy and our imports of Cuban sugars107 United State * s imports of Cuban sugar*. Short tons * ^ OiQO^ mmmmB , 752 j> 745— mm**m 96 , CIS , GOO 63*642*000 S?,89?,0GG 1933^*,493 * ^ 39 *748 , 607 - In 1930 the Ha?/ley~8moot Tariff increased the rat© of duty on Cuban sugar from 1*76 to B cents per pound, dealing a death blow to the sugar industry and likewise the purchas­ ing power of Cuba for American products* In the United States it meant that farmers have been deprived of an outlet for their production,, and that workers in manufacturing and ex­ porting industries have suffered reduced wages and loss of employment« The United States took the first step in reducing tariff rates in the Cost igan-

Wslat©','«&ss WJmseSfWeekly Issue,Ho* 256,Saturday. August 25, 1934} {Washington, 1934},p» 121* 108* 'Ibid.,p*121,122, 109* Ibid., ,p a S 2 » ■53

The results of this now legislation # together with the. trade agreement which m s in operation at the same time* in* creased our airports of sugar* and improved Cuban financial 11 stability. This fact is made clear in the following-tablet United States .import©- of; Cuban ~ ■ • 'tons' 1903 *495*992 §39,748*607 80*449*82?

An additional attempt m s made on August 24* 1984 to im­ prove our economic relations with Cuba, This was .in the form of a trade agreement under the authority of the Trade Agree­ ments Act* The treaty with Cuba differs from the others in. that It is a "proposition that stands entirely alone? that is* the concessions are not on a most-favored-pation basis and do 131 not apply to other countries*

The greeraent continues the special treatment of 1908* and in addition pledges reduced rates of duty to special products of the other country* American products entering Cuba will be given a special preference of from 20 to 60 per cent, and likewise Cuban goods will be granted certain .preferences in 'American market©.#.-*^

"ieiouen, llicer':and' W o d u o f l o ^ Record**5*4 Congress*i^n' lesHon^1 , 9,p*9591-9596) 111* Rebate. on the Reofprooal Trade Agreements Act Extension TSS5^^Ssf^SI^S^W^KressT1iF*5eSsIatt^vofrr^r**’' pt,8,p,1540) 112* ■ Reciprocal_Trade Agreement between the thiited States of

imeutiv© Agreement SeriestHo* $ 9 \ (Washington* 1984 j *teact * 54

A representative list of redactions granted to American 113 exports to Cuba follows:

P o o d s t u f W new rat© CoVtonseect oil— $4*36 per loo#— #0*88— yard — ■*»«*»» — «*«* »►•*>«>■ *»«* 9 „ 10 ** ——■ 8*73—* Wheat f 1 our— *— * 76 n bs Salt pork-*— ’*'-*** Q *54 n 100#— 4 * 00— — 81*: 0 Bacon--— — — 7*63 n ^ rmjm 5*45— — 81«0 Hams-shoulder 8.71 ft w mf-m. 5*45—— — 84*0 Potatoes m m <** ■** ** «* «* «* 1.81 tt **<■* * 00—————50 * Pmits-dried 3*20 n n B *.80— 8 3 1 Peas,corn- *84 w 7 2 10 & ■SlC©**— m/mmm*»«**»******«♦ 10 ■ft ^ mm.tm 18,7 tertiles Coli'ionfabrics--- *30 pfef, .SO * pref* Cotton yarn-— — *30 n *50 n Rayon *30 I n *60 $ * n #a©l*«*~ *M**"ijtiii|w> *||M •*•»* ***** P 1 *50 $ n Silk knit goods— *10 ■» ♦40 $ " Machiners *84 $ ad* m l * *12 $ ad*val* pref* *60 $ pref* w».»ii mm ♦*-*• m> n *60 $ * CliSrs 4*50 per 100#— 1*81 ■60*

The Baited States in turn granted reductions on products imported from Cuba as follows:

ir——————————— —Cild fate* ■New fate C ^ a f * sirups* tank bottoms-****— #1*50 per 100#— 10*90 per 100# 4 *00 per gal »— 8*50 per gal* i*0O per lb* — 1*50 per lb* filler------0*48' per lb* — 0*25 per lb* Scrap— — ——— — — ©*24 per lb* — 0*176 per lb* Cigars— 8*80 per 100 — 8*86 per X0O llSrw f m d e w^g H ^ B a l w i $ S ,^B a * W s s s ,*ieleaseIl©6 856 .-■»* & FJEU Buck* Awritqan AgrlculturaX'Advantages n M s r the Reolprocll'^frale 3gHeieE^Hl[5m35ressIomX^eco$^74w,5c^rHs^M^seision , vol* »S0#pt* t#,p*4604-461S*) -reduction of 30- $ ** ** SO $ ” 20 $ jP^ nPrl pTvl ******’**'-> **■***'*''1*** '** ’* 20 ^

Potato©®—————————,1— B 00 jpj TomStOSS— ** v 20 ^ OncumberS—————————————————— ** v 00' ^

act will 0© seott that after the trade agreement had beea in operation for two fear© there had been an improvement In trade between the two countries* The following figures will lib bear out the above statementt trade of the Waited States wlthCuba* 1935-1904 ” "'1® orin ■''lo "’’OiSa Imports fromCuba 15^3— ———§321310 |f 000—— ——ffi '50* 497-j 000 ***«''** *•►«•»'**- 5S j- 000 ^000'****** 1 5 5 ,0 0 0 *0 0 0 1935-S-— 6‘4*000*000-* « ---- «-*«« 115,000,000

In percentage the United States export trade increased 70 per cent the first year of the agreement over the previous year,, and 98 per cent the second year of the agreement over the pre-agreement year.* The imports from. Cuba increased more in proportion than exports; 157 per cent the first year, and 96 per cent the second year over the pre-agreement year* llltt^'^l^oSeh'»olu bit1 witjt. 'buta«T*'1 'Press lelease^lo*2S8,p* 131-^1 Extending le qp^deal Trade Agreement. Act (Hearings before tte Gommittee ’OTi rinduce, United'”States Senate,on House Bill,Ho«96, February 10,11*13, and 15,1937,75 Oongress,lst session, p«888)i -Trade. Agreement with1 gubaaHx»igreement.94* IIS* BeRouen^'oPftClfi ,with Ouba > (Publication of the Bepartiasiptt’’"or StafeTPmmrWWase,. vol.?tWXtMo,380^.Saturday,January 9*1937#,p#15* 56

fids increase of imports over exports has caused some crit­ icism of the treaty in the United States* But Before the ■ treaty was made the United States imported more from Cuba than she exported, due to.the triangular nature of our trade.* for Cuba It has meant increased purchasing power„ A better yardstick to measure the increased trade be­ tween the United States and Cuba is the comparison, with the increase or decrease in trade of Cuba, with other’ countries!'

Cuban, imports from principle countries . Jan*-Oct *. — ^ 0 g|— — — -X936 ! ' Increase United States---$45 , 605 flQQG~**»f>54,741,000— ** 42Q fa British India— 4^846^000*""*— 1,995.,000— —53 ft 3,609,00 5,333,000— 4 7 % Uapan— .2,593,000—*» 571,000— — —76 f» Canada--**— — 997,000— 332,000— ■ —14 Jt Mexico— 327,000— 954,000**— — 2 /5 Chile— -— — — 307,000— 362,000— 4 7 fa

While the trade of the United States.was increasing 20 per cent the trade of other countries was. decreasing as much as 76 per cent(Japan}, or only gained 7 per cent(Germany~ Chile}* The trade agreement must account for this outstand­ ing gain in exports to Cuba by the United States* from, a sunrey made by the Chamber of. Commerce in Cuba it shows that the trade .treaty, has been of real benefit to Cuba*

116;, Extending Reciprocal foreign Trade Agreement Act 'fSeSrS^ oafore 'the O c M i t t e e r ST'!Sliys';'raM , • Souse of Representatives,75 Congress.,. 1st session, on B.*J* Res* So*96,January 21,22,.25,25,26,1937),p«106 5?

Some of tli© gains in business after the second year of the

t ■ i . t l j # .agreement can be noted belowt

Increase Machinery and machinery snnply— -IB to 100 %

Electrical, machinery and supply— r40 to 78 $ Agricultural macbittery-*-'--.**------* . 341 % Steel products— —— — ——— —— — — 01- ^ .Rubber products-— — — « « ™ ™ — — 3 to 30 ji

department stores— ——SS to 41 %

Iransportat ion lines———————————————16- to 70 $ Steamship and freight traffic---— 100 f> Wages — •*— 20 5^

Summarizing the results of the agreement it will be .seen that it has been of great benefit to both countries in lnc.reas.ing trade, increasing employment and improving pollt- 1 1 Q ical relations between the two American States*

'^oiS^^^'^oiaLal 3^' w~r ; Record.,74.^

of :"tS"¥e^rtm©it' of ' sfat©p5^S'TMleaSe *':'cSaturday■*.

. July m . f , 1935#vol»X7III; Ho*303) ,p*76 (Washington, 1935) 1181. - Sumner Welles, Two Tears of the nGood neighbor” Policy (Publication ofthe Department1 of '^titi', Mtin American Series tBoUl) (Washington*!^ > ,p«18-15« m

Meanwhile 0 the trade of Brazil with the United State® i • » was diminishing at the same rate as that of Cuba* 'But- Brazil*® trade with other countries was increasing* Our tariff policy failed to secure any of this gain la business# the- following table shows 'the necessity, and the possibility of restoring 119' ' our trade with Brazili----'-■

|6®8 j.000 53*800,000— — - 130,900 5 000 1931**--- — --- ' 28,6QG,000— — 110c000,000 1938— 28,800,000—— 82,000,000 1933— — — —— r— ■*— 29 ^700, 000— —**■— 82,600,000 1934^--—------40,383,000— — — 91,484,000

In accordance with our- reciprocal trade program, after an extensive investigation made by representatives of both coun­ tries, a trade agreement was signed- on February 2,., 1935* The agreement consists of general provisions and two schedules# The schedules lists the hoamoditles. on which concessions are to be made by both countries*. The general.provisions include, the most-favored-nation treatment, restrictions on import and export fuota.s,, nondiscriainatory practices, and technical -pro- •180 visions for, the. carrying out of the tariff reductions*,-. •

119* Trade Mroement ‘wtt^-Brs^ Depart-* nmS^WSlHW^rWFWlease ,.1 Saturday, February 2,1935, vol#111,tHo*279) (Washington, 1935) ,p*66 j Trade Agreement with Brazil.*(Publication o f the DepartEient“rof State, Seess Seleise, Saturday,September 1,1934-,vol*,Weekly Issue,Bo# 257) (Washington,1934),p*146* 120 0 Be.oiprocal Trade Agreement and Supplementary Agreement cation of the Series,Noe82) (Washington, 1936),p.*text 59 Another important provision was the one on foreign ex­ change* Brazil lagged behind between #80s000*000 and fSO, 000*000 on payment of foreign exchange to the baited States* The agreement provides for the liquidation of thin commercial indebtedness by the issuance of funding bonds to be purchased by the Import and Export Bank of Washington*' The Ba.uk. of Brasil la to pay the. commercial .creditors and the holders of the. bonds* The. Brasilian Oovernment also guarantees a .suff­ icient amount of foreign exchange to take care of current ' 181 trade* The. concessions granted to the United States are mostly of a non-competitive nature* A representative group followi?2

,re"ri . Automobiles and trucks—————————————————————SO .*jS m t m t % Cotton fl

OhLCwing g u n ^»#«MN» 60 % «■»«■».«■»•m-m*»#»■■»•#*#**»>w # » i ■*»-»«w>**»>■> ^tooi^ i t ^ "t*******+'■******•*******■**<»»**■* •*>*■»■ —%■**<»■*»**. — tm*W' *>«■> mw'*■*.—■» w*.nt*"!— <»*■*» «■»■»»» ^ -so % Fresh fruit— -*-— — ™ —.— —*— Agricultural machinery*tractors-*------'™ * Befx*igerators-— n Typewriters

