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Psychedelic Revival: a Mixed-Methods Analysis of Recreational Magic Mushroom (Psilocybin) Use for Transformational, Micro-Dosing and Leisure Purposes

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Psychedelic Revival: A Mixed-Methods Analysis of Recreational Magic Mushroom (Psilocybin) Use for Transformational, Micro-dosing and Leisure Purposes by Lindsay Victoria Shaw Bachelor of Arts (Hons.), University of Victoria, 2015 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in the Department of Social Dimensions of Health ã Lindsay Victoria Shaw, 2018 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee Psychedelic Revival: A Mixed-Methods Analysis of Recreational Magic Mushroom (Psilocybin) Use for Transformational, Micro-dosing and Leisure Purposes by Lindsay Victoria Shaw Bachelor of Arts (Hons.), University of Victoria, 2015 Supervisory Committee Dr. Eric Abella Roth, Department of Anthropology Co-Supervisor Dr. Nathan John Lachowsky, School of Public Health and Social Policy Co-Supervisor iii Abstract Supervisory Committee Dr. Eric Abella Roth, Anthropology Co-Supervisor Dr. Nathan John Lachowsky, Public Health and Social Policy Co-Supervisor Background Following years of inactivity, psychedelic research has rapidly expanded within clinical and therapeutic fields. In particular, magic mushrooms (psilocybin), a plant-based psychedelic, have been researched for the treatment of complex mental health and substance dependence conditions, and yielded promising results. Largely due to the historical baggage of the psychedelic movement in the 1950s-1970s, and the stigma of recreational substance use, recreational magic mushroom users have been ignored within the current psychedelic revival. This thesis addressed this gap, examining the magic mushroom recreational substance use patterns of emerging adults in Victoria, British Columbia. Theory and Methods Using the normalization thesis as the guiding theoretical framework, this thesis used a sequential-exploratory mixed methods design. Statistical analysis of quantitative cross- sectional interviews (n=558) conducted between 2008 -2016 generated rates of use, availability, and self-rated knowledge rates of magic mushrooms users. Qualitative cross- sectional semi-structured interviews (n=20) analyzed through thematic analysis determined substance use behaviors with reference to the current social and cultural context. Participants were recreational magic mushroom users, aged 19- 24. iv Results Quantitative results indicated high overall rates of lifetime and past year magic mushroom use, with the lowest reported prevalence rate of lifetime use occurring in 2014 (86%), suggesting high rates of use within the recreational substance using population. There were no statistically significant relationships between year and lifetime or past year rates magic mushroom use. Gender was statistically significantly associated with magic mushroom use, with males being more likely to use magic mushrooms. Qualitative results indicated dynamic and strategically planned magic mushroom experiences. Themes developed include: shifting understandings, optimizing experience, purpose driven use; and post-trip impact. Participants reported using for transformational, micro- dosing, and leisure purposes. Discussion Results suggested that magic mushroom use is in the process of differentiated normalization and assimilative normalization, influenced by developmental, social and cultural forces. Recreational users report substance use practices that have not been widely reported with the substance use literature, including using small doses of magic mushrooms (i.e. micro-dosing) for self-enhancement and therapeutic purposes. Results can be applied to the current psychedelic revival in three ways: (1) directing future clinical research directions and; (2) provide lived and experience and relevancy to clinical research, which will improve applicability and; (3) re-conceptualizing the identity of a recreational substance user, which has important implications regarding stigmatization. v “One good way to understand a complex system is to disturb it and then see what happens.” ― Michael Pollan vi Table of Contents Supervisory Committee ...................................................................................................ii Abstract ......................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ...............................................................................................................viii List of Figures ................................................................................................................ ix List of Appendix Tables .................................................................................................. x List of Appendix Figures ................................................................................................ xi List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................................... xii Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................xiii Dedication ..................................................................................................................... xv Chapter 1: Introduction .................................................................................................... 1 Research Context: Paradigm Shift ............................................................................... 1 Terminology ............................................................................................................ 3 Historical Perspective: Psychedelic Movements ....................................................... 6 Statement of Problem ................................................................................................ 12 Research Questions................................................................................................ 15 Outline of Thesis ................................................................................................... 17 Chapter 2: Theory and Literature Review ...................................................................... 18 Theory: The Normalization Thesis............................................................................. 18 Illegal Leisure ........................................................................................................ 18 Normalization Thesis: Debates and Application ..................................................... 21 Literature Review: Magic Mushrooms ....................................................................... 25 Literature Review Methods .................................................................................... 26 Chemical and Pharmacological Profile................................................................... 26 Effects ................................................................................................................... 28 Cultivation and Legality ........................................................................................ 31 Rates of Use .......................................................................................................... 32 The Current Psychedelic Revival ........................................................................... 33 Recreational Magic Mushroom Use ....................................................................... 38 Conclusion: Disengaged Voices................................................................................. 42 Chapter 3: Methodology and Methods ........................................................................... 44 Research Approach .................................................................................................... 44 Philosophical Worldview ....................................................................................... 44 Research Design ........................................................................................................ 46 Methods .................................................................................................................... 49 Quantitative ........................................................................................................... 49 Qualitative ............................................................................................................. 56 Chapter 4: Results ......................................................................................................... 69 Quantitative ............................................................................................................... 69 Sub-Sample Sociodemographic characteristics ...................................................... 69 Sociodemographic Comparisons ............................................................................ 72 Rates of Magic Mushroom Use .............................................................................. 74 Availability ............................................................................................................ 75 vii Knowledge ............................................................................................................ 76 Qualitative ................................................................................................................. 77 Personal
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