Figures Mobiles: Une Anthropologie Du Smartphone

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Figures Mobiles: Une Anthropologie Du Smartphone Figures mobiles : une anthropologie du smartphone Nicolas Nova To cite this version: Nicolas Nova. Figures mobiles : une anthropologie du smartphone. Anthropologie sociale et ethnolo- gie. Université de Genève, 2018. Français. tel-01907837 HAL Id: tel-01907837 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01907837 Submitted on 29 Oct 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Figures mobilesune anthropologie du smartphone Thèse présentée à la Faculté des sciences de la société de l’Université Sous la direction de prof. Mathilde Bourrier pour l’obtention du grade de Genève par Nicolas Nova. Thèse No 95 Genève, 4 juillet 2018 de Docteur ès sciences de la société mention sociologie Membres Mathilde Bourrier, Giovanna Di Marzo Pierre Lemonnier, Laurence Allard, Serge Proulx, du jury de thèse : directrice de thèse Serugendo, présidente (CNRS (Université de Lille - (UQàM / Telecom (Unige) de jury (Unige) Credo Marseille) IRCAV) Paris Tech) Figures mobilesune anthropologie du smartphone « C’est mon métier, en tant qu’anthropologue, d’essayer de comprendre la diversité des manières d’être humain dans le monde. Une nouvelle manière d’être humain, dans le monde maintenant, va probablement consister être des humains augmentés. Cela nous rendra-t-il moins humains ou plus humains par ailleurs ? Je ne pense pas qu’on devienne moins humains. » Philippe Descola, 2017, p. 95. « I’m trying to make the moment accessible. I’m not even trying to explain the moment, I’m just trying to make the moment accessible. » William Gibson (cité dans Neale, 2000) — 4 — 5 Table des matières — Résumé 8 — Abstract 9 — Remerciements 10 Introduction 13 1 Smartphone face / Apparat rêverie 14 Qu’est-ce qu’un smartphone ? 18 Un objet inédit 19 Une anthropologie du smartphone 25 Cadre théorique et implications méthodologiques 28 Une ethnographie combinatoire 36 Guide de lecture 42 « Laisse » : tenu en laisse ? 45 2 Le smartphone-appendice 50 Hyperconnectivité, compulsion et crise de l'attention. 53 Un répertoire d’usages étendus 56 « Revenir dessus » 61 Un design de la persuasion 65 Une culture du « faire accrocher » 73 Reprendre le contrôle 76 De la servitude volontaire à l'hyper-attention ? 79 « Prothèse » : augmentation, diminution ou reconfiguration ? 83 3Le second cerveau 87 Le retour de la métaphore prothétique 90 De la prothèse mnésique... 95 ... à la mémoire distribuée 99 Une prothèse résolument cognitive 102 Régimes d'usages 106 Augmentation, diminution ou altération ? 109 « Miroir » : de la compréhension de soi à l’assistance 113 4Miroir et image de soi 116 Self tracking : de la mesure de soi au miroir 119 Régimes d'usage 124 De l'usager modélisé... 128 ... à l'usager modelé 133 Doutes dans l'assistance 138 Vers un guide comportemental 140 — 6 « Baguette magique » : déléguer à une boite noire 143 5L'interface magique du quotidien 148 Décrire l'opacité des techniques 151 L'interface magique du quotidien 157 Régimes d'usages, régimes de perception de l'opacité 162 Une opacité technique constitutive de l'objet technique 165 L'avènement des "networked services" et leur réseau socio-technique 169 Opacité des réseaux, opacité des intermédiaires 176 Une altération des tâches déléguées au smartphone 178 L'opacité algorithmique d'une société presse-bouton 181 « Cocon » : le smartphone comme bulle désocialisante ou comme amplificateur des relations sociales ? 185 6Cocon, bulle privative et objet-compagnon 190 La panique morale du smartphone 193 Retour sur la controverse de désocialisation 196 Nuances et ambivalence du cocon numérique 199 A chacun son cocon 205 Entre recours apaisant, outil de conscience mutuelle et d'évitement 208 Communication, coordination et conscience mutuelle 214 Rencontres et appariements 220 Vers une homophilie configurée par les applications ? 