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Lesson 26: General Structure of Shipping Industry

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Lesson 26: General Structure of Shipping Industry LESSON 26: GENERAL STRUCTURE OF SHIPPING INDUSTRY They have oil pumping, heating and other necessary special 1. Different types of Ships provisions on board. They range from 2000 dwt to 500000 2. Shipping routes dwt. A tanker generally sticks to a single product. 3. Operating ships Oil tankers represent 1/3rd of the world’s merchant fleet in dead 4. Liner operations weight capacity terms (some of the vessels even exceed 500000 dwt). Crude oil is transported from the oil fields to refineries, 5. Tramp operations petroleum, and fuel oil from the refineries to distribution 6. Organisation of a shipping Company centres and bunkering ports, such that there is a worldwide Dear Friends as we all know that Transportation is one of the network of tanker routes. most visible elements of logistics operations. Vessels exceeding 200000 dwt are called Very large crude carriers O.K. Let’s discuss that how water transport ha been developing (VLCC) and those above 300000 dwt are called Ultra large crude since ages, and what are advantages of same carriers (ULCC). It provides two major functions: product movement and LNG Tankers, this liquefied natural gas carrier fleet is an product storage. Of the various modes of transport, water is important part of the world mercantile fleet. the oldest mode of transportation. Steamboats replaced the 2. Bulk Carriers original sailing vessels in the early 1800s and by diesel power in These carry various mineral ores, grains and many other the 1920s. produce. They can be ore cum oil carriers. They are single deck The main advantage of water transportation is the capacity to vessels and usually there is no cargo handling gear on board. move extremely large shipments. Basically, about 98% of world a. OBO trade in volume terms is conveyed by sea transport, and in the Ore/Bulk Oil ships are multi purpose bulk carriers designed past forty years, there has been a radical change in the techniques for switching between bulk shipments of oil/bulk grain, adopted in the distribution of international trade through fertilizer and ore trades. Many such vessels exceed 200000 maritime transport. dwt. Containerization, multi-model transport service, advancement of b. RO/RO marine engineering technology, specialized systems, small crew RO/Ro types of vessels are designed to carry private cars complements and computerization have all contributed to the with passengers, coaches, road haulage vehicles and non- development of international trade and for sea transport to remain motorise passengers. Such vessels are also termed multi competitively priced. purpose vehicle ferries and an increasing number of them The basics of the general structure of shipping can be under- operate in the U.K. - Continental trade. The important feature stood in terms of the different types of ships according to is that the vehicles are driven on and / or off the roll- nature of cargo and unitization, world wide shipping develop- on, roll-off ship by means of a ramp at the port / berth - ment, shipping operating systems namely, liners and tramps permitting unimpeded transshipment. and a glimpse into the organization of a shipping company. c. SD 14 Different Types of Ships The SD14 is a modern tramp vessel designed to convey Merchant ships can be of four types: traditional tramp bulk cargoes such as grain, timber, ore, coal 1. Tankers etc. Another similar type of ship is called the Freedom. Both vessels are multi purpose - dry cargo carriers and 2. Bulk Carriers engaged under a document called a charter party on a time or 3. General cargo vessels voyage basis. 4. Container Ships. d. Panamax : 1. Tankers Panamax are bulk carriers with a breadth which can pass Tankers can be of four types through the Panama Canal (106 feet wide). Such bulk carriers 1. Oil tankers carry upto 80,000 tons of cargo. 2. Product tankers e. Train ferry vessels 3. LNG tankers Train ferry vesselscarry railway passengers and freight rolling 4. Acid tankers stock. Access to and from the vessel is over a ramp thereby permitting an unimpeded transshipment offering through 5. Edible oil tankers rail transits. 