EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science Vol. 4, No. 8, August 2019

Mapping and Assessment of Healthcare Facilities Using GIS in a Part of Ikorodu Metropolis,

E. Effiong, O. F. Iyiola, I. A. Gbiri, S. M. Oludiji, S. T. Oyebanji, and, M. T. Ayodele

 as a condition of complete physical, mental and social Abstract—The uneven distribution of health care services in prosperity and for such perfect expressed could swing to Nigeria had been validated the inequalities in the accessibility alluring outcomes. For all intents and purposes, most we and the best of fitness care services rendered to citizens. Basic seen frequently is that human determined to have different fitness care offerings continue to be a cardinal responsibility of health hesitations which had driven the general population the authorities for the survival of her citizenry. Mostly in the developing country, the accessibility to these health care to undesirable consistently. Consequently, social insurance centres is poorly understood and underserved by the timing foundations are administration arranged foundations that populations. there is a need to apprehend the elements that give restorative consideration offices including affect or inhibit health care used and what contributed to the observational, demonstrative, research and remedial and use elements in term of distance from residences to the health rehabilitative administrations to general society. Satisfactory care amenities and the thickly populace developed round the and successful appropriation of social insurance offices facilities. This paper focuses on the acceptable evaluation of spatial distribution of health care facilities and proposed for contributes tremendously to human services administration new health centres in some of catchments location that arrangement and necessities of the general population. In the deserves it primarily based on distance and population figures health segment, much concern has been communicated in Ikorodu Local Community Development Area. It was relating to the example of dispersion of heath care offices subdivided into Ibese, Ojubode , Local Govt, Police Post, Ebute and dimension of usage. At the end of the day, the , Ogoloto , Tos Benson, Ita Elewa, Sambo , Alagbala and Eyita dimension of access to social insurance offices is a Area with their two land mass for every the catchment area inside the learn about which covered two Ibese Area, Ojubode component of the level of reasonableness in spatial Area, Local Govt. Area, Police Post Area, Ebute Area, Ogoloto dispersion of the offices. [11] dealt with the disparity in Area, Tos Benson Area, Ita Elewa, Sambo Area, Alagbala Area offices circulations which are viewed as double issues of and Eyita Area covered 128.585 ha, 59.658 ha, 106.793ha, restricted offices and low close to home versatility in the 99.631ha, 140.803ha, 109.485ha, 131.518 ha, 111.625ha, 155.051 creating social orders. Openness in this setting has spatial ha, 89.698 ha and 112.907 ha. Based on buffer coverage and subject and connotes the simplicity with which potential population used and it was revealed and proposed new healthcare centres for Ojubode, Local Govt, Ibese, part of social insurance searchers get to the health offices where Eyita, Sambo,Alagbala and Ogoloto areas maps were human services administrations are conveyed. [10] set out produced. The useful geodatabase was created for digital on the territorial health related issues and affirmed the healthcare facility mapping for less difficult replace every time presence of disparity in the circulation of medicinal services it’s necessary. offices in Nigeria. The national health approach expects to

