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Ecohydraulic Modelling of the Crocodile River and the Hartbeespoort Dam

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Ecohydraulic Modelling of the Crocodile River and the Hartbeespoort Dam Ecohydraulic modelling of the Crocodile River and the Hartbeespoort Dam Michael De Clercq Promotoren: prof. dr. ir. Ronny Verhoeven, prof. dr. ir. Peter Troch Begeleider: dr. ir. Liesbet De Doncker Masterproef ingediend tot het behalen van de academische graad van Master in de ingenieurswetenschappen: bouwkunde Vakgroep Civiele techniek Voorzitter: prof. dr. ir. Julien De Rouck Faculteit Ingenieurswetenschappen Academiejaar 2009-2010 Ecohydraulic modelling of the Crocodile River and the Hartbeespoort Dam Michael De Clercq Promotoren: prof. dr. ir. Ronny Verhoeven, prof. dr. ir. Peter Troch Begeleider: dr. ir. Liesbet De Doncker Masterproef ingediend tot het behalen van de academische graad van Master in de ingenieurswetenschappen: bouwkunde Vakgroep Civiele techniek Voorzitter: prof. dr. ir. Julien De Rouck Faculteit Ingenieurswetenschappen Academiejaar 2009-2010 VOORWOORD EN DANKWOORD ii Voorwoord en dankwoord Deze scriptie, gemaakt gedurende het tweede masterjaar Burgerlijk Ingenieur Bouwkunde, gaat over de waterbeheersing in Zuid- Afrika. Ze is gebaseerd op datacollectie, analyse en verwerking. Ze moet het sluitstuk vormen van de boeiende opleiding. Het kunnen beschikken over zuiver water, vormt een van de grootste uitdagingen van deze eeuw. Watervervuiling, verwoestijning en een stijgend waterverbruik door mens, landbouw en industrie zijn slechts enkele van de redenen waarom een effici¨ent en globaal beheer van deze schaarse, onontbeerlijke grondstof noodzakelijk is. Een integraal waterbeleid is hierin de eerste stap. Ik ben ervan overtuigd dat Zuid-Afrika een land is met enorme mogelijkheden, te danken aan zijn ligging, klimaat, bodemrijkdom, natuur, geschiedenis, bevolking,. Het is echter een land dat zijn kansen niet ten volle kan benutten. De instabiele politieke situatie zorgt voor een enorme ”braindrain”. Zuidelijk Afrika is een regio die in volle expansie is, en meer en meer een Westerse levenswijze aanneemt. Deze manier van leven heeft een enorme impact op waterverbruik en -vervuiling. Daarom moet waterbeheer met de hoogste spoed bovenaan de agenda geplaatst worden. Toegang tot proper water is immers een mensenrecht. Het is een eerste stap om uit de neerwaartse spiraal te geraken, die leidt tot ziekte en armoede. Niet alleen voor de mens, maar ook voor de ontwikkeling van landbouw en industrie is het schaarse water van kapitaal belang. Tijdens mijn verblijf in Zuid-Afrika werd ik gefascineerd door de immense natuurrijkdom. De milieuproblematiek, en in het bijzonder de vervuiling van de rivieren, heeft dan ook onmiskenbaar zijn weerslag op fauna en flora. Wil men de biodiversiteit bewaren, dan zal een globale aanpak onontbeerlijk zijn. Ik ben fier dat ik hieraan een klein steentje kan bijdragen. De Hartbeespoort Dam en Krokodilrivier zijn sterk aangetast door eutrofi¨ering, veroorzaakt door menselijke activiteit. Het streven naar herstel van het natuurlijk evenwicht in dit lokaal ecosysteem, waar zowel mens, dier als plant baat bij hebben, dringt zich op. Een eerste belangrijke stap in dit proces is het in kaart brengen van het probleem door middel van een eco- hydraulisch model. Mijn interesse in de materie alleen, volstond niet om dit werk tot een goed einde te brengen. Heel veel mensen hebben, elk op hun manier, hun steentje bijgedragen om dit eindresultaat te bereiken. Mensen, die mij in de loop der jaren gesteund hebben en mij gemaakt hebben tot wie ik nu ben. Deze thesis is dan ook de ideale weg om iedereen te bedanken die al die jaren met mij op pad gegaan is. In de eerste plaats zijn dat mijn ouders, die me steunden en aanspoorden om na de studie Master in de Industri¨ele wetenschappen en Technologie, de Master in de Ingenieurswetenschappen aan te vatten en tot een goed einde te brengen. Speciale dank gaat naar Prof.Dr.Ir. Ronny Verhoeven voor het overdragen van zijn on- metelijke wetenschappelijke kennis en visie, en het eindeloze enthousiasme waarmee hij zijn thesisstudenten voortstuwt. Uiteraard bedank ik ook alle ander medewerkers van het Laboratorium voor Hydraulica, in het bijzonder Prof.Dr.Ir. Peter Troch, Dr.Ir. Liesbet De Doncker en Ir. Dieter Meire. Hun kennis over de materie was voor deze thesis onontbeerlijk. Ook mijn oprechte dank aan mede- thesisstudenten en mede- ”STRIVEers” Jan Putteman, Bert Schepens, Bruno Vandamme, Steven Langenaken, Niels Vanmassenhove en Jens Van De Maele. Veel van mijn problemen vonden door hun aanstekelijk werkende creativiteit, inspiratie, talent en gedrevenheid, een oplossing. Deze thesis kon ik slechts realiseren dankzij de actieve medewerking van de betrokken partij- en in Zuid- Afrika. In de eerste plaats denk ik hierbij aan Johan en Annette Wentzel. Hun logistieke steun vormde het draagvlak voor een boeiend verblijf in Zuid- Afrika. Ze hebben mij tevens ingewijd in de lokale cultuur, leefgewoonten en problemen van dit uitgestrekte land. Frikkie Botha heeft me van in het begin begeesterd met zijn positieve energie en enorme kennis over het probleem. Dank