192 3. General Cargo Vessels change of seasons. The development of shipping in a region These are for break bulk cargo and have cargo handling gear depends on its population density, economic advancement and like derricks and jib cranes on board. Majority of these are many other inter-related conditions like port and refueling facilities. ‘tween-deck’ vessels. The chief shipping lanes are : They range from 2000 dwt to 150000 dwt, although the 1. The North Atlantic Route most common range is from 20000 dwt to 40000 dwt. It lies between Western Europe and Eastern Canada and the The ‘tween deck’ vessel is a general cargo vessel engaged United States. It is the busiest and the most important of primarily on deep-see liner cargo services. worlds shipping routes in terms of both passengers and goods. The trade largely consist of the exchange of food, This type of vessel has other decks below the main deck industrial raw materials and certain manufactured goods of called ‘tween deck’ and all run the full length of the vessel. North America for the manufactured articles and certain food These vessels are suitable for general cargo, because the cargo and raw products of Europe. space is divided into separate tiers and decks, which eliminates 2. The Mediterranean - Rea Sea - Indian Ocean Route the risk of cargo damage by preventing too much weight being put on the cargo at the bottom. It is the second most important shipping route in the world. It connects North Western Europe with the Mediterranean, Currently, this type of vessel is being displaced in many Eastern Europe, Southern and Eastern Asia, Australia and trades by the container ship and combi carrier. New Zealand. The Suez Canal is the main link in this route. Coasters are all purpose cargo carriers operating around our Traffic over this route includes passengers and a variety of Lcoast. commodities including cotton, tea, rubber, wool, dairy LASH - Lighter abroad the ship. This type of vessel enables products and meat, but specifically petroleum from the lighters to be conveyed from one port to another thus Middle East to Europe. combining inland waterway with ocean transportation. 3. The Cape Route Is Another Important Trunk Route Advantages of the service include through rates / bills of Connecting Western Europe, Africa And Australia lading; no intermediate handling during transfer from the The Cape route is another important trunk route connecting ship, low risk of cargo delay as barges are lowered into the Western Europe, Africa and Australia By way of the Cape of water immediately on arrival at each port and the barges are Good Hope. The poor development of the African likewise loaded on the LASH vessel; it reduces time spent in continent, and the competition with the Suez route, port or its environs to a minimum. considerably brings down the traffic moving over this route. 4. Container Ship However, the traffic is mainly comprised of manufactured articles, fruits, wine, wool, wheat, tobacco and meat. Container ships cater to only containerized cargo and generally have cranes on board. They can store upto 4 tiers 4. The South Atlantic Route of containers below the main deck and upto 3 tiers above It lies between the rich agricultural regions of southeastern deck. Container ships are divided into reefers and non- South America on the one and the highly industrialized reefers. districts of North - Western Europe and the Mediterranian on A Container vessel is a basically cellular vessel with crew and the other. Coal, machinery and manufactured goods mainly machinery situated aft. Each hold of a cellular ship is fitted constitute the traffic moving towards South America whereas with a series of vertical angle guides adequately cross-braced raw materials and foodstuffs like meat, coffee and fruits are to accept the container. taken in the return journey. The combi carrier is a unitized cargo carrier combining 5. The Panama Route container and vehicle shipment including RO/RO. It is It plays a significant role in the trade between Eastern North tending to replace ‘tween deck’ tonnage and is particularly America, and Western United States, Western Canada and ideal in Third World country trades where port Chiles. It saves travel of additional few thousand kilometers transshipment facilities are rather inadequate. around the Cape Horn. The trade is based on the exchange of In recent years, the hover craft and hydro foil craft are operative in minerals and industrial raw materials of Western South America UK - Continental trade conveying passengers and accompa- and Western North America for manufactured nied cars. Such crafts are unlikely to capture any significant goods of Anglo America. international trade distribution market. Many such crafts are 6. The North Paciffic Route operating in estuarial services and in the Balitic, and some are It mainly helps trade between Western North America and being used in various parts of the world for land exploration Eastern Asia and that between North America and Australia. work in rivers / swamps. The volume of traffic is however small. Shipping Routes Role of Suez and Panama Canals in Ocean Most world shipping is confined to rather well defined routes. Shipping The shipping routes generally tend to approximate to an arc of Both the Suez and Panama Canals have radically changed the the great circle since it guides the ships to undertake the shortest ocean shipping pattern in terms of route, time, distance and journey. Wherever necessary, adjustments are made with the money. Both the canals cut through narrow necks of land 193 joining continental areas. Of the two, Suez is more important hire fluctuates following the basic laws of supply and than the Panama.
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