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PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL STUDY OF KESHKAL
VALLEY, KONDAGAON DISTRICT IN CHHATTISGARH
SAJIWAN KUMAR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Index Copernicus Value SOS FORESTRY & WILDLIFE, 2011:5.09, 2012:6.42, 2013:15.8, 2014:89.16 , BASTAR VISHWAVIDYALAYA, JAGDALPUR, 2015:78.30, 2016:91 CHHATTISGARH – 494 001.
NAAS Rating Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected] 2012:1.3; 2013 -16: 2.69 2017-19: 3.98 ABSTRACT:
Received on: The species composition, abundance, density and frequency were 22nd May 2019 studied in tropical dry deciduous forests of Keshkal Valley of
Revised on: Kondagaon district of Bastar division of Chhattisgarh state. The th 12 June 2019 district Kondagaon is marked with hills and hillocks, dense forested
Accepted on: areas, high altitude, hot summer, metamorphic calcareous rocks and 20th June 2019 tropical dry deciduous monsoon vegetation. Phytosociological analysis
was based on the data generated from the sample plots laid at random Published on: 1st July 2019 covering with entire valley area. Quadrates of 10m× 10m size for trees and 1m ×1m for shrubs were laid down in the total area of 487.674 Volume No. 2 Online & Print km . Total of 401 species were enumerated from the sampled 113 (2019) quadrates. The species present as per preponderance are trees 221,
herbs and shrubs 180. These statistics gives composition of the forest, Page No. 33 to 44 and information on the diversity of the communities as a whole provided a better insight into the state of the forests in the Keshkal
Valley. Phytosociological characters such as frequency, density and Life Sciences Leaflets abundance were influenced by the climatic, anthropogenic and biotic is an international open stresses prevailing at the study sites. All the species present at the access print & e journal, peer reviewed, study sites have shown maximum values of frequency, density and worldwide abstract abundance in rainy season in comparison of summer and winter listed, published every seasons. month with ISSN, RNI Free- membership, KEY WORDS: Keshkal Valley, Phytosociology, Quantitative analysis, downloads and access. https://lifesciencesleaflets.petsd.org/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 33
Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print) 0976–1098(Online)
Tropical dry deciduous forests.
INTRODUCTION: Phytosociology deals with plant communities, their composition and development, and the relationship between the species within them. A Phytosociological system is a system for classifying these communities. The aim of phytosociology is to achieve a coefficient empirical model of vegetation using plant taxa combination that characterizes vegetation units. Phytosociology is useful to describe the population dynamics of each plant species occurring in a particular community and to understand how they relate to the other species in the same community (Mishra et al., 2012). The herbaceous layer composition is changing continuously in space and time due to a multitude of factors, such as grazing, fire, and rainfall which differs in intensity and duration (Shameem, et al., 2010). Maintaining or increasing the plant species diversity is an important goal of habitat managers in semi-arid environments (West, 1993). Phytosociological investigation of vegetation serves as a pre-requisite for investigating the details of primary productivity of ecosystems. Species diversity in the tropics varies dramatically between habitats. We know that ecosystems are undergoing change due to pollution, invasive species, overexploitation by humans, and climate change. Phytosociological analysis of any vegetation forms an important part of ecological study as it provides a clear understanding of the community structure which is necessary for adequate characterization of the present community. The present investigation was carried out with the object to study the plant communities associated with and depleting plant species found wild on the overgrazed Valley of Keshkal to understand distribution and dominance of the particular species in all protected as well as distributed habitat. Tropical and subtropical forests are often referred to as one