.js'j* ^eoli>rocaX WSS&' and ^iraSil4p* 'W' ° " * %%%* 1^*^' * :'3 * M Y "Igrade'.' Igreemaht': wi€E""lraxll«Press ’ Be lease* February 2 , American Exoort Products Benefiting, from Beoinrocal .Trade Agreements signed thus far*(Congressional Record*74 Congress..fid* IWisloBTnBCTpf $,10,p, 10627-10651; Bucktop*cit .p <,4604; m

fte eboire m tvaft* gpaoteft % Brasil* rap** m&m% S0ill. per oesft of tte trad# of 19E9C. amrl 3l#X p©r gex$ of fete tra&a of IW,es»9fl# to ttet oooa&xy % til© united States.**®® The granted to Btaisfi -tswfo tm to mnfibor state ©oat of tea jpwaoote oxo tmpim Xfiwmk m ooffee* t&loh oxo.cft tte fteo'ttot m & m o m - m m a tefr fat? ftfttebto $ &p ® m ® fro m Bmzitu. fte ootlxo lis t of om ositioo on vmim tm 134 unites State# jproofioO tariff xoAooftlooo foitonsi

» w l i 5 Oolite- fS § f$ 0 a&«ral***«N* ft 0 Jla&ga&oao i $ par it #***<**■ §g $ Byasii $ par to#***1** s/4 OsGtoj? q 0 par 3tl!> i i $ Xpscas s Bound boinici csoaoo boons bound Oottfifc tsista^,(^i‘>^*^#M!!^»»*

ggggy^gg^SiSSir^ai^MSam,

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* m m § j# $B9fe|xed$a s^amg- . *$§&*€* *tmez*m&aw&w) i « i *m 4mmm w*m*wm **tm>0 o? #««kki #w? sroMaoa. m . tMWMSttg*joojtaaaapi

-a-r^W^I ^ #»# ®«B «ft® 8«f» £tyt9QPS& wS* *sd&$8& fitjcntf «f p « m t » & m % #t $ g m o «i% j # w w s ssrtA?# ©ip «9iq^oim *pq '*3#«Mo&flte w « » «wi* *# M ® x ® ® «ra® &p & mmwm® %mmzmm& 'mm ■•oofas* Kanoo t®oq $® £ % % & M s q M ® m 09 f » $ $©9*8 s peanqpcq -soo sftjs «ip$©sf aei ©1$ #88&* * 0*0 p p p a s $ m ostoo a&& w p m m $ e m «wtf %& p m m m m % m t m m % o® m t & % m *«0 ?o& «f «*«& * q&q flWRtftft- W * 1*8 * <** m p %mx o$ o e w r n ■***111 o$g$ j@ ipsi® # n t m Wf 0999^01X1 us m m 99P*. qsfaag*

*>tv 0 % %t®®%$$W of %umQ®#$®. o$&x$ ^ 0 9 w si o m a s o 9qo 8$so&it m* ooooatottf trpfn m m m m u % m $

89AQ$8$ 4E(WC^

0 m 93£B ■ ■ «*M*90WII f $® » g o m * & m ■ o m i t m . «t0Oeo» $o£Kfqp0 1 Wv^iy:PrWT:?iT'Tifcae«i&ittgii 4KaiMiii:iti^=-^toi<«iM,'ia*"i^fcMSi^^,@S'S!% i T l it * * $ $ rsk «§g»qsg

& lil

^ t s a « g TOiifi «n» &i f 1 ® ^ f W | tioagritef «| tX|o9 S t a g o M g o s m « s«a

St# H**sa

© rtO H ^ O CD I a » 1 « s H* M sr 3 H,»s? fcS'8 Ol *3SS<» t& & «. % 1$/ *» W" & *>: *> ■*»; * 03 && ■ 1»■ ftp 0 O © O © © § 0 0 8 8 0 . 1 1 1 I * £ P a £0 £?5 si* H> SI S3 •<3 O lb *>. Mt «(*■ %* »■ •» >•-... ^0i?»£O©O5 03 a OJ© -3 0 0 « •s: 0©SS? © H M C i© v> *► ■»■ *»■ -•%• w i-tj.- |£*j0 o c o © c © o o o g S o O O -O'- O' o © O O O O O 1 * • I t ■■■* * w ?????? H C 3 K F* is m <0 o» »> © © 05; © * * * o j»- o © ■©. o o o * © < ! H ® P t0^ Cff guf* SI C * * t # 1 I I I * I. t » , {*(4 j—a £$ HMH £0li-J §• s m «$* t** pi &■ © M £0I“*03 0» £0 © * « 6 O « 0 » o ■« « * « S3 <£> SO M 03 © © SO0J iMO © C* P* I H 3 * © m m 05 _Q_ 04

A deal by which Germany was allowed to purchase 100*000 bags of Brazilian coffee for resale to Central European countries m s canceled on August $>1937 thus showing the good faith of 2JS& the Brazilian government,* In total trade Brazil was able .to buy $21,882,000 sore than in 1935 and sell #5 0 *886,000 more* , So the purpose of the trade agreement was carried out*. It can be seen from this that there was a total trade expansion between Brazil, and the rest of the world; of which the United States received an equitable amount* fhe value of'the trade agreement was recognized fey both countries in -a Joint statement on July 16 , 19371s 4 ■ the agreement each country* fey lowering the various tariff restrictions* prepared the -way for an Increase in trade between them* Further* fey ex* changing pledges against the increase in existing duties or the application of new duties os many .products vital in their trade.*, they safeguarded their existing trade* "The agreement has been operative for almost Z years, It was both natural and desirable that advantage be taken by the principals of the Brazilian Mission in this country to review its past operations and its prospectso this has been done in a series of comprehensive discussions in which both countries have freely explained their position and their pro­ blems..*. As these conversations come to an end, the two Government^' declare their intention, of contin­ uing the agreement in force and of bending every effort toward the attainment of its objectives*” f ~ ^rade"^^gr©iyiyr'be|ween' '^lleI'''1gifeatil','aiSVTlr ^ z S IBi!»'f I-

* eEtl^oF^B i^^P^m eiFW 'B IW iTSeisB eSeseTaaturw • daygJuly 17*1937* volklflli Mo*40?) {WasMngton,i98?}#p« 39,40,41* 133* Ibid*Ip* $9,40,41* 134* Xfe'ld* *P* 40 o m

Under the authority of the Trade Agreement Act the President also made a trade agreement with the Republic of Haiti on Marcli 88, 1935, which came into effect on June 3, 1935* The reason for- it was that he "found that certain existing duties and other import restrictions of the United States of America and Haiti are unduly burdening and re* strict lag the- foreign trade of the United States of America »*«and that the purpose of the Act -of 1934 will he promoted by a foreign trade agreement-#.^® As with other Latin American countries the trade of the United States had fallen off to a great extent* Although Haiti is-a small country a great deal of trade wag carried

United .Statens Trade with Haiti . IHSU** ««*• #•'•*■*« «**•>-— —^8 ,'79G"jUGQ““~ ■* 1 , 445 *000 1*183|000 ft# ft# ft* 4 j 322 ^ 0 p 000 4t|,O0§ 6-XX.£ 000 St.p89S 804| 000 3,362# 1 ^ 223, 000

The United States export trad© with Haiti has been made up of textilee, foodstuffs* automotive products* machinery* metal manufactures* and related products*

^^^gE^^g^I|ppuHIlWlloS^oF^E©*SS^^^^E,woFeSlaEe IScutivi'"liveliest Series * Ho* 78} {Washington ,1935 ) .Text and p*8 136o Trade Agreement with Haiti{Publication of the Department W ‘SUUt^-Ffeif''HSmSe'iBlftJurday ,September l.,1934. Weekly Issue,Ho*257) {Washington,1934),p*146*1505 Trad© Agrees ms-nt with Haiti {Publi cat ion of the Separtmenl^or^EWe* Press Release*vol;*XIli.iro.*287} (Washington,1935)#p 0189 m

fi® Suited flto te o if f tb® mpplim o f B a i M % kwwrtff

■ but ?to»o© I® tli© m m t x w vfegofc 1»*y» tfc© must o f feat ©spurts*.

$%0 oooso tu t' tli© . (aotfUtts o f our oggKKPto M m t o n

m a n s i o n * f b | # agreement it ®» traoonditiOB&i aagbHtevopod* g&ti

v a t e e t o t o o ® oowsfertoo wtiieb fit® toeipyoo&l to

ISf# fto© AHgeenont o&tfc Haiti* Bros© 8©tos%p*i8M,i©f XWB® to SmtoiBtatos

felif^soeto serio©| (wash* .IU@tOAtXt59|tp# 286*' 67

1 The tariff concessions granted to Haiti by the United 3J59 States are on tropical products only:

'r;v:r" r'*x Ifo^ratir^ Coffee -free—■--- «.»«««««* free-bound Cacao—————————free——————————————————free—bound Bananas——— — free— ’— — — —*»**«##* re®—'bound Plantains— — free— -— — — ------free-hound ioswood—— ————fr e®———————— — — ——■—— f re®—b oimd Sisal fibor— free—'**— — — — — — free—bound Ginger root---free-«-— — — — free-bound Guavas——---——— 35% acU yal*-— 17% ado ?al0 fifaago paste— 35% ad# yal#— — — S8% ad# val# ■ Guava paste— 35% ad# val g. w»«;n «»«•»#*«>« *■«**• §8% ad# val# Rum——— — — « 50 per gal..*— — — $B#5Q per gal*. Pineapple— *50- jf per crate— #35 d per or* Molasses-— i d per gal*— . k d bound, The bound list from tlie point of view of Haiti is impor­ tant since it guarantees that the duties will not be increased during the' life of the agreement * assuring, the principle pro­ ducts of Haiti free entry#3*40 Haiti* in return* granted, tariff reductions on American products entering her porte r141

. le&ietiba

lift MW »» *♦**!» ^ tffif. T JCmmmm-mmm*mmmmmmm^m**nmm«»m^5O' Al>Pi0$ $ g3?apO01 ^

Mil M# HWl'.WW .*»■*!#: *W» *» IMUMt MjB ■*»'»» Automobiles Chemicals and pharmaceuticals--— — -— ‘•-bound

ttepedr'Bt^tesr? Release,p*195-197*.... !**,P# 197* 141* Ibil* »p* 193-194; Reciprocal .Trade Agreement between tle'‘%nited .States. a M ’’W; l £ M *i>*14;" 68

Among, o th e articles r enjoying bound rates' are plain and

plat© glass, iron and steal p i p % elefetrical m e h im r y # and -meat products* Hoarthe• question is*---did this-treaty improre tlx© trad© between, the two countries ■ and ■ third countries? The answer M2 to this can.-be found fro® a study of- the following tables ■ - . ■ Increase ■ of United States- Imports- from gait! Coffee^*N^-*^^-w||»>»»*15?,|.eO0 pounds'** ■■ 11.709-1,000 lb*. 0^0 0Q; m m'm-m-m* m am 8*400*000■pounds**■ Sj695,000 lb* Sugar*****'*****'** 3,989,000 pounds*** IS.,801^000 lb,* Molasses— — *— 22,150*000 pounds-* 35*050,000 lb* Bananas— — — 519,000,000 stems — 595,519,000 st* 5,914,000 gal* -■** 10,026,000 gal* Sisal fiber— ** 9,995,000 pounds— 10,046*000 Ib.o Logwood*— 3*906,000 pounds— 7.113.000 lb* Talue— —I"WC5w'™’- ' including ether imports* . ’ ■ ... Although.the agreement increased the imports.of i United States- from Haiti 57 per cent; in comparison with other countries the gain was chit© small* Most of Haiti's ©sports go to franc©'*' .Or putting 'it-another way Haiti reaped the. benefit 'in- increased exports to-franc©* This Is as it should be since--the--purpose of the-agreement is to increase the total trader, fbis gala-in toorts.. from Haiti may be noted in the fable--below;

-■ r.-...... W"Increase ' United States-* ia*i— *— — — * 14 47 1‘apan*— ***— *• 3*4** United. Kingdom*. .38*5— — -******■ is*i— — — — — *? *3 .** TUT* f^^1!^^8^SWe^TeW5ooE73^37>pTSllT ,l43(i Ibid* ,p» 24i**245.* 69

While there was a growth of ©xports from the United States to Haiti Of $288*000 Japan and Franc© loot their rel- at lire positions la the Haitian: import market?'^ • •

United states#**w».-»«r*^S^'4e*’*,«'”*'* JT3?&13,0^ S ***■ #*.*#**» »*-««*#;#.«»*.«*X? ** 0 $ 0.0 **■ Suited f«S «M4 »»4* - #4>4#4#>«W 4 ft* g #4 4

