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Secondary Metabolites Found in Bergenia Species: a Compendious Review

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Secondary Metabolites Found in Bergenia Species: a Compendious Review AAAcccaaadddeeemmmiiiccc SSSccciiieeennnccceeesss International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ISSN- 0975-1491 Vol 5, Issue 1, 2013 Review Article SECONDARY METABOLITES FOUND IN BERGENIA SPECIES: A COMPENDIOUS REVIEW RAJANI CHAUHAN 2, KM.RUBY 1* , JAYA DWIVEDI 1 1Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Tonk, Rajasthan, 304022, India, 2Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali University, Tonk, Rajasthan, 304022, India. Email: [email protected] Received: 13 Sep 2012, Revised and Accepted: 23 Oct 2012 ABSTRACT Secondary metabolites are chemical found in plants. These have no role in plant growth but these are important for human because it have many pharmacological activity. Bergenia species such as Bergenia stracheyi, Bergenia ligulata And Bergenia ligulata etc. have many secondary metabolites such as 1. Bergenin 2. Tannic acid 3. Gallic acid 4. Stigmesterol 5. β-Sitosterol 6. catechin 7. (+)-Afzelechin 8. 1,8-cineole 9. Isovalaric acid 10. (+)- (6S)-parasorbic acid 11. Arbutin 12. Phytol 13. Caryophyllene 14. Damascenone 15. β-eudesmol 16. 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol 17. (Z)-asarone 18. Terpinen-4-ol 19. Paashaanolactone which are medicinally important. Keywords: Secondary metabolites, Pharmacological uses, Bergenia species, Bergenia ligulata , Bergenia stracheyi , Bergenia ciliata, Bergenin. INTRODUCTION 7. (+)-Afzelechin 8. 1,8-cineole Metabolites are essential for plants growth, development specific 9. Isovalaric acid function such as pollinator attraction or defense against herbivory. 10. (+)-(6S)-parasorbic acid Basically metabolites have two type first is primary metabolites and 11. Arbutin second one is secondary metabolites. [1] 12. Phytol Primary Metabolites 13. Caryophyllene 14. Damascenone Primary metabolites made up of many different organic compounds, 15. β-eudesmol such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. They are 16. 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol found in the plants because they have the products of fundamental 17. (Z)-asarone metabolic pathways such as the Krebs cycle, glycolysis and Calvin 18. Terpinen-4-ol cycle. [2-6] 19. Paashaanolactone Primary metabolites are divided into different category such as The secondary metabolites of Bergenia species has been described in present article one by one . Energy rich fuel molecules : Sucrose and starch 1. BERGENIN Structural components: Cellulose Bergenin is most abundant in the genera of saxifragaceae, Informational molecules: Deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic euphorbeaceae and myrsinaceae. [7] It is also known as Cuscutin a acid C-glucoside of 4-0-methyl gallic acid characterized by polyphenol. It Pigments: Chlorophyll is found in colorless crystal form isolated from Bergenia species such as Bergenia ligulata , Bergenia ciliata , Bergenia stracheyi , Bergenia These primary metabolites play a very important role for growth crassifolia etc. [8-9] Its IUPAC name is 4-methoxy-2- and development of plant. Primary metabolites are also use to [(1S,2R,3S,4S,5R)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6- precursors for the synthesis of secondary metabolites. [2-6] (hydroxymethyl)-2H-pyran-2-yl] -α-resorcylic acid δ lacto ne monohydrate. Its chemical formula is C 14 H16 O9.H 2O and molecular Secondary metabolites weight 346.3 grams per mole. It has two analogues (norbergenin Secondary metabolites are chemicals produced by plants. Secondary and acetylbergenin) with additional pharmacological effects. metabolites have no role in growth, reproduction, photosynthesis or we can say that this have no role in primary function. Secondary metabolites divided into three classes O 1) Alkaloids HO OH 2) Terpenoids OH 3) Phenols O Secondary metabolites are important use by humans found in plant. Most pharmaceuticals are based on plant chemical structures and secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites have been isolated O from plants which give Pharmacological effects in humans so that is HO O used as medicines. 2-6 OH Bergenia species have the following secondary metabolite Fig. 1: Bergenin 1. Bergenin 2. Tannic acid USES OF BERGENIN 3. Gallic acid Influence on Arrhythmia 4. Stigmesterol 5. β-Sitosterol Bergenin containing herbs have been used in arrhythmia. In 6. Catechin several animal models arrhythmias have been countered Ruby et al. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 5, Issue 1, 9-16 effectively with varying dosages. It is hypothesized that bergenin OH increase the parasympathetic component of the autonomic HO OH O nervous system. [15-17] HO OH OH O Inhibits Reactions Promoted By Oxygen or Peroxides HO OH O O OH Bergenin inhibit reaction promoted by oxygen and decreases lipid O O O peroxidation of cell membranes. It has antioxidant activity more O O OH than vitamin C and protects against ascorbic acid depletion in HO O O O several different body tissues. [15-17] O HO Germicide Activity O O O OH Bergenin has demonstrated Germicide activity against species E. HO O HO coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . It is also effective against O OH OH many types of fungus by blocking a crucial enzyme called yeast HO O alcohol dehydrogenase which is required for fermentation HO OH O OH HO reactions. [15-17] O Anti-hepatitis activity HO HO OH Bergenin has demonstrated anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) activity and weak anti-HIV activity in vitro . It is not effective at attacking HIV-I Fig. 2: Tannic acid reverse transcriptase and HIV integrase. [15-17] USES OF TANNIC ACID Liver-Protective Properties Tannic acid is commonly used in dyeing process for cellulose fibers Bergenin have protective effect on the liver against damaging such as cotton, often combined with iron. The tannin mordant environmental poisons. When bergenin have given to animal and should be done first as metal mordants combine well with the fiber- then challenged with toxins like carbon tetrachloride their livers tannin complex. Tannic acid also be used as an after treatment to experience less damage and secrete less of the indicators like improve wash fastness properties of acid dyed polyamide. It is also aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. Part of an alternative for fluorocarbon after treatments to impart anti- the mechanism for this appears to be replenishment and protection staining properties to polyamide yarn. It is also use in textile of the crucial glutothione antioxidant system in liver cells burdened auxiliary as an agent to improve chlorine fastness. Tannic acid is with the tasks of neutralizing or eliminating environmental toxins. used in the conservation of ferrous metal objects to passivate and [15-17] inhibit corrosion and it is also prevent corrosion. Tannic acid is also found in commercially available iron/steel corrosion treatments Anarchic effect such as Hammerite Kurust. It is used also in food applications. It is Bergenin effects anarchic or inflammation by balancing secretion of used as process aids in beer clarification, aroma compound in soft cellular messengers (cytokines) from pro-inflammatory and drinks and juices and equally important in the wine industry, where inhibitory cells of the immune system. It inhibits the release of it finds use as a natural clarifying agent, color stabilizer and taste inflammatory cytokines like Interleukin-2 (IL-2), gamma interferon enhancer. Tannic acid was also used as a treatment for many toxic (IFN-gamma), and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). It also substances, such as strychnine, mushroom, and ptomaine poisonings promotes the release of anti-inflammatory messengers like in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. [20] Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-5. It also stimulates the release of Tannic acid is also used for treatment in burn injuries which protective prostaglandins. [15-17] significantly reduced mortality rates. [21,22] Now a days tannic acid Chubbiness and Insulin is still used in pharmaceutical applications to produce albumin tannate which is used as an anti-diarrhea drug, anti-histamins and Bergenin also plays a role in the breakdown of fat. It is becoming a anti-tussives to impart increased stability or slow release properties popular component of thermogenic fat-burning dietary to the active pharmaceutical ingredient. supplements. It does not directly stimulate lipolysis but appears to enhance the activity of lipolytic adrenergic hormones like Tannins have many physiological effects for example [23-25] norepinephrine. It also opposes the lipogenic activities of insulin. 1. To accelerate blood clotting 2. Reduce blood pressure 3. Decrease The mechanism appears to be through the enhancement of the serum lipid level norepinephrine to phospholipids of adipose cells. It is also play moderate activity against an enzyme called protein tyrosine 4. Produce liver necrosis 5. Modulate immunoresponses. 6. Prevent phospatase 1B. This enzyme negatively regulates insulin and leptin blisters, foot odor, rough and dry feet. 7. A popular home remedy to signaling and some of the positive effects of insulin and leptin may stop the bleeding after wisdom tooth extraction is applying tea bags be enhanced by its inhibition. [15-17] in the back of the jaws and biting down, given that the tannic acid in tea helps to clot blood. Toxicity 3. GALLIC ACID Bergenin has no toxicity. It is used for long time. This has no adverse effects have been observed, even with very large dosages. [15-17] Gallic acid is found in seed of Bergenia ligulta and Bergenia ciliate [26] Gallic acid also known as 3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid. [27] It 2. TANNIC ACID is a type of Phenolics has chemical formula C6H2(OH)3COOH. Gallates Tannic acid found in seed of
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