accomplish health for all Nigerians dependent on the Index Terms—Assessment, Distribution, Propose, Primary national theory of social equity and value as plainly Health Facilities, Catchment Area, Ikorodu. articulated in the second National Development Plan of 1970-1974. These standards of social equity and value and I. INTRODUCTION the beliefs of opportunity and opportunity have been asserted in Nigeria's constitution. Along these lines, the Health is an all-inclusive human right and being centered national health approach was figured with regards to these around social contributed and political concerned around the national targets and reasoning. To this end, the essential world. World Health Organization [17] characterizes health human services are received as the methods for accomplishing the national objective of social equity and Published on August 18, 2019. value. As characterized in Alma-Ata Declaration of 1978, E. Effiong is with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Department "essential medicinal services... brings medicinal services as Federal School of Surveying, P. M. B. 1024, Oyo State, Nigeria (e-mail: [email protected]). close as conceivable to where individuals live and work O. F. Iyiola with Survey and Geoinformatics Department Federal School [16]. With respect to [8] who had seen that the issue in the of Surveying, P. M. B. 1024, Oyo State, Nigeria (e-mail: human services area is past on the nature of administrations [email protected]). I. A. Gbiri is with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Department rendered as well as on ampleness of health offices supplier. Federal School of Surveying, P. M. B. 1024, Oyo State, Nigeria (e-mail: The nature of administrations rendered is identified with the [email protected]). dimension of labour accessible. Despite the fact that, WHO M. O. Oludiji is with Survey and Geoinformatics Department Federal School of Surveying, P. M. B. 1024, Oyo State, Nigeria (e-mail: declared that Nigeria is yet to build up a health labour plan [email protected]). that depicts the classifications and number of work force S. T. Oyebanji is with Survey and Geoinformatics Department Federal required considering current status [6], the health labour School of Surveying, P. M. B. 1024, Oyo State, Nigeria (e-mail: [email protected]). level in Nigeria appear to be inside worthy standard for the M. T. Ayodele is with Office of Surveyor General of Lagos, Alahusa creating nations. Nigeria has surpassed the WHO standard Ikeja Lagos.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.8.1444 55 EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science Vol. 4, No. 8, August 2019 for the African area of one specialist for every 10,000 social insurance approaches among others and the populace [6],[7] and [15] For the creating nations including preferences. Once in a while, these issues are considered in Nigeria, the specialist/populace proportion of 1:10,000 with connection to the occurrence of illness and mortality. At the mean medical clinic administration scope of 0-16km sweep centres of a large portion of these examinations is in this have been prescribed[6]. In any case, the specialists are mal- way the issue of area and its job or effect on the conveyed, the greater part of them being in the urban zones arrangement of human services. Human services Facilities while there are networks that have never observed a Categories in Ikorodu had assumed fundamental jobs specialist; others have a proportion of one specialist to because of the inundation of populace in the territory. 200,000 Population [15] As far as health attendants, there Medical services offices were subdivided into three are multiple times a larger number of medical caretakers classifications, Primary, Secondary and Tertiary social than specialists. Like the specialists, attendants are insurance offices. Essential Healthcare characterizes as a additionally mal-appropriated. In any case, numerous human services framework that gives the main dimension of country health focuses all through Nigeria are kept an eye contact between the populace and social insurance suppliers. on by medical caretakers who give social insurance Due to its significance in the conveyance of health administrations to the provincial people [6]. From an administrations, the middle, states and neighbourhood levels examination done by the Directorate of Food, Roads and then a few governments began creating essential medicinal Rural Infrastructure in 1987, Nigeria has around 100,000 services framework and labour and they trusted that there towns and self-ruling networks however there are around are the nearest health offices found in the country territories. 10,711 health foundations at the essential human services It gives a road of taking care of health related cases quicker level including health and maternity focuses, health centres before getting most noticeably awful and exchanged further. and dispensaries [15]. This implies there is approximately Auxiliary Healthcare characterizes as the second level of one office for every 10 towns/networks and this makes health framework, in which patients from essential social openness to health administrations exceptionally poor insurance are alluded to masters in higher medical clinics for particularly in rustic regions. This had set up the actualities treatment. These offices are mostly possessed and that in medicinal services administrations, patients are not constrained by the state governments. They are likewise set up to travel more than 5km or a half-hour venture by accepted to have probably the best submits terms of man walking to get social insurance administrations [7]. forces and current hardware in the states. The Moreover, [15] further focused on that for preventive administrations rendered too are accepted to be among the administrations, for example, vaccination and health best in their region. Tertiary Healthcare characterizes as any instruction, the separation individuals need to make a trip to organization giving health training at a tertiary dimension get administrations is substantially less than 5kms or half more often than not inside the state. Tertiary Health care hour venture. The arrangement of medicinal services alludes to a third dimension of health framework, in which focuses in Nigeria is a simultaneous duty of the three levels particular consultative consideration is given ordinarily on of government in the nation. Be that as it may, on the referral from essential and optional therapeutic grounds that Nigeria works a blended economy, private consideration. Particular Intensive Care Units progressed suppliers of restorative medicinal services have an demonstrative help benefits and concentrated restorative unmistakable task to carry out in social insurance staff on the key highlights of tertiary medicinal services. conveyance. The Federal government's job is for the most The tertiary medicinal services framework is controlled and part constrained to planning the issues of the college overseen by the Federal Government of Nigeria. They are showing emergency clinics, Federal Medical Centres known to have the best experts and hardware in the nation. (Tertiary Health Care) while the State Government deals They are additionally accepted to offer the best with the different General medical clinics (Secondary Health administrations inside the area they are being sited at. Most Care) and the Local Government centres around medical clinics in this unit are college instructing emergency dispensaries (Primary Health Care) which are managed by clinics while others are authority clinics like the the national government. The all out use on social insurance neuropsychiatric clinics and among others. is 4.6% of GDP, while the level of national government The World Health Organization [17] described GIS as an consumption on human services is about 1.5%. The excellent means of analyzing epidemiological data, sufficient supply and ideal distribution of assets to medicinal revealing trends, dependencies and interrelationships that services focuses is of incredible significance for health would be more difficult to discover using traditional tabular improvement of the residents; be that as it may, access to approach. Site selection and distribution of health care them should likewise be set up while choosing where to site centers are important components of an overall health them. Spatial availability accordingly stays a standout system which has a direct impact on the burden of diseases amongst the most essential variables considered in human that affect many countries in the developing world. The services contemplates. Such investigations centres around, creation of health care centers database and mapping helps the examination of physical or potentially basic availability in showing the spatial distribution and information about to human services, evaluation of the varieties in the location and their physical relations to each other. The arrangement and use of medicinal services focuses, purpose of using GIS in site selection and distribution of investigation of the degree of administration territories and health care centers is that maps provides an added distinguishing proof of holes in arrangement, displaying of dimension to data analysis, which helps in visualizing the ideal office areas, examination of issues of value and complex patterns and relationships. The use of GIS for proficiency in social insurance arrangement, appraisal of measurement of physical distribution is well established and