On© might venture to say that the reduced duties on our 'products were responsible for the farorable growth, of our ex* ports to Haiti* Summing up the trade agreement*© affect it has increased Haiti*s exports to the United States.*, but mainly to 'France,, and has benefited the United States in. the form of increased exports to Haiti*, fhis once again shows the importance of ' i triangular trade and the inconsistency of trying to balance the imports and exports with Latin American countries „ An approach was made toward the settlement of the finan­ cial control of Haiti by the United States in an accord of August 7, 1953o45 this arrangement was far from satisfactory as far'as it concerns Haiti but at least it is a step toward a final solution*

fi^HdatibS'''W'^e'^BeparifieSi of 'state Agree­ ment Series, H o *.46 J • (Washington, 1933)»text * m

In this agreement the services of the Financial Adviser- General Receiver and of the Deputy General Receiver were to he carried on hy -a Fiscal Representative and a Deputy Fiscal Representative* appointed hy the President of the Republic upon nomination of the R e s i d e n t of the United States*: fhe Customs Service is 'Still under his control.,: as is the Internal Revenue Service and the Service of Payments* However, the personnel of the departments are to be exclusively Haitain, except for eighteen in the Customs Service 4 A point -gained for Haiti is that all monies over enough to pay current oh* ligations, including payments to American bondholders, is to be deposited in the national Bank of Haiti and is to be under * the control of Haiti, subject to the advice of the Fiscal Rep­ resentative* The advice and consent of the Representative is also necesary for any modification in the taxes,‘tariffs, and cue toms* But under this new agreement instead of actually * controlling the departments he is, instead,- an advisory off­ icial; the departments to be operated by Haiti* One of the reasons why these financial arrangements have ..continued..in.force is due.to the fact that they are provided .for in agreements entered.into between.the respective govern­ ments and baMcing houses at the time the loans were negotiated, and It would not be possible to modify this arrangement with** out modifying, the entire loan, agreement which, of course, re- * 146 quires the approval of-each individual bond holder* n

There is an inference in the Accord that as soon as the bond holders of 1928 are paid off that the United States will ooa- 147 pletely with-draw all control of Haitian finances* In our trade with Honduras our position has fallen from 148 one of equality to one of inferiority!

United State’s loss of trade with Honduras - ‘ ‘ TSS5S T O I T " Exports #127715,707'--- -#4, 9W ^ 4 5 - $5, 6W 7 5 0 0 Imports- 18,855,439— --- 7,046,595— 6,200,000

The United States is by far the most important country in the foreign trade of Honduras, taking about two-tbirds of her total exports and supplying about three-fourths of her total imports With the intention of restoring the trade to its pre­ depression high level, and to carry out the program of tariff reduction as declared at Montevideo, a trade agreement was signed December 18, 1955, to go into effect on March 2, 1956* The agreement consists of general provisions, comprising six­ teen articles, and two schedules* Schedule I consists of the reductions .granted to the United States by Honduras and Sched­ ule II consists of the reductions granted to Honduras by the United States*

'^^*''.r,^Y £ ’jCariiaat'ion"'oF'r"tlie"GaYdVr Withdrav/a'i' of M'fll'^ary'' Torcos' "from ife'lt.l ' arid ffi^nciaT^ ,'p»"Xl* 148. Trade ApreemenbvqW ('IhibTi'cation of the Depart­ ment of State,Press ReXo^■:'e,vol.XIII: N o • 325^Saturday, December 21,1955) (Washing*on,1935},p.556-7• M 9 « Ibid* ,p.557; Trade Agreement v/ith Honduras (Publication of the Depcrtrneht or State,Press Release,Weekly Issue, No,S58,Saturday,Sov»tember 8,.1954} (Washington, 1954} ,p. 174-175 78

The general provisions provide for most *favorad-natIon treatment , guarantees against quotas* exchange controls* national treatment as regards internal taxes* and In general IKQ * provides for the carrying out of the agreement# fhe commodities on which reductions have been panted to American products are those which have been in demand in Honduras* and of which the Halted States has been the Import* ' ' ' 101 ant supplier# A representative list follows'?

^rrrr.t-,— -n:r t, - ™ -t. ™r,r--n, '1‘ fanned kid * calf and cattle leather— -— -— bound Breakfast foods ,otber than rolled oats— •“— bound SFiPIS&Ji Biscuits and ' ora ekers— ***— »— «***-«. m*m=m w^^ww^O'ijyOiCt *»** air .<#»»»wi1 *#i:iw m p*»-m >»'»» atf*^f)Qp fj

Sawed timber and boards****— >******#— **«*»»boun& Cotton hosiery «***«**# abound Hams, sausage, In 46 % Rolled oats and oatmeal********^**^**^****— SO tf$ Canned fruits*-**-**— — **— ■mum &: tm mm *» ■#>» »+• <#» ## tmmm wnmwr *¥*3 Oamed tomatoes* corn*peas, and asparagus— 74 % Hams ,sausage ^shoulder, and bacon, smoked-** 51 % COlXClBlSSOCl T3S. ■?!***»*» 03- ^ Btf£ijr)03?&%&$, 00 ^ J3X*i0(l Sl£i£0. X ) N r 33 jS 58 $ Cotton ■ shirts**-***— ^-********-**-««.»*,**,„ go « Soaps* medicines* and pharmaceuticals*-— ** 66 %

StatellxemEIW^lireement Series*. Mo*86} {Washington, 1936}»texto 151# Ibid. ,p7l6-17 i frade Agreement with: Honduras .Press Release #vol»gilf?Wo»5i5't'p

33b return for these tariff reductions granted by Hon­ duras the United states lowered her tariff rates to that. 1 0 3 : country as.follows:

Bals&ma-~-~-«--~-*-XQ ad* vnl*-— ~— 5 ^ acUvaX* Pineapples .50 ^ per crate- -35 $ per era* Guavas- p ad* vai*— IV $5 ad*yaX# Mango paste— — — S5 % ad* val*----»~S8 f6 ad* vetl. <# *»•■«» *■» *» ■*»*■»**» »»-«»««, >«» «- w

^ 0 OtlX&Cl S&rsparllla rcK>t-*free-«------free-bo.tiad Deerskin * raw— ~-~-*free--<— — ,— -free-bound

t imports of these' products from Honduras,; about 96 per cent of her exports. to the United States, were .valued at $7t 605,000 in 1934 * Although it is difficult to ascertain the exact effect of the agreement on trade between the two. countries in so short a time-and this applies to all the agreements-it is worthwhile to investigate the trade situation for the year ant nine months that it has been in operation*. Price, flue- • tuatlons on the world market may show a change in value of the tradetbut would not Show a change in the volume of trade, although .In the countries so far studied there was a corres­ ponding change in volume as well as in. price* In all coun­ tries with which there were agreements there was a trade in­ crease* . , ,.

WSsFSeSHe© ,voi .ffiCTo^BTplWf'r' ""' 74

This did not show up in Honduras however until the second • 153 year of the agreement * This pan he seen in thetable below:

Exports of United States to Hon&u£as-»1955«1937 . . 1* oodstuf fe** ** <*** **§ 7O^pSS0«*ui<***^ 198|OOO^^**^ ^SX ^GOG'*******■’* Af;^gjrIfSn*

• f 5 (66d,oo0 includes other exports* ...... _ - The export trade to Honduras showed a loss in value in 1956 over 1935 of ten per cent,but the loss was .made up in ’ ’ o * 1937 with a gain of 15*6 per cent * At the same time the per« centage share of our trade in the Honduran market increased from 64«6 to 66*4 per cent5 Germany5s share gaining from 3*4 to 6*2, and the United Kingdom declining from 6*3 to 3*5 per 154 cent* Bven though the united States imported 16*2 per cent and 6* 6 per cent less In 1936 and 1957 than in 1935 the percent** age of trade of the United States remained at approximately the some figure! 82*9 to 81*6 per cent for 1935 and 1936i55

B u l l e t I n ' Js b t QmrnBrm 'Waiboo^rfi^f *p*247* 154*Ibid*,p*347-248* 1534bid#.ip*247^S4B» The table presented below indicates the* trend of United 1*5A Statens imports from. Honduras:

, T l l I T Bananas-- -$6 ,6^7000»»|4, ^04 j800~*»*— Coe 0Hut s -*—— 73400G-*~ 69^000^*-— 00f 29*000—*' ,f 39 p000^-^— Cattle bids 500-*** 1 4000**—“*<** Bearskins-*-’* SjOOQ— * * 9 £,0Q0*— *—~ Mahogany— E 4 000*—* 50Q——*-

includes .rti)^'ifWit^i>iWi|».^other .Imports l#lil«yiiilll^ i^^irtW>W*^»»i»f«t!W'iiliWtuilMJiWriWiWliMltWirw , ... Lilt'* W it" W dyl.nOl fcnIUj'il!■*!■ ■*ji'iHMW»r.r^gdniang, The stimulation' Of Imports from Honduras has been over* shadowed by other factors* The ooomoAitieet which our imports demanded were-bought in other agreement countries because of surplus'products in those countries* la Honduras commercial activity was at a low level during 1936 and 1937* Bains t a “ disease of the banana eropc and political uncertainty coupled with restricted commercial credit kept Honduras on the de~ • preseion level*

WoreIm~ag^:'SSSsilo' ^snmSce^rade 3Dafogg^lon^ " r Bullet In . Woiiaerce„ Trade* .S^mot£m'Wer£eaTWhfM

WcaaWomv^m^ & ^l^^XWTiBS-*: . 157* YSWrS*Smn^sim Trade of .the United States, Trade 'frcmiotion S e r i e C W Nll^ e i a ^ ' sad Pomestib Commerce * Trade .Infoa^^Ibn'Befles^'io* ■ S 3 9 #p,'s.s; ■■*■ 76

The following table shows the state of trade between 158 the United States and Colombia: '

r,-n„:,r ^ ' "'jEggOgtfl +* p. QGQ~ •#>#*-**•«* ***%** •••#^'3.00 ^ SSS^OO'O 25,13©,©0©—— 97*159.,, ©00 19f§l»***»»#«»«*«—«#«*«<*■ 16 ^gg^OOO------*-- 75 , iSSjGQO 1932— 10 p 670 , 60 , 0^6 , ©OQ 14,754 ^©0©— 47,657 , ©00 21,943,00©—’—————,———1— 47 ,113,000 50,443*000 IS®©———————————' 37, 928,000----*--—— 43,344,000

A great deal of the decline of exports to Colombia was caused by increased duties put on American products, exports to Colombia declining relatively m o m than Imports from Colombia* Formerly the value of United State * a exports t© Colombia amounted to about 50 per cent of the value of our Imports from that country, but this ratio declined to a low of 17 per cent in 19320 A trad© agreement was signed with Colombia on Biay 20, 1936* The agreement contains 13 articles providing for most- favored-nation treatment, and guarantees against higher In­ ternal taxes on goods produced by the other country, assur- ! ance against import prohibitions and restrictions, and na­ tional treatment with respect to customs duties, charges, 159 and formalities*

'rnnE*Wsla$©^Eels^iliaS©^v©l*Xlll: $0*315,Saturday, October 12, 19351 (Washington*1935} ,p*27X} Trade infor­ mation Bulletin*. Mo# S39,p*36* i39.» ieciprocal^^ Trad© Agreement between the United States ^^ST^l^^aT$su6licEllBS^ir^EEw5^iFEl^Bwi0f^:El:Ee7 IxeoutTireTigreenieat Series,Mo*89} {Washington, 1936}, text * n

In Schedule I are listed tie concessions granted to United State*s exports: 160

^'redneCion' 35 £ Meants tother than hams and sausage-****-— — 35 $ HSI30 jf. 37 i Milk # prepared*-**'— -; 53 $ Mi lie ,. eraam, liquid; hog lard---- SO i Fresh f rults*^-— ^—'*“’—,*k——***,*''!|*;——"**—'*•-** m $ Ur led fruits.——————————————————————————————— 50 Machinery.motor vehicles»etc« '^asseS@er oars’ 35 $ r .«• «te «# «* w ■«*m «# ■*» ** «■* ** .imi

The above articles are- the important exports of the' United States to Colombia, thus assuring the marketing of these goods during the life Of th e agreement*.

>er XI,; .Foreign, Crops and Markets,. January 37, 1936,p*128; Buckr ^ ^ l ^ r ^ ’liWr* m.

