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Development of a Training Manual for Reducing Use of Pesticides by Para Rubber Farmers at Bueng Khan Province, Thailand

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Development of a Training Manual for Reducing Use of Pesticides by Para Rubber Farmers at Bueng Khan Province, Thailand Journal of Education and Learning; Vol. 10, No. 3; 2021 ISSN 1927-5250 E-ISSN 1927-5269 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Development of a Training Manual for Reducing Use of Pesticides by Para Rubber Farmers at Bueng Khan Province, Thailand Tivapron Kombusadee1 & Jurairat Kurukodt1 1 Department of Environmental Education, Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand Correspondence: Tivapron Kombusadee, Department of Environmental Education, Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand. E-mail: [email protected] Received: February 11, 2021 Accepted: March 21, 2021 Online Published: April 12, 2021 doi:10.5539/jel.v10n3p48 URL: https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v10n3p48 Abstract It is widely known that systematically developed training manuals can be used to improve knowledge and practical skills and promote positive attitude of trainees. This research thus aimed to develop a training manual to help reduce the use of pesticides by para rubber farmers in Nonkheng Sub-district, So Phisai District, Bueng Khan Province, Thailand. The research was divided in to 3 stages. The first stage investigated the scenarios in which pesticides were used of the para rubber famers while the second stage dealt with the development of a training manual for promoting the reduction of the use of pesticides and hazardous chemicals by the farmers. The final stage was the evaluation for the efficiency of the developed training manual by applying it with 48 volunteered para rubber famers for 2 days. The findings revealed that the training manual had an efficiency of index at 80.38/80.89. After training with the manual, the farmers’ levels of knowledge increased tal 67.40%, while the overall post-test scores on knowledge, attitude, and practice skills in reducing the use of pesticides were found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those of the pre-test. It can be concluded that the developed training manual can be effectively used to improve the knowledge, attitude, and practical skills of the trainees. Keywords: training manual for pesticide reduction, para rubber famers, knowledge, attitude, practical skills 1. Introduction 1.1 Introduce the Problem Pesticides’ poisoning is one of the major problems and global concern. In recent years, there have been pressing public health and food safety and environmental condition concerns related to pesticide residues (Gesesew, Woldemichael, Massa, & Mwanri, 2016; Bhusnure, Dongare, Gholve, & Giram, 2018). Farmers are the largest groups of workforce in the world consisting of over 1.1 billion individuals (Ghafari, Cheragh, & Irani, 2017). They are particularly at high risk of pesticide poisoning due to high risk from occupation exposure. Pesticides have critical effects on human health including: headache, nausea and vomiting, skin rashes, irritation and abdominal pain (Oztas, Kurt, Koc, Akbaba, & Ilter, 2018; Rostami, Afshari, Moez, Assari, & Soltanian, 2019). According to the National Statistic Office (2015), Thailand has more than 11.4 million farmers which approximately 38% of the total population and there are approximately 500 million square meters of land in Thailand and about 47% of it was used for agriculture. In addition, the Thai Government policy-driven rubber plantation has led widespread land conversion (Sakayarote & Shrestha, 2016). Thai Farmers changed their production system, developed into monoculture, which had to rely on external factors to produce (Siriwatthanmichai & Kurukodt, 2018). Pesticides have been heavily used in the rubber planting process, aiming to repel insects and other enemies of rubber plants are most frequently used in rubber farming (89.49%), followed by pesticides and herbicides at 80% and 76.61%, respectively. In the past five years, the use of these chemicals has soared by 79.32% (Rangkawat & Sittisak, 2015). The practice of using pesticides for agricultural purposes had caused illnesses among famers to have the prevalence of allergies, nasal congestion, wheezing and acute symptoms (Phajan, Nilvarangkul, & Settheetham, 2014; Kongtip et al., 2018). Based on an investigation of the farmers’ blood specimens for three years from 2012 to 2014, it was shown that the proportion of the people, who had undergone blood testing and the people diagnosed with blood contamination, were as follows: 244,822: 75,749; 314,805: 96,227; and 317,051: 107,820, which are equivalent to 30.94%, 30.57% and 34%, respectively. The number of people who are being affected by dangerous agricultural chemicals is apparently soaring annually 48 jel.ccsenet.org Journal of Education and Learning Vol. 10, No. 3; 2021 (Department for Disease Control Ministry of Public Health, 2015). 