of the most species-diverse terrestrial ecosystems. Their immense biodiversity generates a variety of natural resources which help to sustain the livelihood of local communities. However, many tropical forests are under great anthropogenic pressure and require proper management measures to maintain the overall biodiversity, productivity and sustainability. Most of the forests are disappearing at alarming rate owing to deforestation for extraction of timber and other forest products (Murphy and Lugo, 1986; Hireman et al.,2002). A sound understanding of the richness of species is necessary for appropriate conservation and restoration of the biological diversity. Forest ecosystems are the major repository of genes and species in a region. Any activity on forest lands will have a significant impact on local, regional and global biodiversity (Kimmain, 1997). Phytosociological data for the state of Chhattisgarh in general and Keshkal region in particular are scanty. Some of the earlier studies in this area are by https://lifesciencesleaflets.petsd.org/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 34
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Gopalkrishna (2000) for Warangal and for the southern Eastern Ghats by Reddy et al., (2008). Besides, no assessment of forest vegetation in terms of quantitative and floristic analysis has been done in the protected areas of the Deccan biogeography region. The available local floral data collection endeavors have documented plant species occurring in the district based on random sampling surveys. Therefore, the present study is aimed at quantitative assessment of the vegetation of Keshkal valley. Kondagaon division is well known in biodiversity as it consists of forest cover containing rich flora and fauna. Hence, the present study was undertaken during 2017– 18 in respect to phytosociological and other related parameters of floral biodiversity.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present research was carried out in Keshkal Valley of Kondagaon district at Bastar region in Chhattisgarh state during the year 2016-17. Keshkal Valley is nearby destination in 129 km from Jagdalpur and 180 km from Raipur on National Highway No. 30. It is a beautiful spot and provides an amazing view of the green vegetation in and around the valley. The vegetation in the valley is a classic example of southern tropical dry deciduous forests (Champion & Seth 1968) with predominantly Tectona grandis and its associates like Anogeissis latifolia, Bombax ceiba, Boswellia serrata, Chloroxylon swietenia, Cleistanthus collinus, Diospyros melanoxylon, Haldinia cordifolia, Hardwickia binata, Mitragyna parviflora, Lannea coromandelica, Strychnos nux- vomica, Terminalia alata, Terminalia arjuna, etc. The climate is dry humid tropical consists three major season via, rain, winter and summer. The rainy season commences from about the middle of June. The winter season, which commences from the beginning of November, lasts till the end of February. The summer commences from the beginning of March. It is quite prolonged and severs and lasts till monsoon sets in. About 80% of the annual rainfall is coming from southwest monsoon during June to August and the highest amount of the rainfall occurring in month of July. Sandy loam, clay loam, silt loam, late rite and few areas covered by gravel soil.
For the quantitative assessment of the study site, the Phytosociological parameters such as frequency, density, abundance, importance value index (IVI) and similarity index were calculated from the recorded observations during the study and using different formula for analysis as given by Mishra (1968). Raw data were collected during 2016-17 by laying random quadrates (10 m×10 m size for trees, and 1m ×1m for shrubs) in different sites of Keshkal Valley at Kondagaon district. A total of 487.674 km forest area was sampled and structural parameters like frequency, density and Abundance have been calculated by standard methodologies (Curtis and Mc Intosh, 1950). https://lifesciencesleaflets.petsd.org/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 35
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The following Phytosociological attributes were measured from each site during field data collection.