M. f t e t g t m m £& atgfcfe & m m tllat Ootetilm tit sot «n* oaivu oiafttite ta return for. tub? ®taotIotto m fsteft

£ & & » * $ 'lull SGU& pear m m % of ail tsoir to the Ottitoft dtatoo «a» as fit# f m ^ m m & Hat* It gw»&x$«ott that Goioafete** teoi^©»& $ M a 6 t & tttti # » t e ttio nnltot stiito# f t e fog* tte U f a at tt&'ftgmiaasftff f t e © fesps^oijt Golan* %A% M m . A3t|MHftd m m $

m i % bates.* t e o o o ^ - § m % m Boot Of

a « M a aoptiio

Aftoj? bbo tests m $ itoto a s&ady immm&m of t*Guto ©so iraamtoO^ltameie*' tot tfc» f t o % p&m of .tba aggro#* nost ttoaga «sa a t e d of M 0 p&& mn% Of teotto mm, tiote* bl& owe* tb& 9iKN»«@£9i&g»8& to s t but && iSSO tb o te a tiao w@io mp uitb m S s a m of £1*8 pea? oost m m & 0S&4 '

& m jScgnaagooa a y j w r t l m . gor O f 'fJwlSf'08iww.i3ow *?* *w*w«©» out floaoatiom «w p **,v Oo m o s ?cso**»aa lsfo«iilom' B« l t e i s #lio#SSfI Cfao&lsgte mEIRSIf m itp*i#p**$S* >h*8 m <0 mty t-i+? h 05 tS H e* ts So m o> cn> §

t§ <5» H

f? s •ft. a ft A ft C« ft ft ft -ft--ft ft O 55 h o o s ^ o tai©tn o &o hio toots 051 «> * m -m ** H tS>- -r^: Ifx toOOCD^OJtspOca 03 0 m 0 03«l*<© 02 ri iOtOIS Is CD** CD «X *# 02 <*-» $ m o o 10 t“f <0 01 ft --jfijt •ft ft, ft. © • i *•$ O ID ' to 'Hi!! 0 ® 49 H a N 0 0 00 - 0 - o o o ®i t© to 0 OQ O CD t0 tOOli© 1 to h to oi f-f m o is O A n *4 <3* t£5 E ^ ^ 0 02 5S02t©*"i !0i® ' **■ ft. ft ft; #-«#toiso3i«f f?© 1 *3 *xi 0 03 ©so o o © % A «t ■*► © © ■*& t _ _ * P* 1 ® 1 i «e I- 1 i I. i i. t * 68 Pi 1 © t 1 6 t f * t * *;»■ *-Jfc- *■ * cd o I % «H » fi ® » H { kffl I » m t T3 g ‘i * 1 tHSOPtl ft-*®* .49 © t—i'- ^ . ■ i - -w J'HHfcj i tis t o os i g g p s i l m ** ussg&hssijraiisnji *Pt t© 4» 49 49 *H 0 St O & -H ^ © © © JO S $S aslwS-as o a 49 49 a p„o ra u * n Pi -e P © © *h © O fj B © «f a s l n s s s g«j «H <*4' /3

Tbe trade agreement served the purpose of expanding the

total trade between the two countries? The United States 16< increased her experts to Colombia and bought more in return* This agreement ful-filled the purpose of the Trade Agreement Act as stated by secretary, Hull* He said: "The primary object of this new proposal is both to reopen the old and seek new outlets for our surplus production, through the grad­ ual moderation of the excessive and more ex­ treme impediments to the admission of American products into foreign markets*' At the same time by force of example we would he encour­ aging the advance of a world-wide movement for the readjustment downward of excessive trade barriers*"165

16S*. William Mange r * He lafe 1 one. of the United .states with latta America(Bahlldatlcli;'''gftSe fjgT, BiS'' m m §leasBay Pamphlet} (WashiBgtonsD «C *)?p *14 * (Mimeographed sno date) „ SI

A modus vivendi between the United States and Ecuador, effective June IB, 1936 provided for reciprocal most-favored nation'treatment* this,agreement differs from the others is that it represents a general agreement of trade policy with­ out mentioning specific commodities on. which there are to b© tariff reductions* fhls agreement declares; “In respect to .import, export and other duties and charges, .affecting commerce* as well -as in respect to transit, warehousing and other facilities, the united States of America will accord to the Repub­ lic of Ecuador and the Republic of Ecuador will accord to the United States of America, its terr­ itories and possessions, unconditional most-favor­ ed nation treatment., “Accordingly, it is understood that with respect to customs duties or charges' of any hind imposed on or la connection with importation or exportation, and with respect to the method of levying such du­ ties or charges, and with respect to all rules and formalities in connection with importation, or exportation, -and with'respect to all laws or reg­ ulations affecting the sale or use of imported goods within the country, any advantage, favor, privilege or immunity which has been or "may here­ after be granted by the United states of .America or the Republic of Ecuador, to any'article origin­ ating in or destined for any third country, shall be accorded immediately and unconditionally to ■" the like article originating. in or destined for the Republic "of Ecuador,,or the United States of America, respectively^*®6 Although this wets just to be the forecast of a more com­ plete agreement fhe-hoped-for .accord was not forthcoming as on July 30, Ecuador reverted back to a system of governmental control over imports, exports, and foreign exchange,

Provisional Commercial Agreement between the United ,SthtCh''hfiff'rlC d h g ^ i{l^b!0h§tXbH'"W"'tSC::rhCbaftiaC'ht''''W - State,Executive Agreernent Series, Ho*93) (Washington, 1936),p *1 as

Thereafter* in attempting to prevent an unfavorable balance of trade with foreign countries 9 a five per cent surcharge was levied on all dutiable imports into Ecuador0 Adding to this a- six per cent invoice fee and a compensation agreement with Germany the United States was hard pushed to maintain Tgtn her position in Ecuadoran markets* Nevertheless the United States held her own in Ecuadoran markets as can be 168 seen from the tables below:

r,,,n ..T .r .rllTir.T :...... jfepoiHts'1'1''' 1935 781^$^0O*»*—$5 tE87 pOO'O 3,416,000 6,398,000

Per cent of trade with principle countrles^Ecuador 193g" 193| 'f9ge Gr* Britain— — 12 4*©—*— «•*»'*»■ loQ

While the United, states increased her .imports and exports other countries were unable to maintain their relative po­ sition on the Ecuadoran market because of the more strenuous methods used by Ecuador to prevent m. increased amount of imports and cause an unfavorable balance of trade*

W f ^ ' W o p M '' lo o y ^ r';" 168P 3 M & * *pa "l^ii Trale:,l'l%‘omoticai' series.« He* 174.p* 107; foreign Qmm&TmYSWBmWrm&SfX^^^Bmi> 80

A trade agreement was signed with Guatemala on April. 24, 1936 to- come into force on June 15, 1936* The agreement pro** rides for reciprocal tariff benefits designed to stabilize and ■improve trade relations between the two countries, and, in common with the other trade agreements already negotiated, provides for unconditional most~favored-nat ion treatment#' Previously the trade between Guatemala and the United 109 States had taken the following trend?

Imports Export£ X03 .I'436fi’(ji00— «$8 t^TuTi ************«» ^ t7|406i000 4,650*900 S ^794 4?^50*3 ^000 1935— 3 #0?2 j.000—‘» , 3 ,484, 000 4,543,000 1935---*«»-»»-*«- 3,880.,000— 0,114,000

the general provisions include the protection of the items on the schedules against quotas, exchange controls , internal taxes, and in general provides for a new basis, most-favored- 170 nation, for their entire commercial relationships0

S B S E ^ W s l a W I l E ^ M ’lEileaiev^i »X3V :Ho * 345 ,Satufday, May 9, 1936} (Washington,1936},p*414-427* 1700 grade Agreement with GuateaalatPublication of the Depart* S S f m B w e s^'^i^Selease,vel.XI?I Ho.347,Saturday, May 23,1936} (Washington, 1936} ,po501; Trade Agreement ■ with Gmtemala (Publication of the Department of State, ’We s I ,^e!Base>vol#lW$ No<, 343,Saturday, April 25,1936} {Washington,1956},p<,360; Reciprocal Irade Agreement between the United States bf-Tli^Hca'''aid^ ij a f e m S iPuh- . . . of. state,Executive l^ceeiQent Se.ries,Ho#92| (Washington,1936) .text* frade Agreement with Guatemala I Publication of the Department of State, Press Release,vol.Weekly Issue,Ho0 250} (Washington,1934} m As a result of tills agreement exports of the United 171 States to Guatemala showed a favorable advance:..

E l i Cotton fabrics~#366,QQO~boiimd- Wlieat flour-*— 416 , OOO-boiind— - S49#0Q0« Cotton yarn— * 42 ,000-bound-— 31,000- heather— 54 , 000—bound———— 60,000«> Aut omoto i les— 237,000—varies— 588,C Tot al—— — — including all exports This increase cannot be credited to the trade agreement alone but duty concessions accorded have.facilitated the mar­ keting of a number of American products in Guatemala, and the binding of duty rates on 'others has had a'stabilising affect through removing uncertainties as to future tariff changes o la terms of per coat this gain m s 16 <,2 in 1956 over I960 and 67*2 per seat in 1937 over 19360 The close correlation in imports -and exports is reflected 172 in the increased imports from Guatemala;

Goffee--i3,^l7,l00G--Bouiid--^ree-|5,075,000- Bananas— 2,70S ,000— bound— free— 3,4-56 ,000* Cabinet wood—— 19, 000—*bound— free- 27,000 TQtal-^-ff,,¥^Wf''^ all imports. .

T71'B;nrCir¥orelgn Ap*il£r'r^ess'aMe3fea^''r' S ^ i i r d a y ^ y r'0'Ji^367p*r4S4-426; Trade_^ ' * § ^ 1 1 ^ $t.isuHo«839,ptt58; Trad® Prompt ion'IlSi*les 'MSs 174,p0llo 178o TraSe information ,^S I e t l n ftWo#§B'§*p'»B§?1TrfQre i^ Comm-

eaSe' ‘ye a r b o o l O ^iT^p Z z S l ^ " ' 85-,

In accordance with the general purpose of modifying customs and other barriers is order to revire world commerce a trade agreement was signed with Nicaragua on March 11* 1036# effective on October 1, 1936 * The accord resembles the- previous agreements in that it is based on the most-favored-nat ion principle in regard to. all import and export charges and customs formalities,, and both most-favored-nation and national treatment are guaran­ teed in regard’to internal taxes0 Both countries also agree not to impose any import prohibitions, or restrictions on the products- of the other country enumerated in the schedules^ tariff -advantages to- be granted by Nicaragua affect 24 tariff items, including duty reduction on nine and assurances against Increase on fifteen others* Many of these tariff items cover many commodity classifications, benefits aceuring . to- well over a hundred commodities 0 Benefits to Nicaragua consist of assurances that coffee, cocoa beans, bananas, cabinet woods, deerskins, logwood, ©rude ipecac, reptile- shins, and turt3.es will continue on the free list during- the period of the agreement, and -a maximum re due - ' 173 tion of 50 per cent on the duty on Peru balsam*

W ,,^mrEcawanll51oampET1^13pSllcE^r^W*,i^idSSnt of State, .Executive Agreement Series, No* 951 (Washing- ton,1956), tent g Trade Agreement with N1 caragua {Pub if- cation of the hepartitt^®'' W Wa i S , :We&s'‘We l e m ® ,vol * X & i no*337, Saturday, March 14,1936) (Washington ,1936}, p,225j Citron fO£jOtt*,p *10627; Buck, op., eft*.0*4612 o' E % § *-9 © H«*i I m & M t r s a B 8 & H* P» q? gs © 0 ** © m © M>p> O H © S3 b*> C? sr h*o» © w w m 6*3 £ H c* © <& S3? M* e* * ct* c* 0* I & © Q m © i & ; m t t »■ I ! ? & H \n <0 w m &s> to*, I o I <0 sj oi os £»

g § 53 a II-* n 0 IT H* a*

< S C P © 87

In order to remove a practice which has been productive of ill will and economic retaliation on the part of export­ ing countriesc and especially Argentina , a Sanitary Convention 175 m s signed with that country on May 24* 1955 „ Special groups of producers of isolated commodities, in order to secure special protection for their products , had made use of so-called sanitary restrictions to keep out earn* peting commodities0 In the case with Argentina this system amounted to an excise tax* for many year© the Department of Agriculture has had power to Impose sanitary embargoes against infected meat,but m in the case with Argentina„ Congress in the Hawley-SmoGt tariff enlarged the. power to include the entire country even if a small part of the country was aff-