224 Vers une amplification orientée 228 « Coquille vide » : maintenance et réparation d’un objet instable et fermé 231 7« De la huitième merveille du monde à rien » 234 Le téléphone mobile, un cas de « repair ethnography » 236 Vie, mort et renouvellement du téléphone 239 L'avènement des « docteurs smartphones » 242 Une expertise construite par l'expérience 247 Auto-réparation et bricolage 250 Au soin du smartphone 253 Régimes de maintenance d'un objet instable 258 Tensions dans la réparation 260 Conclusion 265 8 Un objet protéiforme 268 Un objet global 271 Un objet-agent 273 Un objet-signal 276 — Références bibliographiques 283 — Lexique 307 — 7 Résumé Au croisement de la sociologie des usages et de l’anthropologie des techniques, cette thèse de doctorat se penche sur la signification du smartphone pour ses usagers. Sur la base d’une ethno- graphie combinatoire menée à Genève, Los Angeles et Tokyo, elle décrit six « figures » de cet objet technique contemporain ; celles-ci correspondent aux expressions proposées par les informateurs durant l’enquête de terrain : la « laisse », la « prothèse », le « miroir », le « cocon », la « baguette magique » et la « coquille vide ». À leur manière, chacun de ces descripteurs permet d’aborder les enjeux et tensions actuels portés par le smartphone : crise de l’attention, externalisation de fonctions cognitives, sentiment de repli sur soi, délégation de la vie quotidienne, et obsolescence des techniques. En croisant ces multiples dimensions du smartphone, la thèse souligne le caractère résolument kaléidoscopique de ce nouvel « objet global », son rôle dans la reconfiguration de nos activités ordinaires, et le fait qu’il témoigne d’une évolution en cours de nos cultures matérielles. — 8 Abstract At the crossroads of the sociology and the anthropology of technology, this doctoral thesis examines the significance of smartphones for their users. Grounded in an ethnography conducted in Geneva, Los Angeles and Tokyo, it describes six « figures » of this contemporary technical object, which correspond to the metaphors used by the informants during the field research : the « leash », the « prosthesis », the « mirror », the « cocoon », the « magic wand » and the « empty shell ». In their own way, each of these descriptors allows us to address the current issues and tensions brought about by smartphones : the crisis of attention, the outsourcing of cognitive functions, feelings of withdrawal, delegation of daily life, and obsolescence of technology. Combining these multiple dimensions of the smartphone, the thesis emphasizes the resolutely kaleidoscopic character of this new « global object », its role in the reconfiguration of our ordinary activities, and the fact that it bears witness to an ongoing evolution of our material cultures. — 9 Remerciements J’aimerais tout d’abord remercier ma directrice de thèse, Mathilde Bourrier pour avoir accepté de diriger ce travail, pour son encadrement, ses conseils, ainsi que pour son soutien bienveillant et exigeant tout au long de ce parcours. Mes remerciements vont aussi à Laurence Allard, Pierre Lemonnier et Serge Proulx qui ont accepté de participer à l’évaluation de ce travail, de même qu’à Giovanna Di Marzo qui a accepté de prendre part à la présidence de ce jury. Ma gratitude s’adresse aussi à tous mes amis et collègues qui m’ont encouragé, conseillé et/ou soutenu dans la réalisation de ce travail. Je pense tout particulièrement à Basile Zim- mermann (pour ses conseils avisés sur les SHS, ses encouragements et son soutien dans cette aventure), Jérôme Denis, Boris Beaude, Timothée Jobert, Francesca Cozzolino, Fabien Girardin, Julian Bleecker, Olivier Glassey, Michaël Meyer, Frédéric Kaplan, Lysianne Léchot-Hirt, Joël Vacheron, Patrick Keller, Anne-Catherine Sutermeister, Daniel Pinkas, Jean-Pierre Greff, Anne Bationo-Tillon, Magali Ollagnier-Beldame, Olivier Wathelet, et Mirweis Sangin. J’aimerais saluer Futur Neue (pour leur contribution graphique), Daniel K. Schneider (pour m’avoir mis sur la piste des sciences sociales), Christophe Trahand (pour ses conseils photogra- phiques avisés), Emmanuelle Jacques (pour m’avoir fait découvrir la sociologie de l’innovation), André Ducret (pour m’avoir aiguillé vers ma directrice de thèse), Fujiko Suda (pour m’avoir permis de réaliser le terrain japonais). De manière plus lointaine, je souhaite aussi exprimer ma gratitude à Claude Babin, l’un de mes professeurs de paléontologie de l’Université Claude Bernard à Lyon pour m’avoir fait découvrir André Leroi-Gourhan, Marcel Mauss, André-Georges Haudricourt et la technologie culturelle ; cet ensemble de notions et de chercheurs qu’il m’aura fallu vingt ans avant de repar- courir aujourd’hui. C’est en partie à lui que je dois mon intérêt pour le repérage des formes, la description de chaînes opératoires, la reconstitution de lignées techniques, et l’articulation entre observation des gestes à usages des objets techniques, sauf qu’au lieu de silex il s’agit de smart- phones ou de manettes de jeu vidéo qui m’intéressent. Ma reconnaissance va également à toutes les personnes qui ont participées à cette enquête, à Genève, Los Angeles et Tokyo, et à prendre le temps de discuter avec moi et de les laisser me suivre durant leurs journées. Je remercie de
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