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.8.1444 56 EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science Vol. 4, No. 8, August 2019 has been applied in many areas including retail site analysis, situated within Ibese, Ojubode, Ogoloto, Eyita sambo and transport, emergency services and health care services [5]. Alagbala are not being found with the requirement [13] Specified criteria for health care planning for third prescribed to the insurer in the Nigeria and that made it not world countries and indicated that each service area should function effectively. cover a 4km catchment area with a population of 60,000 for primary health care in order to have adequate and equity of access to health centers. [2] and used GIS technique to II. GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION OF THE STUDY demonstrate the relationship between distance and patronage Ikorodu is a city in north-east Lagos State, Nigeria. There of health centers in Ife. He noted that attendance at each are two local development councils within Ikorodu, viz, health center in Ife region is a function of both type of Ikorodu North and West Local Development Areas. It is service available there and the distance from other center located approximately between latitude 6037’ to 6045’N and providing similar services. [9] analyzed the spatial longitude 303’to 30 5’E with a land area of about 394 km2. distribution and efficiency of health centers in the old It is bounded in the east and west by Epe and Somolu Local Bendel (now Edo and Delta) State. He created a data base of Government Areas respectively, in the south by the Lagos all the health centers in Benin and found that there were lagoon, and towards the north by . Based on the discrepancies between the population distribution and the 2006 census, the population of the study area is put at distribution of health centers. [4] illustrated the problems 535,619. Within Ikorodu there are 57 public primary schools and effects of poor location planning in the provision of and 12 secondary schools, some of which includes public facilities in Ogun state, Nigeria. They identified some Government College Ikorodu, Government Technical of the ways in which the Nigerian government has College, Lagos State Civil Service Model College Igbogbo misinterpreted issues of efficiency and equity in the and Ikorodu High School, there are also several private distribution of maternity clinics thus resulting in the nurseries, primary and secondary schools and one tertiary proliferation of facilities which did not address the needs of institution is Caleb University and it locates at the Imota many communities. Similarly, [9] studied the distributive area of the town. Lagos State Polytechnic Ikorodu, a effects of the location of health care facilities in Ibadan, government owned polytechnic is also located in Ikorodu. Nigeria in terms of access to them using Scheiders and The total number of health facilities in the state is 26 state Symons access opportunity model. His study revealed that hospitals and 150 public health care centres in the state, in areas of high accessibility lie to the North and areas outside addition to privately owned hospitals and clinics. The main the traditional pre-colonial city. Using both regression and water sources public taps, yard well/borehole, and water correlation analysis, he found that there was no systematic vendors. Few residents make use of streams and rivers as discrimination against low income disadvantaged groups. their drinking water. Predominant land uses in the state are However, he pointed out that distribution was not equitable residential, industrial, recreational and fisheries and concluded that public policy on health care provision in (aquaculture).it lies in the tropical climate. In winter, there is the country does not adequately address the needs of the much less rainfall than in summer with the averages people. [12] investigated the effect of location on the temperature of 26.90C. The vegetation pattern is a reflection utilization of healthcare centers in Irewole local government of the climatic condition of the mangrove forest which is area of Osun State, Nigeria. They considered the population made up of mangrove plants of different species. The data and distance of the settlements to each health center. It climatic condition and vegetation pattern favours was revealed that health centers were unevenly distributed agricultural practice. Ikorodu east, Ikorodu west and Ikorodu among the settlements and that the distances were central Local council development areas are located in an paramount factors. [3] also carried out extensive GIS upland area with topography that enhances effective mapping and documentation of primary maternal health care drainage through which several rivers flow into the Lagos centers in Ugheli South and Warri South Local Government lagoon. Commonly, the reported related health problems Areas of , Nigeria. This was done to provide include: malaria, diarrhoea, cholera, sexually transmitted geospatial information about the distribution and diseases (STDs), asthma, hypertension, skin infections, accessibility of primary health care centers. The distribution typhoid and paratyphoid fevers and tuberculosis due in was found to be clustered in some areas leaving others proper disposal of wastes [7]. underserved. Similar studies by [1] also suggested that poor maternal health care is largely due to or aggravated by poor access to health care facilities. Hence, a variety of methodologies and approaches have been adopted to investigate physical accessibility based on distance and/or time. However, one of the best ways to measure accessibility is to examine the distribution of maternal health care facilities as well as their service areas or coverage. However, there was no consensus /or correlation in the literatures reviewed that explained explicitly in supporting the working distance modelling that the patients allowed to travel or adventure to walk before their ensure their insurers for health engagement. Moreover, in lines with this conclusion aforementioned above, the health centre