In retaliation Argentina granted British merchants a 20 per cent preference over American in the allocation of for­ eign exchange„ and with a high protective tariff, and the policy of **buy from those who buy from us* the trade between the United States and Argentina fell over 50- per eeat*^^ Our position on the sanitary embargo against Argentina is even less defeasible when the Department of Agriculture reports that there has not. been any foot-and-mouth disease in parts of-Argentina for thirty years*

t^m$tE13rwlm^r

This, applying a quarantine to the whole of Argentina whoa just a small part was affected with disease was the subject of the Accord of May 84*- Without depriving our Government of the right to impose sanitary restrictions against produce of diseased territories the convention eliminates the unfair practice by including £& the accord i Neither Contracting. Party may prohibit the im­ portation of animal or plant products origin-' sting in and coming, from territories or sores of the other country which the importing country finds to be free from animal or plant diseases or insect pests or from exposure to such dis­ eases or pests for the reason that such, disease or pests exist in other territories or zones of the other country*!,x/t5

This treaty, as yet unratlfled by the Senate,, would do much to relieve the hard feeling held by Argentina against the- United States and would give notice to Latin America that the United States Intends to deal fairly in matters of comm­ erce*

c ‘A^jjeaeBt nSc^or^T^TG®^r®s5,M*'4siss:^o d « If 0 9

ft*© tg&da. s&raegKtttft M m M a veity benof total offeofc la ©apaaaiag tamci#|. both laposta aa& o^pirhs« fh© first $aar that all the trot© m m i» ©£f©©t#l9S0#tli© -'OBlted States: esparto to gaitiM M per ©tab ©fat 193$* ©ai ©ail? 4 per oettb to a

tratio^ogKeeoBikt eotuitotoff toereasefi 44 per ©oat eesr tho aaaa period of W | a&i ©air 83 per east to other ©oaatriesj79 f M lotto Jmorimn mxmtrim theeeelvee shoc-ei their

appKoeiatten of the as® polior to the. Faa Anerie&ii $ «»s?©iai Gottfereaee M M at Baasaa Atoee* Aggestlea Hay 86«$une If* 1938 la accepting the reeotottosi* ^ f M t it iwtiatalas sad ratiftoe the ttmMmtion mi aeoaomlo ant aosr&gnitol imiier ftassuiataA hy the towsoto Xntematlanai Vm Oo®^ fereaee a»i reoeaaea&e that ease* mm to- regelated hgr aoaaa of bilateral ear anl* bilateral treaties# *flmt each eewaggr* to a&corfta&ee with ite aooa- OFiit geealtoritiea* shall ©hilt© for the liber* • atioa of acngoBrelai aaa tnteraato loaai eocmoaie eaepereitott**®® .lr^r ' TJ%^aSor

/1S0* loaort ll* .oatoaataa Of the united .States Pan ©oafofoaoo Btta&os.

. *f £ SfiSle© Series* E©*88| (Sato* to g to e , 1989 j # * 1 8 4 * 90

The general aceeptanee of the principle of reciprocal treatment, la inter-American trade may toe seen in the measures drawn up at the three American. Conferences held since 1933; Seventh International.Conference of American States* The Fan American Commercial Conference*, and the Inter-American Con*' ference for the Maintenance of Peace* Among the many hundreds of declarations and resolutions dr a m up at these conferences I hare placed those concerning the improvement of commercial* economic, and tariff policy in an appendix The entire economic policy of the United States in. Latin itaerica may toe summed up in. the words of the resolutions pro* posed by the delegation of the United States at touches Aires; "That each Government declare its determination to bend every effort*, having- in mind the dlff* erent national economies, towards the objective of enforcing in all the phases of its general commercial policy the peaceful, and equitable principle of equality of treatment* and reco­ mmends that the Governments of all"countries adopt this principle in their commercial pol­ icies* and in accordance therewith suppress as soon as possible all discriminatory practices including those: arising in connection with im- port-license systems*, exchange control, and bi­ lateral clearing and compensation agreements* "That American States abstain0eo far m possible,, from, raising or augmenting tariff barriers, and every other M a d of restrictions' which directly or indirectly hinder international trade and resulting, payments;. „*t.hat a policy of abolish­ ing and gradually reducing the said excessive or • unreasonable prohibitions and restrictions upon international commerce be under taken and carr­ ied forward'by each of the said states*

wg^ 'I^QatenaSce of’n Fs?aa ©wa? ioa® it i*ao ebosgi ttet Steeitexifc teoteroit in nafe&te tee etatmaasft tea* tetfi&ite piiisf #t tee united Statee fm now |S 8 4S f% Mf ^ J-sP 0: © . s i s U J ■ t r « ^ : © fi *$«*§-.. ^ . 4 3 - 4 » $gft U U P # 8 **4 4» m m m :& sp s ^ © H 43 S # g m

of th e Piatt jfcmmQ&mtp- ana nosy o th e r s * efcleh arc JtolMng; ear nation# to eona into a © i « s r tonal m t h tie united states ani to find M r © that etore of good fn i m * gesereue friendship# ana eosetast ant fruitful eooperotics that as" official policy based on different prt mipt m ®m eestlisvutte did set pexnit ail. Ift&Jgl As#** loans to appreciate la like m m m # *30® W* fspaaeiece Qm% W e Wmjora before tie Aanr loan Aen&eny of MLltteal end Social Bel&nco* April 1938* eptiee as foil* owei.

•So long a® tie £2&tt Ai^atent remised in faro© ana long a® tie soil of titer s@na nsd of Haiti w betttg trodden by the loot® of the layad©yfn® gesture on the pert of tit United States, m setter i w b sObhe* # m * M hove lota ettffielent to p m e a t doubts ani suspicions of its parity of Istestiaa* fit great ability of Kreeideufc Sons* ©volt* seeaoded by Secretary 3 o ll# las loss to fat© realities daringly* realist shore the son© spote neve* end to apply a radical cure* ’Slib a lo ft loose of purpose that had won unstinted ■ praise ani usivereai o^iratSom*

. «$hls amasl&g t w tahaa % the Hit© Sons© M s brought as a reeposes a decided Oftssgs In the ia~ teraatlenal fooling of letin Aw&rica* fin- latent eves&s are of aueh political magnitude that* pro* inning- tho -sonoation of true relief* they will help to east pact errors ini®> oblivion and oep&x p e s tthe M m y to ‘ a cordial textual tmderetandlne rich In benefit® for too- w M l #

Segaf&ing Ban Jlfflorioani«f sp* mmeMm law s «s© the fo ltein g desinraties on day ££* 1938*

** On# yas^nerlcaftjUni progresses* Its debates &m mm mm disturbed by eostroverelee f®gard« tsg *ittterwwfiti 0sie»?* nor by the necessity of an ^lhterpoeitios* ateleh Bight elgslfy an Im suit to ©ovefeignti'SS* m

quality for all the semtstes of Aoor* im i: m ssatfer vtmt thoir toagaaio pooor ®m to, is ossuroo t&roogh tte iftlfossitr of their legal «mA polities!, ffts laporhafiea of a oowfexy fa mt upm the height of-Its m& im tmtmlm*. tmt m m its m m % mwemm§ the !&*ef&e£ty of its oriwraal eaft i»# t « m l cMtoet* obioti W the ffeisgs which pes* potuate a aatios* Is %tm mm®w$ ®t the ostl&otlea of the flatt Aasadaout* prceaiesa m ■ the Sevestli Baa Mmrimm um£@mm®$: ia -as see* <®pM©iia$ fast* 1st as- hoaasfeiy a m t * ileiitle** aes# that our GQBtimm ppmtim® the **0©©$.

38$£|$&er* polioy**#**^ '

of iiiaerida T 94

APPENDIX

Measures to Promote closer Economic Relations; Among the Latin

Seventh International Conference .of American StateS-19S3 Currency stabilization and the possibility of adopting a uniform monetary system* The resolution referred to the Third fan American Financial Conference9 which is to meet in Santiago* Chile* the various proposals which were presented to the Conference on the subject of currency eta** bilizatiom and uniform monetary system* Commercial Arbitration The resolution of this Conference directed that a study be made of the possibilities of the coma* ercial interests of the American republics Joining with the eemmerea.il interests of the other countries in the support and active use of a system of arbi­ tration to be utilised in disputes in trade between all countries* Promotion of tourist travel* Formation of a plan for the promotion of tourist travel* Inter-American Organisation of Economic and financial Cooperation* Recommends the creation of an inter-American Organ­ ization of Economic and financial Cooperation*. Pur­ pose of the organization is to study economic prob­ lems of an Inter-American character9 proposing the solution thereof* Customs Procedure and Port Formalities c ■ Provides for the formation of eommittes of experts to frame a preliminary project on uniform customs procedure and port formalities * Bills of Exchange* Provides for a committee of experts to reduce to a minimum the systems of bills of exchange, drafts., and checks* Bills of .lading* The Conference adopted a resolution recommending the adoption of the"Hague Rules0* ■ m

flia Qmtmmm aoepteS a xeseltttioti mmmm&im te tbs mmttVlm ttret 6s set tress m ixretuna&ee bob# opely t&at they 'eras to a tM&trol W j to segulfi&s t m m m m * Slmplifioctlos a M SfcmteteaMoii of far peeress #f attomoy* fti rM t a l ges$eire31ty of foreign eotapsitftes* PseviSes im aaffoisaity of JttrlSlcrel.peraoire&ity is tire JMP&ti&xt states#' B«oaoai## Ctaareselal* a M tariff raliay* fcreyldse fat the tedestioB of high tva&e barriers through the negotiation of oemprefetiaiyo 'bilateral reelprooitp treat loo. beae& upon reatuat eQ&eeseiofts» CosBsroiaX Mfsatsgefji betssea jseigttfeer states* ffe© Gtufip of a tomato w M oti will perelt the groats IBS of e»loo ito cretaaspelel e&mxitages bp Bo i S & a r * lag eae&txiee*

§mmmiuZ sureties* TMb mmmmmMA that tbs states enter m sipoosoat ximmbj they promise net to tsmScs btoe meot^forerofi* nation clause to obtain tbe atteastftges of saolM*- latoral eonvsatieiie of tbs feistf ee&tresplateft by tbs H£UL F I a % tittlese tfte? are tbaoseltss propapsS to aest&oe cremeps&sitig obligation^ import gpotes* tie aystom of quotas is in eeeflist with tie pris** oiple of1 #

Baa American Commercial Conf erenoe-Baonos AlreeJfey* 1935* Convention for the Repression of Smuggling This convention provide® for the cooperation of the contracting parties with a view to anticipating, discovering; and punishing any violation of the ' customs regulations of the other parties*. Convention relative to the Creation of a Pan American Tourist passport and a Transit Passport, for Vehicles * Hot signed by the United States* Convention relative to the Transit of Airplanes* Hot signed by the United States* Convention for the Creation of Pan American Commercial Committees, Provides for the formation of a Ban American Coma** * erctal Committee for each country In the Pan Amer­ ican Union* These committees are to: Cooperate with the Pan American Union in all matters of interest to American commerce, to serve as a means of coor­ dination for the interchange of commercial infor­ mation between the member countries of the Pan American Union* . The Pan American Commercial Conference also adopted fifty one recommendations* three resolutions* and three declar­ ations including the following: Modification of Port hues. Information concerning, American Ports, Simplification -of Customs Procedure* Plant and Animal Sanitary Information, foreign Quarantines of Agricultural Products* Sanitary Control of Plant Products in Transit* Inter-American Roads and the Pan American Highway, uniform Classification of Merchandise* Visits by Experts of Plant and Animal Sanitary Police* livestock Vaccination* Transit of livestock* Agricultural Attaches in Diplomatic Missions* Sanitary Police* Sanitary Restrictions on Live-Stock Products* Sanitary Protection of Plants* Inter-American Organisation of Animal and Plant Sanitary Police* Uniform 'Legislation for Checks*. Uniformity of Weights and Measures* Development of Pan American Merchant Marine* 97

Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Peace-1936» Equality of Treatment In International Trade* The reaffirmation that **Th© principle of ©quality of treatment stands and must oontine to- stand go the basis of all acceptable commercial policy”* Restrictions on International Trade * The American States abstain, so far as possible.,, form raising or augmenting tariff barriers and every other kind of restrictions which directly or indirectly -hinder international trade and.resulting payments* Sanitary Police Regulation of Vegetable and Animal Pro­ ducts, Advocates the organisation of a Pan American Insti­ tute of Vegetable and Animal Sanitation* Monetary Conference* Endeavors.to. bring about monetary stabilization and the lifting or termination of the systems of ex­ change control which the various states members of the ■ Pan American Union had applied as a result of the depression# Immigration* The Conference recommends that the respective gover* aments make studies of their ability to receive imm­ igrants* Organization of an Inter-American institute of Economics and finance* Advises the formation of such a body'at the next Pan American Conference„ Convention on the Pan American Highway* This convention provides that the American States shall collaborate with a view to the speedy comple­ tion 'Of a Pan American highway.*. Inter-American Communication* Recommends negotiations for the conclusion of bi­ lateral or multilateral conventions for the organ­ ization of a shipping, service* Barriers to Maritime and Pluvial Communications* Recommends to the American states, not to create barriers-national,state, or municipal,legal or ad- mini strative-for taxation# protectionist, or con­ sular purposes,concerning maritime or fluvial comm­ unications 0 98

BISLX00BAHIY

A Brazilian Trade Treaty {Current History* vol. 41* March (tfew York Times Co., I, ¥.) A Hew Monroe Doctrine (Current History, Beefeater 1988, p. 87)

Arbaiza, 8*, Monroe Doctrines 1937 Edition {Current History, vol. 46, JuSe l9S7, p7 S8yrlNew york Times Co*, H. T.)