Frikkie. De benodigde data en informatie kreeg ik van de mensen van het ”Department of Water and Forest” en de ”Water Research Commission”, in het bijzonder mevr. Sibanyoni Francinah die voor de hydraulische data zorgde, mevr. Nicolene Furie die voor de geografische data zorgde en dhr. Petrus Venter, voorzitter van het ”HBPD Remediation Program”. Aan al die Suid-Afrikaanse vriende, baie dankie! Deze thesis werd mede mogelijk gemaakt door FETWater, het kaderprogramma voor on- derzoek, onderwijs en opleiding in de watersector in SADC- regio(Southern Africa Deve- lopment Community Region). Het programma kwam tot stand door een overeenkomst tussen het Zuid-Afrikaanse Ministerie van Water en Bosbouw (Department of Water Af- fairs and Forestry- DWAF) en de Vlaamse Overheid. Het stelt zich tot doel het cre¨eren van netwerken ter ondersteuning van kennis en opleiding. FETWater wordt gefinancierd door de Vlaamse Regering, de DWAF en de UNESCO. Door hun financi¨ele bijdrage was het voor mij mogelijk om het probleem ter plaatse te gaan bestuderen. Ook de steun van mijn trouwe vrienden Jeroen Degryse, Michiel Deruyter, Stijn Leuridan en Tom Coghe is heel belangrijk geweest. Ze hebben me steeds tot betere prestaties aangemoedigd. Uiteraard ook speciale dank aan alle andere vrienden en vriendinnen die de afgelopen jaren mijn fantastische studententijd mee hielpen kleuren. Last but not least bedank ik mijn hele familie: in de eerste plaats mijn ouders, die al 23 jaar al mijn ondernemingen ten volle steunen, maar ook mijn grootouders die steeds enthousiast in mijn plannen meegaan. Ook dank aan mijn broer en zus, die ik een boeiende toekomst wens. Bedankt voor alles! Michael De Clercq, May 30, 2010 PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS v Preface and acknowledgments This master thesis, made during the final year of the Master in Civil Engineering, is dealing about the integrated water control in South Africa. The availability of clean water for everyone is one of the main challenges of this century. South Africa is a region in full expansion, adapting a more and more Western way of living. This way of living has an enormous impact on water use and water pollution. During my stay in South Africa, I was fascinated by the immense natural resources. The environmental problems, especially the pollution of the rivers, has an undeniable impact on the fauna and flora. One of the problems linked with this challenge is the severe eutrophication problem of the Crocodile River and Hartbeespoort Dam, caused by human activities. Aiming the recovery of the natural equilibrium in this local ecosystem, in which as well humankind, animals as plants benefit, is necessary. A first important step in this process is to map out the problem by means of an ecohydraulic model. Purpose of this model is to find a solution in which all stakeholders can get on with. This master thesis is the ideal way to thank people you always wanted to thank. First of all my parents, who stimulated and supported me to study civil engineering. Without them, I would never have reached this realization. Special thanks goes to Prof.Dr.Ir. Ronny Verhoeven for imparting all the scientific know- ledge, his vision and endless enthusiasm, driving along his thesis students. Of course, I like to thank all the other co- workers of the Laboratory for Hydraulics, in particular Prof.Dr.Ir. Peter Troch, Dr.Ir. Liesbeth De Doncker and Ir. Dieter Meire. Their knowledge about this matter was indispensable for my thesis. Also my sincere thanks to all the co- students which also used the ”STRIVE”- software. The intense cooperation helped me to solve a lot of my problems. Their creativity, inspiration, talent and passion proves infectious. This master thesis could only be realised thanks to the active support of all the involved parties in South Africa. In the first place, I would like to mention the assistance of Johan and Annette Wentzel. Their logistic and moral support was the base for a fascinating and unforgettable stay in South Africa. They introduced me to the local culture, way of living and problems of this vast country. Frikkie Botha has rapped me from the beginning with his positive energy and immoderate knowledge about the problem. Thank you Frikkie. The required data and information was provided by the co-workers of the ”Department of Water and Forest” and the ”Water Research Commission”. Particularly from Mrs. Sibanyoni Francinah for the hydraulically data, Mrs. Nicolene Furie for the geometrical data and Mr. Petrus Venter, chairman of the ”HBPD Remediation Program”. Only thanks to the financial support of the UNESCO, this project could be fulfilled. Aanaldie Suid-Afrikaanse vriende, baie dankie! This thesis was made possible by FETwater, the Framework program for Research, Edu- cation and Training in the Water sector in the Southern Africa Development Community Region. It is a venture based on an agreement between the South African Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) and the Flemish government. The program is aimed at the creation of networks to fulfil capacity and training needs. FETWater is funded by the Flemish Government, the DWAF and UNESCO.
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