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which are inclusive Ibese, ojubode, local Govt area, Tos benson area, Ebute Area, Sambo area, Ita elewa and Alagbata, Ogoloto, Eyita and Alagbata. It also revealed the numbers of existing healthcare facility that was pioneered by Government and that shown that there was no much on the ground that could cater enough for the total population collated in 1999 census as of 535,619, If the trend of its growth ought to be analyzed by the rate of 3.2% yearly and up to dates. This becomes a rational problem to the facility because more pressure would be surely exerted on them.

Fig. 1: Map of the study area

III. MATERIALS AND METHODS Methodology refers as the phases by phases approach undertaken by one to achieve the stated objectives in this paper. The X, Y locational position of the healthcare centers, health records and Local Area Development Authority (LCDA) with their addresses was obtained from the Lagos state ministry of health. These coordinates points were plotted on the ArcGIS 10.3 Version and which aids to justify their position on the ground and within the study area. The administrative map, satellite imageries and Fig. 2. Composite Map of the Study Area population data were referred as the secondary input. Administrative map was sourced from the Lagos state A. Population Distribution surveyor general’s office and it was use to depict the extent of the study area. One meter’s resolution satellite imagery The population figures for Ibese, ojubode, local Govt, Tos was acquired and georeferenced. The roads, river and towns benson, Ebute, Sambo, Ita elewa and Alagbata, Ogoloto, were extracted from the image and Population data was Eyita and Alagbata area were stated categorically in 1991 obtained from the National Population Commission, Lagos census where every locality is counted per head in the state office and it was use to analyze the patronages. [14] population. The data was linked to the geometric data from criteria for selection of proposed sites for health care centers the imagery and forming a geospatial database which is were adhered to: known as the heartbeat of GIS. This has shown its capability by display catchment area population in gender sensitive by A. Proximity and Accessibility being recommended by using multiple bar charts displaying in Figure 3 and also [14] for the criteria for sitting new health center that helps to display their population where Local Govt, Ojubode it must not be more than 5km from residential areas and Ita-Elewa area possessed the largest populations of and the distance must not more than 20m from the 34567, 31789 and 30099 respectively while Ebute area major road. recorded the list population figure of 3467. The highest and B. Population Size must be overestimated from 500 to lowest population ranges between 34567and 3467 per 5000 people that should have access to at least 1 catchment area in the study. health center.