Argentine Prepoaal.fi {Current History* December 1936* p. 60) 1 wnnIT"-',ir'{j}Sw1forl"-f|jass Co*, M. Y.)

Brazil Treaty-A Sample {Business Week, February 9, 193S, p., 30) (loOra^Iiii* ''IT'Y*)

Brazil Signs Trade Agreement with the United states (Bisiness feefe,r'Soyeaber 1p.'"' &9l {MeGraw-HilX7"M. t,) Buell, Raymond, L,* Changes In Our Latin Mmviom Policy {Annals of the Serlcen' Academy11 o^"jpbiitieaiiand":"ioeial Science, vol. 156, July 1931, p. 126) {University of Pens,, Philadelphia)

Death, by Tariff (Fortune, vol. XVIII, Ho, 2, August 1938, p.* 3Sy feETcago, 111.)

Chaco Peace (Current History, December 1936, p. 59) {Hew York 'Timesl,nCo.» N. Y,) Colombian Trade Agreement (Current History, vol. 43, 1935-1938, “■' p. ;305} (Current History, N.Y.) Collective Security Treaty (Current .History, February 1937, p . 14) ~ (Current Hi story, H. Y.)

Dennis, Lawrence, Heyolutlon* Recognition, and Intervention (Foreign Affairs^ vol.' 1950, p. 205) (Foreign Affair s, H, Y.) Fconomie Angles (Current History, February 1937, p. 17) (Hew York Times Co., I. Y.)

Ferrara, Orestes, The Significance of the Recent Pan Ameri­ can Conference at Havana (Annals of the" Merlcan K a l S y of "Political 'and Social Science, vol. 138, July 1988, p. 57) (University of Penn., Philadelphia) 99

Fletcher, Harry, Quo Fails, Haiti (Foreign Affairs, vol. 8, 1989*1930• p . 538) [foreign Affairs, M. Y .) Good neighbor Policy (Nations! vol. 138, February 7, 1934, p. 142) ii"L I'oB, '■'§* '”r^» y • • Herrlngi Herbert, Exit the Monroe., Doctrine (Harpers Magazine, vol.! 1?4# A p ' r l O f W r T ^ ^ T l M ^ i r & Bros., N..Y.) golly, Alonzo, Oar Future filiations with Haiti (The. Annals of the iaerican~lealeayof' cal and Social science, vol. IS S., laly 1931, p. 110) (University of Penn,, Phil a.) Manger, William, The Fan American Onion and the Gone lesions of the Seventh laternational Conference o f laterlcan 'sfcaies "(Fan ''Meri'cii'ilni '"felle^lh,' vol. '69, l9^»" p. ??) i’fasMngton, 1933} , . ,

*.****Th© United states and Latin &a cries (Mimeographed pamphlet of Fan American Union, no date, (Washington) Inara, D a m G., The Establishment of Peace la Nicaragua I Foreign Affairs,''1 vol'V" ll, p . ’ 69 67 Ts ’33]’' '(Fareigh” ■ Affairs, N. Y.) Neutrality at the Conference (Current History, February 198?# ~ p.'" Is f'lW '”Yor1'.UaeS“co., tu Y.) Hew Treaty of Relations between the Halted States and Cuba '(PanSirlcan imlon'Iuiieilh#''' vol,r:8&# ""i9$4* p. "468)'" (Washington, 1984) Hon*intervention (Current History, February 198?,p. 16) (Hew' Yorfe Times Co. , H. t.) Out of Nicaragua- (Literary Digest# vol. 118, 1933# p. 10) (Funk %' Wagnalls Co.# - H, - Y.) Pan America (Literary Digest, December 9, 1936) (funk and iagilXls €©#* 1* Y.) Phillips, Matilda# Trade of the Halted States with Latin America in 1929 (Pan American Dnibn Bulletln, voi'.~64, " p i r T T T I S S T T r 414) (Washington# 1930) Trade of the Halted States' with Latin America (pan American Onion Bulletin, vol. 70, October 1936, p. 800 (Washington) 100

-----Trade of the Pal tea states with Latin America la 1934 (Pan American Union B u l l e t i n # ^ p* #j8Sj'~ {Washington * 1935) — — United States Trade with Latin America In 1931 (Pan American Union Bull'etiil,l”l voi.' &17'T95&r“Jiu'"2 6 #} (Waah- i ngbm) President fim m % Confers with Presidantaoosevelt (Pan Si$T¥EE^S^r^EITHIH7*^mI7^rilSfr*P^W9) (Washington)

President Roosevelt ia South America (Pan American Union *" BullMin4 '',voi7'":7i7n193^rilp<.'l)l'l Washington, 1937)

Problems of the pan American Conference (Current History#. ~Deommer,~i9S6 ,p7' 57) {flew "forkr’TXme& Co *» H. Y.)

Program for the Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of ~Peae$,'':l'paln:''iittai> lean'~^aioa" ialleflit # p i 6 &i)( Washington# 1936) Reciprocal Trade Agreement between Colombia and the Halted states t'Paa "'MefieatTlfnXS*'Sulletlnl IroIV M # ' pT*Wf) (Washington, 1955) Reciprocal Trade Agreement between Haiti sad theUnited 3tsteh' iPan M w rican Union WileiW^t1tvor» 6 &V ''1955# p T o T O (Washington# 1935) Reciprocal trade Agreement between Nicaragua and ths Halted M a t e s Pro'mu'iiate^ 1Fan:iJms'rlcanIMIonliaQClatla»" vol. 70, 1956, po 809) {Washington # 1936) Sanitary Convention between the Halted States and Argentina iPah imerfell^aioa'1 bulletin, vol.69, 1955# p , 573) (Washington, 1935)

Solidarity (Current History# February# 1957# p. 1$) (Hew fork flme© Co., H. Y.) The Inter-American Conference, for the Maintenance of Peace ^MI.i^'"S©ricaa':^nioii BulIMih*. p* 87) (Washington# 1957)

The- Inter-American Oonference for the Maintenance of Peace Pan'"lMorro,ahn^hioh' Bulletins voll 7(3, ' I)ecember '"i9S6» p. 90SJ (Washington, 1999} iox

Torriente, Cosmo, The Platt Amendment (Foreign Affairs, vol. 8, 1929-30, p, 364r' (For0ign "Affaire, I* Y.)

Trade Agreement between Brazil ana the Pultel states (Tan T a w l S a a i ui'loa ":7S;,irrf93^7: p.r'W)T1,{ wash- ingtoa, 1986)

Trade Agreement with Colombia (The Nation, vol. 141, October 237 1^35, p. 450} (The Hation, Inc., I. If*}

Trade Pact with Honduras (Business Week, m em ber 26, 1935, p 7 v'M )TlIe^rai^SIIl Publishing Co,, N, T,) United states Government Publicatlons

Agricultural Department

— »— -Agriculture in the Latin American Trade Agreements, :foreign'"Crops and Markets, Issued bythe Foreign Agri­ cultural Service, Bureau of Agricultural Economics. (Vol. 32, January 27, 1936, Ho* 4}

Commerce Department — — foreign commerce Yearbook» Bureau of foreign and Domestic Commerce, i9%7. (United'States Government Pri a ting Office, Washingtons 1937)

Foreign Trade of the United States, Calendar Year, 1936, Bureau of foreign and Domestic Comrae rce. (Trade Promo* tlon aeries, Ho, 174, United states Government Printing Office, Washington: 1938)

***«»8waaxy of United States Trade wlth_World, 1936. Bureau of "'foreign'aM Domest ic commerce, (Trade infdrmat ion Bulletin No, 837, United States Government Pri nting Office, Washington: 1937)

-— --Summary of United states Trade with World, 1987, Bureau 6?'Foreign and Domestic dommerce, (Trade fnformation Bulletin No. 839, united states Government Printing Office, Washington: 1958)

— — World Economic Bevlew, 1936, Part II. Foreign Countries, Bureau'of''Foreign "arid Domestic Commerce, (United states Government Printing Office, Washington: 1937) 102

Congress

Affairs lft ilearagua, Sessagelald before the Senate S»y President * r'(69 congress, 2nd Session, Vol. 68, Fart 2, p, 1324-1320,)

— — Ayers, R. E,, Ifsntorial o f t be Montana state Legislature protesting any reduction in' the' tariff on manganese 'as set forth la the terns of the reoiprooal-tarlff agree­ ment with Brazil, Presented to the House of Represente- tives Feb, 12, If35, (Congressional Record, 74 Congress, 1st session, vol. 79, part 2, p. 1891,) — — Ayers, Occupation of Nicaragua, (Congresstonal Record, 71st Coii^rass7"Sd^eess.#',vol» 74, part 4, p. 4527-4532.}

-----Biermana, Fred, International trade and reelproeity aid to .Agriculture, Remarks ’ In the "■ House 'of Represen tat ires, February 20,1936» (Congressional Record, 74 Cong,, 2d sess., v, 80, pt, 3, p. 2803, 2304*) .— — Biermann, Fred, Record of the Roosevelt _ Admin 1 strati on. Speech 4 ell ver ed 'Ref o re the' Iowa '''’state"' kemocratle c on- van tl on April 8# 1986, Introduced in House of Representa­ tives April 13, 1936 by Rep, Utterback, (Song, Record, 74 Cong,, 24 sess., v, 80, pt, 6» p, 5426-5427,) Buck, F, H., A Defense of theeffect of the Reciprocal. Trade tl^atles'''ffl4-'''the^cdhaRnl^^eaty^ih^,particular,^ Remarks intheHouae of :Represented 25, 1985# (Congressional Record',' 74 Cong., 1st sess,# v, 79, pt, 3, p. 2576.) Buck, f, I», American Agricultural Advantages, uni er the reciprocal -trade1^ agl^eaeiit'b,' rjiea^Sfl1'fm''Tthe 'i^use,^o^,fr; ,' Rep resent atl ves'’’Mar ch'’"50’, 1936. (Congressional Record, 74 Cong., 24 sess., V, 80, pt, 4, p. 4604-4615.)