Total number of Individuals in all sampling units 푫풆풏풔풊풕풚 = Total number of sampling units studied
Number of sampling units in which species occur 푭풓풆풒풖풆풏풄풚 = x 100 Total number of sampling units
Total no.of individuals of a species in all 푨풃풖풏풅풂풏풄풆 = Total no.of quadrates in which species occurred
Density value of species 푹풆풍풂풕풊풗풆 풅풆풏풔풊풕풚 = x 100 Sum of density value of all species
Frequency value of species 푹풆풍풂풕풊풗풆 풇풓풆풒풖풆풏풄풚 = x 100 Sum of frequency value of all species
Total basal area of the species 푹풆풍풂풕풊풗풆 풅풐풎풊풏풂풏풄풆 = x 100 Total basal area of all species
Total no.of individuals of a species in all quadrates 푹풆풍풂풕풊풗풆 풂풃풖풏풅풂풏풄풆 = x 100 Total no.of quadrates in which species occurred
푰풎풑풐풓풕풂풏풄풆 푽풂풍풖풆 푰풏풅풆풙 (푰푽푰) = Relative Frequency + Relative Density + Relative Dominance
Number of common species in two stands (relives) 푖.푒.A and B 푺풊풎풊풍풂풓풊풕풚 푰풏풅풆풙 (푺푰) = x 100 Relative Frequency + Relative Density + Relative Dominance
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The studied were conducted for vegetation assessment at Keshkal Valley in Kondagaon district in year 2016-17. The result of density, frequency, abundance, relative density, relative frequency, relative abundance and IVI of different quadrate in different zone of Keshkal Valley were presented in appropriate table and figure after analysis and also it is contemplated to discussed
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Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print) 0976–1098(Online) with the help of past researchers results. The results and discussion were elaborated in the following heads. For the phytosociological studied 487.674 km2 of forests in the Keshkal were sampled by laying 12 sample points at random and a total of 401 individuals were enumerated in the sampled quadrates. The individuals present as per preponderance trees were reported (221), and (180) herbs and shrubs. The predominant families were found Rubiaceae (4 species), followed by Anacardiaceae (3 species), Sapataceae (2 species), Combrataceae (2 species), and Fabaceae (1 species), Dipterocarpaceae (1 species), Euphorbiaceae (1 species), Lyphraceae (1 species), Leguminosae (1 species), Verbenaceae (1 species) etc. Top layer vegetation in Keshkal Valley at Kondagaon The total basal area of the tree species is 487.674 km. This statistics gives vegetation structure along with the composition of the forest and information on the diversity of the vegetation present in and around the Keshkal Valley. During the phytosociological analysis of Top layer vegetation in Keshkal Valley were record total number of 43 different plant species in which the maximum number 25 species were recorded in the quadrate number first followed by 24 species in quadrate number ten, 23 species in quadrate number eight, 19 species in quadrate number six, whereas minimum 12 species were rescored in quadrate number five. Density, frequency, and abundance: On the top layer vegetation analysis of Keshkal Valley the highest density was found for species Karra (Clistanthus collinus) 2.75, followed by Tendu (Diospyros melanoxylon) 1.16, Char (Buchanania lanzan) 0.58, whereas lowest density (0.08) was observed for species Delonix regia, Azadiracta indica, bauhinia racemosa etc. The maximum frequency was reported for Karra (Cistanthus collimus) 92%, followed by Tendu (Diospyros melanoxylon) 67%, whereas minimum Frequency was 8 % reported for Kullu, Neem, Gulmohar etc. The highest Abundance reported for Karra (Clistanthus collimus) 3, followed by Babul (Acacia arabeca) 2.5, whereas the lowest abundance was recorded (1) for Saja, Kusum, Kullu, Sehra, Kasai, Birha, etc. Relative Density, Relative Frequency, Relative Abundance and IVI: On the top layer vegetation analysis of Keshkal Valley the highest Relative density reported for Karra (Clistenthus collimus) 14.94, followed by Tendu (Diospyros melanoxylon) 6.33, Gilchi (Casearia graveolens) 3.62, and 3.16 for Char, Modga and Pipal whereas lowest Relative density (0.45) for species Kullu, Neem, Gulmohar etc. The maximum Relative Frequency was recorded for Karra (Clistenthus collimus) 7.01, followed by Tendu (Diospyros melanoxylon) 5.1, Gilchi (Casearia graveolens) 3.82%, whereas minimum Relative Frequency was (0.64%) for Kullu, Neem, Gulmohar, etc. The highest Relative Abundance reported for Karra (Clistanthus collimus) 5.36, https://lifesciencesleaflets.petsd.org/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 37
Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print) 0976–1098(Online) followed by Babul (Acacia arabeca) 4.46, Aam (Mangifera indica) 3.57 whereas the lowest relative abundance was recorded (1.78) for Saja, Kusum, Kullu, Sehra, Kasai, Birha, etc. During the study the highest IVI was recorded for Karra (Clistanthus collimus) 27.30, followed by Tendu (Diospyros melanoxylon) 14.56, Gilchi (Casearia graveolens) 9.82, whereas lowest IVI was recorded (2.87) for Kullu, Banglajir, Neem, Gulmohar, etc. To understand the dominance and ecological success of a species, determination of IVI is well accepted (Curtis and Cottam, 1956; Phillips, 1959 and Das and Lahiti, 1997). It is evident from Table 2 that Clistanthus collinus and Diospyrus melanoxylon were present in all Quadrates, where Clistanthus collinus and Diospyrus melanoxylon was showing highest IVI at trees species (27.30 and 14.56 respectively). Where Delonix regia, Bauhinia racemoce and Azadiracta indica was showing lowest IVI at trees species (2.87 respectively). IVI value of Clistanrthus collinus was at highest plant density and may account to shade intolerant nature of the species. Phytosociology observations showed that climatic conditions play an important role in changing the flora of individual species. A large number of plant species start their germination and growth during early winter season because of sufficient moisture in the soil and favourable condition of temperature for plant growth. Plant sociological characters such as frequency, density and abundance were exclusively influenced by the natural as well as biotic stresses prevailing at the present study sites. Maximum values of frequency and density were recorded in rainy season and minimum in summer season. Plants have shown comparatively higher frequency and density, consequently higher degree on dispersion and numerical strength of species in winter season on account of most sustainable climatic conditions. It seems, in such natural communities, that stability appears to depend on the balance between the stability and variability of the environment. Mid and ground layer vegetation in Keshkal Valley at Kondagaon During the phytosociological analysis of mid and ground layer analysis of Keshkal Valley, a total 17 different plant species were recorded in sampled quadrates in which the maximum number of 25 species record in quadrate number first followed by 18 species in quadrate number nine and twelve, 16 species in quadrate ten and eleven, whereas minimum 8 species rescored in quadrate number six. Density, frequency, and abundance: On the mid and ground layer vegetation analysis of Keshkal Valley the highest density was (1) reported for species Lantana (Lantana camara), followed by Bantulasi (Eranthemum pupurascens) 1, whereas lowest density (0.5) was reported for species Tribulus terrestris, Butea superbaroxb etc. The maximum frequency was reported for Lantana (Lantana camara) 100%, followed by Bantulasi (Eranthemum pupurascens) 100%, whereas lowest Frequency was (17%) for Jangli juhi, Bhurbhuri etc. The highest Abundance was (2.66) https://lifesciencesleaflets.petsd.org/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 38
Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print) 0976–1098(Online) reported for Lantana (Lantana camara), followed by (2.12) for Bamboo (Dendrocalamus stictus), whereas the lowest abundance was recorded (1) for Jangli juhi, Bhurbhuri, etc. Relative Density, Relative Frequency, Relative Abundance and IVI: On the mid and ground layer vegetation analysis of Keshkal Valley the highest Relative density (11.33) was reported for Lantana (Lantana camara), followed by (8.49) for senditive plant (Mimosa pudica), whereas lowest Relative density was recorded (1.88) Jangli juhi, Bhurbhuri, etc. The maximum Relative Frequency (11.3%) was recorded for Lantana (Lantana camara), followed by (8.49%) senditive plant (Mimosa pudica), whereas minimum Relative Frequency (1.89) was recorded for Jangli juhi, Bhurbhuri, etc. The highest Relative Abundance (10.09) was reported for Lantana (Lantana camara) followed by (8.04) for Bamboo (Dendrocalamus stictus), (7.14) for senditive plant (Mimosa pudica) whereas the lowest relative abundance (3.78) was recorded for Jangli juhi, Bhurbhuri, etc. The highest IVI (32.74) was