IV. ANALYSES AND RESULTS Findings an alternative or permanent remedy into healthcare delivery system in Nigeria becomes critical problems. Produce a locational map in digital format it enhances health preparedness, facilitate the management and maintenance of health records of any kind because data keeping is of best interest of any sectors to drive improvement as a serving entity. GIS possesses capability of handling the geometric which consists of spatial and non- spatial problems and these make it absolutely function Fig. 3: Catchment area population project from 1999 to 2019 different from other computer based information system. This had created an avenue of linking spatial and non-spatial B. Testing of Database within the study area. Figure 2 shows subdivision of the extent of the study area into the eleven catchments area This is done to determine whether the relationship

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.8.1444 58 EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science Vol. 4, No. 8, August 2019 between phenomena and their attributes are capable of being retrieved from the database created. The phenomena tests were the locational position of the health centres, Bio data of the staff and population figure of people servicing the facilities in the study. This operation has capability of searching and retrieving information from the geographic features found within the area is considered. Single criterion searching was engaging to recover spatial data from the database where Catchment area population was chosen without other features in the investigation zone and is more than or equal to even thousands population in the catchment. The Syntax = Select* From Catchment Where: Catchment_population = >7000 and this displays the qualities in the Figure 4, where Tos benson, Sambo,Ita eleta, Fig. 6: Map of catchment area with population greater than or equal to 7000 Alagbata, Ibese, Ojubode, Local Govt, Ogoloto and Police post area were chosen from the database. They are strong Figure 7 describes the Multiple Criteria situations, where exceptional populated due to growing yearly than the other two or more conditions are used to query from the catchment zones involved. The land mass for each functional geodatabase created and this bases on the criteria catchment area within the study included Ibese Area, set upon in the study. This multiple criteria condition was Ojubode Area, Local Govt. Area, Police Post Area, Ebute employed to retrieve the required information from the Area, Ogoloto Area, Tos Benson Area, Ita Elewa, Sambo database which uses select by location. It implies that select Area, Alagbala Area and Eyita Area covered 128.585 ha, feature from one or more target layers based on their 59.658 ha, 106.793ha, 99.631ha, 140.803ha, 109.485ha, location in relation to the features in the source layer. The 131.518 ha, 111.625ha, 155.051 ha, 89.698 ha and 112.907 Syntax Select method: Select features from Target layers ha. Figure 5 shows the selected the catchments area that “hospital” & major Road is the Source layer from the model found within the study area and at the same time having selected and where both features spatial selection method more than or equal to seven thousand populations. In figure for target layers are within a distance of the source layers 6, it shows that areas like Tos - benson, Sambo,Ita eleta, features of twenty meters apart. Specifically, more than one Alagbata, Ibese, Ojubode, Local Govt, Ogoloto and Police field is used from the table in order to achieve this result. post area met with the criteria in figure 4. It produces a light The select by location model revealed some of the hospitals green map which capturing exactly nine catchment areas fallen within the distance of 20m from the major road set and which left three catchment area in the study. It connects and they are Hopewell Hospital, General Hospital, LPHC Ita Ibese, ojubode, local Govt area, Tos benson area, Ebute Elewa, Newgate Hospital, EOCC Primary Health Centers, Area, Sambo area, Ita elewa, Ogoloto, Eyita and Alagbata Area. Ikorodu Clinic and Eyita Health Centres. Figure 8 shows the hospitals position relatively to their locate of Hospitals being found on the distance of within 20m away from major road. Figure 9 shows the Locate map for the Hospital on the distance of within 20m away from major road.

Fig. 4: Catchment attributes show population greater than or equal to 7000

Fig. 7: Attribute of locate Hospital on the distance of within 20m away from major road

Fig. 5: Location of catchment area with population greater than or equal to 7000

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Fig. 11: Map show hospitals that underserved it catchment area coverage of Fig 8: Locate of Hospital on the distance of within 20m away from major 1000m distance road.