-— — Capper, a . , Resolutions of American Farm Bureau Federa­ tion, (Congressional' Record,' 74 'Cong, # 2

— Citron, W. M., American Baport Products Benefiting: fxom Reclpiocal-$radg;'r'llre^ents .slin^'',''tiils'^ar7:'nf7'6d.3feres- ‘ iionai"'Record!, 74~Coig,7tnrW''l^sa,,''"v.''v'^0, pt-,' 10, p. 10627-10651.) Congressional Record, 75 Congress, 1st sess. (Jan. 5- March" 17» 1937) Vol. ©1, pt. 1-2 & Appendix, lot®: Contains the debate ©a the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act extension* H. J. Res. 96. See pages, 1605, 854, 863, 1514, ISOS, 1608, 1504, 937, 90S, 1016, 904, 1540, 827* 831, 869, 839, 854, 853, 83©. — — — DeRoueB, 1. L., Rice and Sugar Produ ctlon. Remarks in the House of RepresentatiVes," ~inciudX'ng tables showing imports and exports of commodities and production within continental 0 . s . and abroad, and & letter from Secretary Hull on reciprocity, June 16, 1936, (Congressional Record, 74 Cong., 2d sess** v. 80, pt. 9, p. 9891-9696.) *— -Sxtending Reciprocal Forelan Trade Agreement Act. Hearing before "the^Goimittee on Ways"and^eans, ’ House of Repre­ sentatives. (75th Congress, 1st sess.. On H. J. Res. 96. January 21, 22, 23, 25, and 26, 1937, Uni ted State's Government Printing.Office, Washingtons 1937) Rote: See pages'106, 102, 210, 415, 185, 182, 189, 149, 416, 19, 209, 418, 392, 576, 224, 225, 101, 193. Extending Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act. Hearings be­ fore the Comm!ttee oh Finance. " (United~states Senate# 75th Congress, First Sess., on H. J. Res, 96. February 10, 11, 12 and 15, 1937. Three parts, 520 p.) Motei See pages 173, 386, 588, 172, 178, 179, 44, 117. — — Harrison, Pat, A Defease of the Colombian Trade Agree­ ment. Remarks' In tHe''seneteTMay’'"25'71934. f^oHgression- al''"'Record, 73rd Cong., 2d sess., v, 78, pt. 9, p. 9587- 9590, 9592-9695.) -— — Hope, c . R., The Agricultural Situation. Rebate la the House of Represeatatives1;,' 'febb (Congression­ al Record, 74th Cong., 2d sess., v, 80, pt. 2, p. 1598- 1602.) Lambeth, Trade Agreement with Cuba. (74 Congress, 2d., sess. # —— Sauthoff, Harry, Communication to the chairman, ways and Means Committee, March 30, 1936, stating faimers and representatives from dairy states are out of sympathy with activities of state department in carrying out the reciprocal trade agreements law, presented to the House of Representatives, April 23, 1936, with remarks. (Con­ gressional record# 74 cong,, 2d sess., v, 80, pt. 6, p. 5992-5994.) 104

— — — Shallenfeerger, A, C. » Profound possibilities for the Promotion of world peace offered by reciprocal trade irbvf slonsX 'Roarks' In the "'House of Representatives lareFwH7"l934. (Congressional Record, 73rd Cong., Ed sess,, v • 78# pt, 5, p. 5334*8337,)

**— .Stefan# Karl* American Producers of domestic fats and Oils Kit ^''^^assu^cjiiV ^'erltlclsia of iiportaticSTofforel^'''f,aid- and oils, in the House of Representatives, (Congressional Record# 74th cong., Ed sess,, v, 80, pt, 10# p* 10307,)

.Thom, W, R,, Exports of Automobiles increased through reciprocity treaties1. Seme rks'inHouse of Representa- tlyes":J’^aie"18, 1936, (Congressional Record, 74th cong., Ed sees., vol. 80, pt. 9, p. 10033*10033,) — — »Treadway, A, T,, The Reciprocal Trade Treaty with Brazil, Remarks in the' House of Represent'atlyes, Feb. '5, 1955, {Congressionsl Record, 74th Cong., 1st sess., v. 79, pt. 2, p. 1473*1474.)

Department of State

— — *Anti*War Nonagresslon and Conciliation Treaty Between fle^Ohited"1 States of Amerlca and other Araerlean'' RepuI* lies, "signed"at Rio de Janeiro, October"10, 1953 (Treaty Series, No. 90©, United States Government Printing Office, Washington: 193©,)

*****Convention Between the United states and Other American Repub11os, Inter*American Cone111allon, signed "at Wash* Ingtoru January3#l9E9 ' {■freaky ""Series, No. 780,. United states Government Printing Office, Washington: 1929)»

11 ^t h Annual Report of the American High Commissioner at rort""lur^rfnce,'T',ialti "to Tihei secretary of state. T l d W T U *....Gov’t. Printing'' Office.)'..''

*****E1 Salvador, Revolutionary Activities, (Press Releases, Weekly' Issue'"Id, Il4'»: Saturday,, December 5, 1931, Publication, No. 260.)

— *— El Salvador, Revolutionary Activities. (Press Releases, Weekly 'Issue*'' No. 11©, -Saturday,'1 December 19, 1931, Publication, No. 264.) 105

B1 Salvador, Revolutionary Activities, (Press Release, Weekly Issue Nov"” i M * 1Sa tu rday, ' December 5", 1951* Publication# So* 260.) Salvador* Communist SI aturbances. (Press Release, Weekly Issue &© # ' 122, Saturday, January 30* 1933* Publleat ion* So. 280,) £1 Salvador* Revolutionary Activities, (Press Releases, Weekly' Issue, 'ifb'C' 116, Saturday, December 19* 1931, ■Pub11eattos* Ho# 364,}

m Salvador, Recognition to £1 Salvador* (Mimeographed Statement for the Press, January 36, 1934#} — *— £1 Salvador, Exchange of Telegrams Between the Secretary of ^¥ie^^'‘^e^gSIateF 'of 'PoreCqTiilatlQas of El Salvador. *'11 Mimeographed statement for the ' Press7 rm" m r r r i 9 H . i --— — Grady, Henry P.» the Hew American Commercial Policy. (Press Release, ¥©17' xill, Ho '325, ‘ Saturday, December 21, 1935, Publication, Ho# 815#)

-— — Haitianlaation. Agreement Between the United States of imericaand Haiti, signed August 5, 1931# (Executive Agreement Series* Ho. 22,)

— ■—HaltlanitatIon of the Garde, Withdrawal of Military Forces,' and Plnanclaj Arrangement 7 ~ A&remeni Between the Unlted states ofAmerlca anOlaiti, signed August ?» 1933. cut Ive Agreement'’series,' Ho. 46, Publication* Ho. §05, United States Government Printing Office, Washington: 1933.)

— ■— Hull, Cordell, Opening Address to the Inter-American Conference for the Maintenanee e>f peace» Buenos 'Mies* irgenHna, Decemfeer 57" "1938 7 {conference series, No. 25, Publication No# 959, United States Government Printing Office* Washington: 1936#) — Hull, Cordell* Our foreign Relations and Our Foreign Policy, Address "by" W^ b r e ' if e,:"doo& llelghbor league. Hew York City, September 15, 1936. (Publication No. 925, United States Government Printing Office, Washing­ tons 1936.}

— — Hull, Cordell, Restoration of International Trade* Radio address, lay''"M, l'l193§."™ (Publication lio. ^41, United states Government Printing Office* Washington: 1935.) im

-— -Hull, Cordell, Some of the Results of the Monte video Conference,, Address Before the^ational PressClub, Washington, February 10, 1934= {Conference Series, Ho, 18, Publication No. 560. halted States Government Printing office, Washington: 1936.) — .— Hull, Cordell, The Foreign Commercial Policy of the United states, "fee#o»r't)jer"l’Oii££ilter;''of"'Commerce of the United states, Washington, May 2, 1985, (Publication No, 953, Halted states Government Print* lag Office, Washington: 1955.) — — Bull, Cordell, The Results and Significance of the Buenos Aires Conf erance.rAddress oefore 'Ihe'Coaiiell on For sign; "ijeial ion eNewYo r k City, February 25, 1937. (Conference series, No. 27, Publication No. 989, United States Government Printing Office, Washington: 1937 4J H*-A-Hull> Cordell, light Pillars of Badurlag Peace, Deliv­ ered at Buenos lires,"^Decemfcer"S, f9 3 6, { Press Releases Fol* IF: No* 375, Saturday, 'December 5, 1936, publica­ tion, No. 956, united States Government Printing Office, Washington: 1936.) -— — Hull, Cordell, Remarks of Secretary of state, On the Occasion of foi^'ign " T r a d e r^reisT|gelease.''Foi. Si?: &W,'"’Saturday, "May 2$, 1936, Publication, No. 880. — Inter-American Arbitration, Treaty Between the United States!"of" AmeHea, and'''bt'ber'''Me'Hcan' Republics, (Treaty Series,' No7 ,c8§ 6 S i g n e d at Washington, January T,5, 1929, United States Government Printing Office, Washington: 1983.) -Inter-American Conciliation. Additional Protoeal to the ' U^veitlon o ^ rJaittary~"6!,1 If29,''"'Setween t'Me"''inlfid'""'1""’ r“* stale's1'" o^_: J@erlga'' andother "Merlcan“i i @ b H cs7'~li m ed it Montevideo, December 'M ," 193S ,'"1 'Treaty "“iseHes, No. 887, United states Government Printing Office, Washing­ ton: 1935.) — — lost*Favored-Nation Treatment ih Customs Matters, Pro­ visional cdmmerelal'"i^;iteeB^ oF"Imerlea’1 and .icuadois Signed"~rj!uie’"15', ~rI6&6~'"'i'fe>cu-' tlve’' Agreement T&eri es,' No. 98, Publication, No. 900, United states Government Printing Office, Washingtons 1936.) — 1--1-Nicaragua; Bandit Activities. (Press-Selessss, weekly Issue, 114, seiurday, December 5, 1931, Publication, So. 260.) 107

-“-— -Nicaragua, Ban tit Activities. (Press Releases, weekly Issue, Ho, sis' Satur6ay,'1 rJi#ri 1 18, 1931, .publication., Ho, 182,} — — Nicaragua, Warning to Americans, (Press.Releases* Weekly IasueN0.8I7 SaturdayApril 18, 1931, Publi­ cation, M©# 182,} -«M~-&£earagaa9 withdrawal of Marines, (Press Releases, .. Weekly Issue /"'No,' 81,'" 'Saturday',' April 18, 1931, Pub­ lication, Ho, 182,} --— Nicaragua, statement by secretary of State. (Press Release, Weekly"!ssue, No. ¥l» Saturday7'Aprll 18* 1931,} — — Nicaragua, Plans for Withdrawal of Marines, (press Releases, Weekly’"issue,1,1,1 Vis 7 'Mtu Ma y 7' February 14, 1951, Publication, H o i 163,} — ---Panama* Statement Issued to the Press by the Department of' state' on Mr9£~'''ir'i§5fe» TEEEe^tsptoHTT""*4^ — — Phillips, William, The Necessity for Give-and-fake In .Foreign grade, Radio" address tothelh tarnations! Apple Issociatlon'r,Auiusi''ri4’T If M ,''' rI'iuliliiat'ion" No.’' ' Uni tod"''' States Government Printing Office, Washington: 1935,} — — Reciprocal Trade Agreement and Supplementary Agreement .ietween" tie 'ignite!^ states "of^ Signed at’^^isliingtoa,''' February 2, 193b7~" Tsxe cut! ve 1 Agreement Series, No, 82, Publlcafcion, Ho, 822* United States Government Printing Office* Washington: 1936,} — Reciprocal Trade Agreement Between the United. States of IKeriea m^oolblatia* sl^ieH.'11 a t’1 "'iep tester" 13", f'l935,'TSecutiv© Agreement Series, Ho. 89, Publica­ tion# Ho, 884, United States Qoveronazit Printing Office, Washingt on.; 1936,} — — Reciprocal trade Agreement Between the United States gf IS iH ea a M Ctofea7 rM& n e 6 'at 'falill'gSciu~~SaUat’ 24," 1934* TSBmEIyin^feement Series, Ho, 67, Publication, Ho. 640, United states Government -Print.lag Office, washii®- ton: 1934,} — — Reciprocal Trade Agreement Between the United States-of Seri'cl~aa4' Guatemala,, signed af~'Uuatsmaia,’’ 'Anrll 24, 1936, {Executive Agreement Series, No. 92, Publication, Ho, 898, United States Government Printing Office# Washington: 1938,} 10®

— — Reciprocal Trade m s e m m t Between the United States oF MsVlca aal Haiti , Mgnel at Washington. March es» I M S , , (Executive Agreement Series, M0* 78, publication, Mo.*751# United states Government Printing Office, Washington: 1935.) — ■— Reciprocal^ rade Agreement Between the Dai tea States at I^rl'ca aM' 'Hondnras7,1SIgnea 'at 'Tegucigalpa# ' December 18, 1 9 3 3 , (Executive Agreement Series, Ho* 8$, Publication, Ho. 84®, United States Government Printing Office, Washington: 1936.)

— Heelnroeal l^ade'i&reement Between the United states of America and Nicaraiaa .Maned at Managua, MarcK~11.1956t I'lxemiilve‘"igiweswiF^Serlm , Ho. 95, Publication, Mo* 936, United States Government Printing Office, Washing­ ton; 1936,1 Relations, Treaty Between the United states of isaerlea and Cuta, si gne d atwashln gt on, May "29 , '1934, (treaty1'" Series,"Mo, 866# United States Government Printing Office, Washingtons 1934,)

- — -Report of the delegates of the United States of m e ri ca lo t&e ^ventb internatl onal Conference o f ' Merloan Maielilfaievideo, Uruguay,'' December 3-36* l9s&, (Con­ ference series, So*?19, Publication, Ho, 666, United States Government Printing office, Washington; 1934.) ..— — Report of the Delegates of the United States cf m&erica to the~fan 'American" commercial' Conference held at Buenos . Hresi_ArgentIna,'May'' M-duhei9» 1935. (Conf eren ce Series, Mo. 22, Publication, Ho. 845, United States Government Printing Office, Washingtons 1936.) — — Report of the Delegates of the United States of America to tbs' Intqr-Amerlcan Oonferencej t or theMalntenanceof fe ace V Buenos lire's. Argentina, Bee ember 1-23. 1936. (Conference Series, Ho. 33,, Publication, Wo. 1088, United states Government Printing Office, Washington: 1937.)