recorded for Lantana (Lantana camara), followed by (28.96) for Bantulasi (Eranthemum pupurascens), (23.14) for Bamboo (Dendrocalamus stictus), whereas lowest IVI (7.56) for Jangli juhi, Bhurbhuri, etc. The species diversity always depends upon the adaptability and stability of plant community; hence the Keshkal Valley forest trees are also showed mixed community. Odum (1971) stated that contagious distribution is the commonest pattern of plant distribution in nature. Kumar & Bhatt (2006) reported that most species follow contagious distribution pattern in the foot-hill forest of Garhwal Himalya and Rao et al; (1990) had similar findings for tree species of a subtropical forest of north-east India. The density, abundance and distribution of individual species are measurable indicator of plant diversity (Watternberg and Breckle, 1995). The species diversity is generated by species interaction such as competition and niche diversification (Pianka, 1966), which are both greatly manifested in the tropics due to high humidity and temperature ( Ojo and Ola-Adams, 1996), similarly, tree density depends on efficacy of seed dispersal, survival and establishment and also on the level of resource extraction by humans (Kadavul and Parthasarathy, 1999). All these disturbances have resulted in large canopy gaps and tampering of forest soils, which has made the forest floor vulnerable to runoff during rains. With the runoff of the top soil all the nutrients are washed away and the soil becomes oligotrophic. Evergreen species are better adapted to oligotrophic soils as they can immortalize the nutrients over a longer period of time (Grime 1973) with their greater tissue longevity (Hireman et al. 2002) and greater nutrient storage and recycling. Dominance of perennial grasses shows their competitive success under Shahid & Joshi (2016). https://lifesciencesleaflets.petsd.org/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 39
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CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION: The purpose of the present study was to provide information of the species diversity and composition. It can be inferred from the present study that diversity of under storey species was affected by the plant spacing. Species diversity increased with increase in plant density. More than 3.08 per cent of the herbs and trees were similar in all densities, whereas two lower and two higher plant spacing had more similar number of shrubs & herbs with each other. Calculations of IVI have helped in understanding the ecological significance of the species in the tropical dry deciduous forest type. There is an urgent action is required to control the predominance of Clistanthus collinus and Lantana camara, otherwise these poses survival threat to indigenous flora. The quantitative characters with references to density, frequency, dominance and their relative values distribution could well act as indicators of anthropogenic disturbances that are affecting the various forests types and such studies would help in understanding the threats that are being faced by the tropical forests and would help in deriving conservation policies. There is an urgent need for recognizing these traditionally valued natural systems at various levels and planning for their better management, ultimately aiming to conserve biodiversity.
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Hireman, A.J., Ewel, J.J & Cole, T.G (2002). Nutrient use efficiency in three fast-growing tropical trees. Forest Science 48(4): 662–671.
Kadavul, k. and Parthasarathy, N. (1999). Structure and composition of woody species in tropical semi evergreen forest of kalrayan Hills, Eastern Ghats, India. Tropical Ecology. 40: 247-260.
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Kumar, Munesh & V. P. Bhatt (2006). Plant biodiversity and conservation of forests in foot hills of Garhwal Himalaya. Journal of Ecology and Application 11: 43-59. https://lifesciencesleaflets.petsd.org/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 40
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Mishra, N. K, Singh R, Ojha S. and Supreeti (2012). Phytosociological perspectives of representative herbaceous genera of common occurrence belonging to family asteraceae in grassland ecosystem of Anpara Region in district Sonebhadra (U.P.). Indian J L Sci., 2(1):119-122.