Overlay operation uses the principle of combination of same feature locations of two or more input data layers, which are geo-referenced in the same system and overlapped in study area to produce a new propose health center. Figure 12 shows new propose health centre based on distance of 1000 by 1000m in the study and its map showed all possible propose new health center within the study area based on distance of 1000 by 1000m by using fishnet tool to configure the areas. This indicates the exact geolocation met for the new health center in terms of distance and revealed them in colour yellow for the description of new health center propose site. Population Size was another criteria Fig 9: Map of Locate of the Hospital on the distance of within 20m away sited and the condition was that an area/catchment with a from major road. population of 500 to 5000 people stand out to possess at

least one health centre in Figure 13 show new propose (light Buffer zone uses a spatial function to create task around a yellow) and existing health centre (dark yellow), and despite given phenomenon. It also helps to give an insight or the population size was exceeded 500 to 5000 yet there was demarcate areas affected or unaffected by spatial activities health center sited in their domain and They are inclusive which often show the extent of coverage of a feature. The Ibese, ojubode, local Govt area, but Tos benson area, Ebute buffer zone of 1000m walking distance was created around Area, Sambo area, Ita elewa and Alagbata, Ogoloto, Eyita each health center based upon the Perrya &Gesler (2000) and Alagbata Area have been in population geometrically criteria. It revealed and determined the catchment areas that over the years though they possessed at least one health have better coverage for users to assess health care facility center to their domains but due to increase in their and they are inclusive the Tos benson, Ebute, Sambo, Ita population they deserved additional health center. In Figure eleta and alagbata area in figure 10. In Ibese, ojubode and 14 and 15, where the population is more than or equal and local Govt area have shown where the facilities are less than 7000. The Ebute and Eyita area do not have a underserved and also part of Ogoloto, Eyita sambo and particular health center that are serving them and choose to Alagbala Area were being denied by distance of 1000m depend on neighbouring health center to care for their walking distance to hospital in figure 11. predicament it was showed clearly in Figure 15.

Fig. 12: Map show new propose health center on distance of 1000 by

Fig. 10: Map show hospitals that possessed better coverage of 1000m 1000m distance

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the part of Ogoloto, Eyita sambo and Alagbala have known as Area being denied by distance of 1000m walking distance to hospital before they could assess the healthcare facility .Overlay operations were used and it showed all possible propose new health center within the study area based on distance of 1000 by 1000m by using fishnet tool to configure the areas that were underserved and this indicated the exact geolocation met for the new health center in terms of distance and as it was showed colour yellow for the description of new health center propose site. Also Population Size was another criterion sited and the condition was that area/catchment with a population of 500 to 5000 people stand out to possess at least one health center. It Fig. 13: Map show new propose (light yellow and existing health center shows that despite the population size was exceeded 500 to (dark yellow). 5000 yet there was health center sited in their domain because areas such as Ibese, ojubode, local Govt area,but Tos benson area, Ebute Area, Sambo area, Ita elewa and Alagbata, Ogoloto, Eyita and Alagbata Area have been recorded geometrically population over the years. Though they possessed at least one health center to their domains but due to increasing numbers in term in population they deserved additional health center. And where the population is less than 7000 is Ebute and Eyita area yet do not have a particular health center that are serving them and they choose to depend on neighbouring health center to care for their predicament.

Fig. 14: Map show new catchment area population more than 7000 above

VI. CONCLUSION It is concluded that the geodatabase created was tested and analyses performed base on the criteria set for the study at hand. It showed the number of health centers facility in the study area by using GIS techniques of handling the pre and post analyses. As per keeping records, it aids in preparedness for requirement to place on ground before the issues are discussed towards the objectives. Adequate analysis can be made through queries thereby enhancing decision making by residents of Ikorodu and policy makers. The database allows for easy access, storage and retrieval information at will and to effectiveness identifies area posed to under-utilized which had not been making it well defines