..Report of the President*s Commission for the Study and Sevl'ew of""6ondltlons IntheRepublic "oF"aaiti'7 (Latin H^fiaT^eHeiT^CrX lareOfrt^tTT — — Resolutions, Recommendat ions and Declarations Approved by; t'h'e""loie^ii'^lc^"^ohf6feice "for the Malhtenehce" ie ace, "Buenos Aires,7 Argentine, December i*&5,' 1936* P eographed,) 109

— ..glfthts end Duties of States, ConventlonBetween the United States of America aadother MerIcan_Rep\iblIcs» Signed at Montevideo,December S67 1§$3. (treatySeries, No. 881, United states Government Printing Office. Washington; 1955.) -Roosevelt, President, Address by president Roosevelt before the Conference„ (Press ' - R e l e a s e , Ho.' 575, Saturday, December'S, 1956, Publication, No. 956.) * ' “-Sanitary Contention Between the United States and Argsa- trihe,Signed May''S3,'~r'lf857 (Publication, No. 779 ,r United States Government printing Office, Washington: 1955.) ---— Sayre, Francis B., American Commercial Policy, Address before American Associatlon for the^Mvancement of Science, December 81* 1934. (publication, No. 689, United States Government Printing Office* Washington: 1935.) •— -Sayre, Francis B.» BargalningAmericsls Way to Ezport Markets, Address beforeth© Chamber 'ofCommeree of '' the Unit ©Instates* wasMmgtoa, April 30, 1935. {Publica­ tion, No. 782, Washington: 1935, United States Govern** ment Printing Office.! — — Sayre, Francis B., Moat-Pavored-Nation, VS. Preferential Bargaining:, Address before tfie United'states Junior Chamber'or Commerce, Columbus, Ohio* June 2®, 1935. {Publication, No. 760, United states Gavernmaat Print­ ing Office, Washington: 1935.) — — Sayre, Francis B., Our Belatloas with Latin America, Address before the WasMngton~Board of Trade,’ Washington, March 11, 1937*:, {Latin American Series, No. 14, Publica­ tion 999* United states Gk»vemment Printing Office, Washington: 1937.) — — Sayre, Francis B., leclnrocal Trade Agreements, Address before The Amerlean Merchant Marine llConfirence, Boston, September 29, 1986. (Commercial Policy Series, No. £8, Publication So. 934, United States Government printing Office, Washington: 1936.) — — -Sayre, Francis 8., Trade Policies and Peace, Address before the Wharton school ofpihance "and1Commerce, Uni­ versity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, January 20, 1936. {Publication, No, S57, United states Government Printing Office, Washington: 1956.) — -— Sayre, Francis B*, Tariff Bargaining, Radio Address, March 26, 1936* (PublicatlonT Mo. 574, Baited States Government Printlag Office, Washington: 1034*) — — •Sayre, Francis B., The Foreign Trade at the Baited States, Address before "the Chicago World Trade Confer- eace, Chicago, October 23, 1935* (Publication, Ho, 799, Baited states Government printing Office, Washington: 1935 *) .— — Sayre., franc Is S., The "Good lej&hbor” Policy and the Trade Agreements, Mdreas’~ r e the1last!tut'i5“of,Tmn"'' crtIzensirp7’"ltooiy University, Ga., February IB, 1937. (Commercial policy Series, Ho. 34, Publication, Ho, 998, United states Government Printing Office, Washington: 1037,) «. sayre, Francis B*» The Menace of gcoacmlo Nationalism, Address before the Ac^esay’olf’'Pc^lt;ilcal':i8cl'ehce,' New York Olty, Hovamber 7, 1934. (Publication, No* 665, United States Government Printing Office, Washington: 1934*) sayr®, Francis S., The Ball Agreements and Internetioaal Trade, Address before’7.he '"Ic'adeiy of Poll ticai science,. Hew York City, April 7, 1937, (Commercial Policy Series, Ho* 35, Publication, Ho. 1009, Baited States Government Printing Office, Washington: 1937.)

— — Sayre, Francis B., World Trade and American Recovery, (Press Release, Voir wV ' Ho, 375, Saturday,r'Beeeasber 5, 1936, Publication, Ho. 956, United States Government Printing office, Washington; 1936.) — — Sayre, Francis B., The Farmer * s st ak e in Foreign Trade, (Press Belease, YolT'Xif; 1 No, 347,'"'Saturdayt"m y 9 . 1935, Publication, No. 880.) ■ , — — Stimson, Henry L . The United states and the other Amerf.* can Republics, Before the council on~foreign Relations,' United States Government Printing Office, Washington: 1981.) »The United States, and Nicaragua, A Survey of the Re la-* Publication," Ho7 3 W , '"United states Government printing Office, Washington; 1932.) — — -Trade Agreement between United states and Brazil, (Press Seliase,"f b l s So," 4$7,'rr§alurIay7“M I F 1 9 7 1937, Publication, Ho. 1044,} Ill

—.— ..Trade Agreement with Brazil. (Press Releases, Vol. Ill: $ ]'&S tu S a y #"'February 2 , 1935, Publication* Mo. 595.) «>„,M»«.Tgade Agreement With Colombia. (Press Release, Vol. XIV: foTl£407*“SSiaroapiT'^rllW,~~ 1935, Publication, Ho, 868,) ,— ^~,l

..-— -Trade Agreement with Cuba. (prase Releases, weekly IssueV '3aturday, August' 25# 1954, Publication, HO, 629.) ....— -Trade Agreement with Cuba. (Press Releases* Vol. XVI: Ho. 380, Saturday* January 9, 1937* Publication, Ho, 970.)

--— -Trade A&resmsat wltb Cuba. (Press Releases, Weekly Issue» HoV "2587 Saturday' September 8, 1954# Publica­ tion, Bo. @34,1 Agreement wltb Haiti, (Press Releases, 'Vol. XII; HOo' SBTTsaturday,' Marcb 30,' 1935* Publication, Ho. 713,) -— — Trade. Agreement wltb Guatemala. (Press Releases, Vol. XlvT"'rt'Ho’c"”3l437 Saturday,’’1'Anril 25# 1936, Publicat loa, Ho. 868.) -— — Trade Agreement wltb Guatemala. (Press Releases, Vol. Softs1"1 i07''73^^r'liatu'Say*'rW " l > 1936,. Publication* HO, 874.) — .-Trade Agreement wltb Guatemala. (Press Releases, Vol. U f i Ho": 347, Saturday',' May 23, 1936, Publication, Ho, 880,) — -..-.Trade Agreement wltb .Honduras, • (Press Releases# weekly IssieT'Ho,"MS'* Saturday,1 September 8, 1934, Publication* Ho, 654.) 118

Trade Agreement with Honduras. (Press Releases, Vol. II11': So. 325i' saturday^' Secepiber 81# 1935, Publica­ tion, No. 815#} — — Trade Agreement with Nicaragua. (Press Release, Weekly IasueT Eo*'1258, Saturday,'1 September 8, 1954, Publica­ tion, Ho# 634*) — — Trade Agreement with Nicaragua. (Press Release, Vol. f i W ¥00 83? ," Saturday, March 14, 1936, publication, No. 853.) — — ■Trade Agreement with Nicaragua. (Press Release, XV: No. 3&b 7 Saturday', 8epteSber"l,S7 1936, Publication No. 980.) — — Treaties and Conventions of theBuenos Aires Confer* encl. :(Press Releasea, Vol. XVI: No. 4QQ,saturday, May""89, 1937, Publication, No. 1086,) - Treaties and, Conventions of the Buenos Aires Confer­ ence. •"1T~ipress1,ReleileI',,'r^i r 'WliT:'''No*n,:

— ..Treaty Between the United States and Other American fepubll cis t To Avoid o r 'Prevent" Conflicts Between lieri can sieves.,Mimed' a^'r'^nt2EiwoVJMay 5T~1923ft (freaty’seriesV Mo. 752, United State® Government Printing Office, 1927,) — — Welles, Snnrner, "Good Neighbor” Policy In the Caribbean, Address before the institute of Public 'iifairs,'’Unl- versity of Virginia, Charlottesville, luly 2, 1933, {Latin Americas Series, Mo. 12, Publication, Mo. 764, United states Government Printing Office, Washington: 1935.) ...--feiies, sumner» later-Amerlean Relations# Address under the Auspices of the Cent;er'' of'" Inter-American studies, The George Washington University, Washington, December 10, 1934, {Latin American Series, Mo. S, Publication, No. 660, United States Government Printing Office, Washingtons 1938,) •— — Welles, Sumner, Our Foreign Policy and Peace, Address before the Foreign Policy Assoc 1 atlon* Mew' York City, October 19, 198®. {Publication, No, 946, United state© Government Printing Office, Washington: 1936.) .....Welles,.Sumner, Pan American Cooperation, Radio Address, March 14, 1935, ’rJ{Latin "MeridenSerleis7 No, 10, publica­ tion, Mo, 712, United States Government Printing Office, Washington: 1935.) — Welles, Sumner, Relations between the United states and Cuba, address lieMre the Young Democratic Clubs ofTaeH'ca, District of Columbia Division, Washington, March 29, 1934, (Latin American Series, Mo. 7, Publi­ cation, So# 877, United States Government Printing Office, Washington: 1934.) ...— Welles, Sumner* The Accomplishment© of the Inter­ ims rlcan Goaf&rencefor"the Maintenance of"f lace, Address before t^e'Pebpiw Mandate to Governments to End War, New York City* February 4, 1987, {Conference Series, No, 26, Publication 984, United States Government Print­ ing Office, Washington: 137.) — Welles* 'Sumner, The Practical Accomplishments of the Buenos Aires Conference, Mlress'befcH^TO^Icadmy'of Polltlcafrrsci©nee,"Mew York City, April 7, 1937. {Con­ ference Series, No, 89, Publication, No. 1012, United States Government Printing Office, Washington: 1937.) 114

-— — Welles, sumner, nent, Address before the Maryland Federation of Women* s Clubs, Baltimore, April 15, 1956s (Latin American Series, No. 13, Publication, Mo. 877.) —•-— Welles, Sumner, Trade Recovery Through Reciprocal Trade AgreementsAddress, Baltimore^'1'1 SII , O c t o b e r I s T 9 & 6 . ' " Xcoiperclai Policy Series, Mo. 29, Publication, Mo, 942, United states Government Printing Office, Washingtons 1936^) -— -Welles, sumner, The Trade*Agreements Program, Address at the Nineteenth Annual Meeting"of the Associated industries of Massachusetts, Boston, October 24, 1934. (Publica­ tion, No* 655, United States Government.Printing Office, ifashington; 1934.) — — Welles, sumner, fro Years of the "Good Neighbor” Policy, Address before the American AcademyofPoirtical and Social science, Philadelphia, April 13, 1935. (Latin American Series, Mo. 11, Publication, No. 729, United States Government Printing Office, Washington: 1935.) — — Welles, Sumner, The Boosevelt Administration, and it s Dealings with the Republics of'the Western Hem!sphere, HSress read at the Annual Convention of '’the'Association of American Colleges, Atlanta, January 17, 1935. (Latin American series. No. 9, Publication, No. 692, United States Government Printing Office, Washington: 1935.) — — -Welles, Sumner, The Trade-Agreements Program in Our Inter-American RaTatIons, Address^efore the Bar' Associ­ ation ’ of Baltimore city# Baltimore, Md,, February 4, 1936. (Publication, No. 841, United states Government Printing Office, Washington: 1936.) — — Withdrawal of Military Forces from Haiti, Agreement between th e~Unite& St at esand Mai tl, "lodi'fying" the"' jj3peimentr bf"Augusb"T,7r;li'55, (Executive 'Agreement Series, No.;,68, PubiIce.tion, No. 646, United states Government Printing Office, Washington: 1934.) — -— Extent of laual Tariff Treatment in Foreign Countries, (Report No. 119, second series, United States':G©vern- ment Printing Office, Washington: 1937.)