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Table 1: Phytosociological analysis of Top layer vegetation in Keshkal Valley at Kondagaon S.N. Common Botanical name Family name Density Abundance RD RF RA IVI name Frequency
1 Char Buchaninania Anacardiaceae 0.58333 50% 1.1667 3.169 3.82 2.085 9.076 lanzan 2 Tendu Diosoyrus Ebenaceae 1.16667 67% 1.75 6.337 5.1 3.127 14.561 malaxylum 3 Mahua Madhuca indica Sapataceae 0.25 17% 1.5 1.358 1.27 2.68 5.3127 4 Saja Terminaliya Sapataceae 0.41667 42% 1 2.263 3.19 1.787 7.2358 tomentosa 5 Bija Ptrocarous Papilionaceae 0.33333 25% 1.3333 1.811 1.91 2.383 6.1046 marsupium 6 Kusum Schleichera oliosa Sapindaceae 0.5 50% 1 2.716 3.82 1.787 8.3255 https://lifesciencesleaflets.petsd.org/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 41
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7 Kullu Sterculia urens Sterculiaceae 0.08333 8% 1 0.453 0.64 1.787 2.8767 8 Dhawda Anogeissus latifolia Combrataceae 0.41667 33% 1.25 2.263 2.55 2.234 7.0454 9 Sehra Bauhinia retusa Fabaceae 0.16667 17% 1 0.905 1.27 1.787 3.9665 10 Sal Shorea robusta Dipterocarpaceae 0.41667 33% 1.25 2.263 2.55 2.234 7.0454 11 Kasai Bridalia retusa Phyllanthaceae 0.33333 33% 1 1.811 2.55 1.787 6.146 12 Munddi Stephegyna Rubiaceae 0.5 42% 1.2 2.716 3.19 2.144 8.0458 parviflora 13 Semal Salmalia malabaria Malvaceae 0.41667 33% 1.25 2.263 2.55 2.234 7.0454 14 Karra Clistanthus collinus Euphorbiaceae 2.75 92% 3 14.94 7.01 5.361 27.307 15 Senha Lagersfromia Lyphraceae 0.41667 25% 1.6667 2.263 1.91 2.978 7.1529 parviflora 16 Aam Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae 0.16667 8% 2 0.905 0.64 3.574 5.1164 17 Timsa Ougeinia Leguminosae 0.5 42% 1.2 2.716 3.19 2.144 8.0458 delbergioides 18 Bhelawa Semecarpus Anacardiaceae 0.25 25% 1 1.358 1.91 1.787 5.0563 anacardium 19 Birha Chloroxylum Rubiaceae 0.16667 17% 1 0.905 1.27 1.787 3.9665 switania 20 Modga - 0.58333 50% 1.1667 3.169 3.82 2.085 9.076 21 Salai Bosewllia serrata Burseraceae 0.33333 33% 1 1.811 2.55 1.787 6.146 22 Banglajir - 0.08333 8% 1 0.453 0.64 1.787 2.8767 23 Teak Tectona grandis Burseraceae 0.25 25% 1 1.358 1.91 1.787 5.0563 24 koriya - 0.33333 25% 1.3333 1.811 1.91 2.383 6.1046 25 Garari Cleistanthus Phyllanthaceae 0.33333 33% 1 1.811 2.55 1.787 6.146 collinus 26 Neem Azadiracta indica Meliaceae 0.08333 8% 1 0.453 0.64 1.787 2.8767 27 Gulmohar Delonix regio Caesalpiniaceae 0.08333 8% 1 0.453 0.64 1.787 2.8767 28 Amltas Cassia fistula Convolvulaceae 0.33333 25% 1.3333 1.811 1.91 2.383 6.1046 29 Pipal Ficus religeosa Moreceae 0.58333 42% 1.4 3.169 3.19 2.502 8.8559 30 Khair Acacia carechu Mimosaceae 0.33333 25% 1.3333 1.811 1.91 2.383 6.1046 31 Babul Acacia arabeca Fabaceae 0.41667 17% 2.5 2.263 1.27 4.467 8.0049 32 Haldu Adina cordifolia Rubiaceae 