1.2 Explore Importance of the Problem Growing rubber trees strips away soil health and fertility because the nutrients in the soils are used to produce the plants’ sap. Soils from the rubber plots were found to be contaminated with agricultural chemicals (Jansamood, 2013). Residues from rubber plots are washed away and dissolved into water sources (Department for Pollution Control, Agricultural Sewage Section, 2013). In order to solve the problems related to using pesticides in rubber plots, the farmers should be trained on how to appropriately use the chemicals on their rubber plantations (Waroonrat, 2014). It is equally important to create awareness of the dangers of agricultural chemicals. Moreover, those, who plant rubber trees, should take part in monitoring the use of dangerous chemicals on their lands (Wongphon & Inmoong, 2012). Data from Nonkheng Health Promoting Hospital show that 667 families grow rubber trees in the vicinity of the hospital. These farmers have consistently used chemicals pesticides in their rubber plots and these farmers are likely to become vulnerable to many health problems. Based on a three-year reference (2014−2016), chronic illness that causes death from major diseases including Septicemia, heart failure, acute myocardial infarction and Breast cancer is reported to be related to pesticide poisoning. In addition, Cholinesterase enzyme analyses with blood contamination, were as follows: 1,246-475, 1,295-511, and 1,465-624. These figures are equivalent to 38.14%, 39.45% and 42.60%, respectively. This means that farmers are at risk of pesticide poisoning (Sophisai Public Health Office, 2016). 1.3 Describe Relevant Scholarship From the problems and concerns mentioned above, the researcher is interested and attempting to help solve the problems related to the use of pesticides among the farmers. According to studies, factors contributing to the morbidity and impact on the environment of pesticide exposure included lack of training and limited knowledge and awareness of pesticide’s danger, misleading attitude towards pesticides, inappropriate practical skills in using pesticides, non-use or inappropriate use of personal protective equipment (Christos, Damala, Spyridon, & Koutroubas, 2015; Elikana, Lekei, Aiwerasia, Ngowi, & Leslie, 2014). In order to solve the problems related to using pesticides, the farmers should be trained on how to appropriately use the pesticides (Sapbamerer, 2018; Kaewbooonchoo, Kongtip, & Woskie, 2018). The use of appropriately designed training manual can help develop the knowledge, positive and right attitude toward the use of pesticides and more practical skills (Siriwatthanamichai & Kurukod, 2018; Wanlu, Singseewo, & Suksringarm, 2015). Therefore, the researcher has developed a training manual for the reduction of the use of pesticides for para rubber farmers in Nonkheng Sub-district, So Phisai District, Bueng Khan Province, Thailand. The manual developed for this research should be use to train the rubber farmers. It is expected that the “trained farmers” would be able to obtain knowledge attitude and practice skills on how to appropriately use pesticides on their rubber farms, which should help to reduce the dangers of chemical usage on rubber plantations, while making rubber farming more environmentally friendly. 2. Objectives 1) To investigate the current situation in the use of pesticides by the para rubber famers living in Nonkheng Sub-district, So Phisai District, Bueng Khan Province, Thailand. 2) To developed a training manual for the reduction of the use of pesticides by the farmer to have an efficiency level of 80/80. 3) To investigate and compare the pre-test and the post-test scores of the knowledge, attitudes, and practical skills relating to the use of pesticides and dangerous chemicals among the farmers who attended the training. 3. Materials and Methods 3.1 Study Design, Population and Samples This research implemented a mixed methods research design and was divided into 3 stages as follows: Stage 1 was to investigate the scenarios in which pesticides were used by the para rubber famers. Data were obtained from 250 participants recruited by using the Taro Yamane (Yamane, 1967) formula and the stratified random sampling technique. A questionnaire on the use of pesticides was distributed to the 250-sample group to collect the scenario of pesticide use by the participants. The questionnaire was divided into two main parts: personal information and types and quantity of each pesticide used. The personal information part deals with personal data of the participants including age, gender, marital status, education, and experience in para rubber farming. The types and quantity of use part is to investigate the types of pesticides they
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