the maximum output being expected. Fig. 15: Map show new catchment area population less than 7000 below.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT V. DISCUSSION The Authors desire to thank Deputy Rector, Federal Step of data acquisition, data analyses and generation of School of Surveying, Surv. Ekpo Effiong (mnes, mnis) for maps cannot be overemphasized in this study. It becomes an his supervising role, and the Department of GIS Federal imperative to known that every single criterion is subjected School of Surveying (FSS) for offering an enabling to explicit approach for the implementation of aim and surroundings for this research to be carried out and objectives. Proximity and Accessibility recommended by additionally to appreciating my supper pals whom had Perrya B, &Gesler W., [114] and Population Size for each contributed immensely. I say thank you all. facility. Spatial functions were employed. One of them is buffer, this created buffer round the hospitals to determine the extent of coverage for each hospital that is within the REFERENCES study area. Buffer zone of 1000m walking distance was used [1] Abbas, I. I., Auta, S. Z., & Na’iya, R. M. (2012). Health care facilities and the results showed that catchments area such as Tos mapping and database creation using GIS in Chikun Local Benson, Ebute,Sambo, Ita Eleta, Police post, Alagbata, Government, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Global Journal of Human-Social Ogoloto and Eyitaarea were met up with the criteria while Science Research, 12(10-B). [2] Adejuyigbe, O. 1973. Location of Social Science Centrein Western areas such as Ibese, Ojubode and part of local Govt area are Nigeria, the case of Medical Facilities. Man and Society, 1, 115-142. underserved in which this potential effects had extended to

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[3] Agaja,S.A(2012)Spatial Distribution of Primary Health Care Centers 1991) from Federal School of Surveying and Higher National Diploma in in Ughelli South and Warri South Local Government Areas of Delta Land Surveying with Distinction (May, 1995) in the same Institution. State, Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Thereafter, He attended the same school (1998) in pursuing Professional ResearchVol 1, Issue 9, pp 38-41. Diploma in Land Surveying with Distinction and Post Graduate Diploma [4] Ayeni, B., Rushton, G., & McNulty, M. L. (1987). Improving the (PGD) in the field of GIS in 2002. He later proceeded to Nnamdi Azikiwe geographical accessibility of health care in rural areas: A Nigerian University, Awka in (2001 to 2002) where he obtained Post Graduate case study. Social Science & Medicine, 25(10), 1083-1094. Diploma in Surveying & Geoinformatics in 2011and (M.Sc. in Surveying [5] Ebener, S., El Morjani, Z., Ray, N., & Black, M. (2005). Physical and Geoinformatics) in Surveying Department in 2014 respectively. accessibility to health care: from isotropy to anisotropy. GIS@ In March 1999, he joined the workforce of Federal School of Surveying development, 9(6). (FSS) and where he is currently a Principal Lecturer and a student of Ph.D. [6] Egwu, I. N. (1996): Primary Health Care System in Nigeria: Theory, At present, He teaches (SUG 310) Adjustment Computation I, (SUG 405) Practice and Perspectives. Elmore Printing & Publishing Co; Lagos. Adjustment Computation II, (GIT 621) Computer Aided Surveying, (GIT [7] FMoH (Federal Ministry of Health), (1991): Nigeria Health Profile. 624) GIS Hardware and Software, (GIT 635) Digital Terrain Modelling, Federal Ministry of Health and Social Services (FMOH and SS), (SUG 604) Geometric Geodesy, (GIT 642) GIS Applications II, and (GIT Lagos. 612) Computer Programming. [8] Inyang I. B (1994): Provision of Health Care Facilities in Nigeria: He is an Active member Nigerian Institution of Surveyors (M.N.I.S), The Problem of Equity and Accessibility; Ibom Journal of Social (NES) Nigeria environmental Society and Registered Surveyor, Surveyors Issues Vol. 1(2) pp. 78-91. council of Nigeria (SURCON), in December .2004 and he is happily [9] Okafor S.I (2001): Distributive Effects of Location of Government married and blessed with children. Hospitals in Ibadan Area. Volume 23, No2 pp. 128-135. [10] Okafor S.I (2003): Inequalities in the Distribution of Healthcare Gbiri, Isaac Adelakun is hailed from Oka-Akoko in Facilities in Nigeria. Health and Disease in Tropical Africa, , Nigeria. He obtained his B.Sc (Hons) Geographical and Medical Viewpoints, Green line Publishers Ado- Zoology Degree from Lagos State University Ekiti. (LASU), Ojo, Apapa, Laogs in 2008. [11] Okafor, S. I. (1987). Inequalities in the distribution of health care Thereafter, he attended Federal School of Surveying facilities in Nigeria. Health and Disease in Tropical Africa. Ed. (FSS), Oyo, Oyotownship (2011 to 2012) in pursuing Akhar, R, London Gordon, and Breach, 383-401. Post Graduate Diploma (PGD) in the field of [12] Olajuyin, L.O., Olayiwola, L.M. and Adeyinka,S.A. (1997), Geographic Information Systems (GIS). He later Locational Analysis of Health Facilities: A Case Study of Irewole proceeded to Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU) Local Government Area (1940-1985). Ife Planning Journal: A Journal Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria in (2015 to 2018) where of Ife Community Development Study Team (ICOMDEST). 1(1), 1- he obtained (M.Sc. in Remote sensing and GIS) in Geography Department 13. in 2018. [13] Oppong, J. R., & Hodgson, M. J. (1994). Spatial accessibility to In August 2013, he joined the workforce of Federal School of Surveying health care facilities in Suhum District, Ghana. The Professional (FSS) and where he is currently a Senior Instructor and a student of Ph.D. Geographer, 46(2), 199-209. At present, He teaches GIS and Remote Sensing and all related courses. [14] Perrya B, &Gesler W., (2000). Physical access to primary health care He is an Active member (NES) Nigeria environmental Society and (ACG) in Andean Bolivia. Social Science & Medicine 50 (2000) 1177- 1188. Associate Certified Geographer and he is happily married and blessed with www.elsevier.com/locate/socscimed children and others decide later. [15] Ransomekuti O, Sorumgbe A. O, Oyegbite K. S and Banisaiye A. (eds), (1991): Strengthening Primary Health Care at Local Oludiji Segun Muyiwa hails from Iseyin,Iseyin Government Area level. Lagos, Federal Ministry of Health; pp. 1-162. Local Government Area in Oyo State, Nigeria. He [16] Ujoh, F., & Kwaghsende, F. (2014). Analysis of the spatial received B.Sc. and M.Sc. in Surveying and distribution of health facilities in , Nigeria. Midwives, Geoinformatics from University of Lagos in years 68036(65.5), 1527. 2007 and 2011 respectively. He also a registered [17] World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Publications (2012). Surveyor with SURCON in 2019. Current position: District Health Facilities Guidelines for Development and Operations; Lecturer II at Federal School of surveying Oyo. Western Pacific Series; No 22, 1998.