0.33333 25% 1.3333 1.811 1.91 2.383 6.1046 33 Mokha Schrebera Oleaceae 0.33333 25% 1.3333 1.811 1.91 2.383 6.1046 swierenioides 34 Jamun Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae 0.41667 25% 1.6667 2.263 1.91 2.978 7.1529 35 Kumbhi Careya arborea Lecythidaceae 0.41667 33% 1.25 2.263 2.55 2.234 7.0454 36 Ghot Zizyphus xylopyra Rhamnaceae 0.41667 25% 1.6667 2.263 1.91 2.978 7.1529 37 Kurru - 0.41667 33% 1.25 2.263 2.55 2.234 7.0454 39 Bar Ficus bengalensis Moreceae 0.58333 33% 1.75 3.169 2.55 3.127 8.8442 40 Bendrachar - 0.41667 33% 1.25 2.263 2.55 2.234 7.0454 41 Arjun Terminalia arjuna Combrataceae 0.41667 33% 1.25 2.263 2.55 2.234 7.0454 42 Bel Aegle marmelos Rubiaceae 0.41667 33% 1.25 2.263 2.55 2.234 7.0454 43 Gilchi Casearia graveolens Salicaceae 0.66667 50% 1.3333 3.621 3.82 2.383 9.8265 Total 18.4167 13.08 55.967 100 100 100 300.07
RD: Relative Density RF: Relative Frequency RA: Relative Abundance
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Table No. 2 Phytosociological analysis of Mid and ground layer vegetation in Keshkal Valley at Kondagaon
S N Common Botanical name Family name Density Frequency Abundance RD RF RA IVI name
1 Khareta Dodonia viscose Sapimdaceae 0.42 42% 1.6 4.719 4.72 6.056 15.49 2 Gokharu Tribulus terrestris Zygophyllaceae 0.5 50% 1.167 5.663 5.66 4.416 15.74 3 Gudsakri Grewia hirsuta Malvaceae 0.67 67% 1.375 7.55 7.55 5.204 20.3 4 Bantulasi Eranthemum Acanthaceae 1 100% 1.667 11.33 11.3 6.308 28.96 pupurascens 5 Marodfally Helicteres isora Malvaceae 0.58 58% 1.571 6.606 6.61 5.948 19.16 6 Lantana Lantana camara Verbenaceae 1 100% 2.667 11.33 11.3 10.09 32.74 7 Palasbel Butea superba roxb Fabaceae 0.5 50% 1.5 5.663 5.66 5.678 17 8 Jangli juhi Jasminum Oleaceae 0.17 17% 1 1.888 1.89 3.785 7.56 auriculatum 9 Malkangini Celastrus Celastraceae 0.25 25% 1.333 2.831 2.83 5.047 10.71 paniculata 10 Ramdataon Smilax macrophylla Smilacaceae 0.33 33% 1.25 3.775 3.78 4.731 12.28 11 Shatayri Asparagus Asparagaceae 0.58 58% 1.429 6.606 6.61 5.407 18.62 racemosus 12 Bhurbhuri Eleusine coracana Poaceae 0.17 17% 1 1.888 1.89 3.785 7.56 13 Bamboo Dendrocalamus Poaceae 0.67 67% 2.125 7.55 7.55 8.043 23.14 stictus 14 Senditive plat Mimosa pudica Fabaceae 0.75 75% 1.889 8.494 8.49 7.149 24.14 15 Devil's claw Martynia annua Martyniaceae 0.33 33% 1.25 3.775 3.78 4.731 12.28 16 Thorn apple Datura metel Solanaceae 0.33 33% 1.75 3.775 3.78 6.624 14.17 17 Siam weed Chromolaena Asteraceae 0.58 58% 1.857 6.606 6.61 7.029 20.24 odorata Total 8.83 8.833 26.43 100 100 100 300.1 R.D.: Relative Density R.F.: Relative Frequency R.A.: Relative Abundance
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Fig. 1: Site location map of Keshkal Valley in Kondagaon district
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