Effiong Ekpo hails from Calabar South Local Government area in River State, Nigeria. He obtained his B.Sc. (Hons) in surveying degree from Oyebanji Sunday Tomiwa hails from Ibadan, Ona university of Lagos in 1991. Thereafter, He attended RECTAS (1998 to Ara Local Government area in Oyo State, Nigeria. 1999) in pursuing Post Graduate Diploma (PGD) in the field of Remote had B.Tech in Surveying and Geoinformatics from Sensing and GIS Application. He later proceeded to University of Lagos, Bells Technology University, Ogun State, in the Akoka, Lagos State in (2002 to 2003) where he obtained (M.Sc. in years 2019. He also holds a PGD in Surveying from Surveying and Geoinformatics) in Surveying Department in 2003. Federal School of surveying Oyo. He is currently a In January 1997, he joined the workforce of Federal School of Surveying Lecturer at Federal School of surveying, Oyo, Oyo (FSS) and where he is currently a Chief Lecturer and a student of Ph.D. At State, Nigeria. present, He teaches all Survey related Subjects, GIS and Remote Sensing. He is an Active member Nigerian Institution of Surveyors (M.N.I.S), (NES) Nigeria environmental Society and Registered Surveyor, Surveyors council Ayodele, M. T obtained a National Diploma, Higher National Diploma of Nigeria (SURCON), in December 2004 and he is happily married and and Professional Diploma in Surveying and Geoinformatics from Federal blessed with children. School of Surveying. Currently he works in Office of Surveyor General of Lagos State. Iyiola, Olufemi Felix hails from Ibadan in Oyo, State, Nigeria. He obtained his National Diploma in Land Surveying with Upper Credit (July,

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.8.1444 62