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Male Reproductive System Larry Johnson, Professor Veterinary Integrative Biosciences Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843 Objectives

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Male Reproductive System Larry Johnson, Professor Veterinary Integrative Biosciences Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843 Objectives Undergraduate – Graduate Histology Lecture Series Male Reproductive System Larry Johnson, Professor Veterinary Integrative Biosciences Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843 Objectives To examine the testis (which produce spermatozoa), excretory ducts (which transport and mature spermatozoa), and accessory glands (whose secretions support the viability of spermatozoa) for characteristics and functions the male reproductive system. To learn what structures and hormonal regulation facilitate the male gonad to produce an exocrine secretion (the spermatozoon) and an endocrine secretion (testosterone). Outline History Spermatozoon Spermatogenesis Sertoli and Leydig cells Hormonal control Epididymal and accessory glans characteristics and functions Fertile ejaculate First scientific endocrine study involved the testes of roosters studying the observable effects of hen testosterone on the secondary sex structures. Transplanted tested maintained wattles and comb growth in castrated roosters. Functions of Male Reproductive System are to: - produce, maintain, and transport mature spermatozoa (the male gametes), - produce nutritive and protective fluid (semen), and - discharge the spermatozoa-containing semen within the female reproductive tract during mating. Primate sperm Mouse spermatozoon Rat Bull Human Details of spermatozoa The annulus marks the end of the middle piece (houses the mitochondria) and beginning of the principal piece of the Horse spermatozoon Horse Middle piece with mitochondria Human Human Spermatozoa are produced Horse in seminiferous tubules in the testis. Human testis Leydig cells Seminiferous Slide 165 tubules Human testicular capsule Vein Artery Mesothelium Slide 165 34455 Human testis toluidine blue Seminiferous 19680 tubules Leydig cells Seminiferous epithelium Spermatozoa are produced in the seminiferous epithelium lining the lumen of the testicular tubules. Testosterone is synthesized by Leydig cells located between seminiferous tubules. Human testis toluidine blue Germ cells 467 Two kinds of cells present in the seminiferous epithelium: Sertoli cells and germ cells: Sertoli cells nurse germ cell development. Nuclei of Sertoli cells 19680 Horse Seminiferous Tubules Seminiferous tubules are composed of seminiferous epithelium and boundary cells: Myoid Cells Sertoli Cells Germ Cells Spermatogonia, Spermatocytes, Spermatids Human Seminiferous Tubules composed of: Myoid cells Sertoli cells Germ cells Spermatogonia, Spermatocytes, Human Spermatids Meiotic activity UT165 larger secondary spermatocyte nuclei and smaller Golgi phase spermatid nuclei human testis metaphase figures in meiosis #92 secondary spermatocytes Pachytene primary spermatocytes Letotene primary spermatocytes To find secondary spermatocytes, one needs to find a tubule in stage VI of the spermatogenic cycle with metaphase figures in meiosis and no (almost no) pachytene primary spermatocytes. The pachytene primary spermatocytes are the immediate precursor to secondary spermatocytes. Early and late spermatids Leydig (interstitial) Slide 92: Testis cells Tunica albuginea Residual bodies Basement membrane Myoid cell Sertoli cells Seminiferous tubules Spermatogenesis is Divided into 3 Main Events Event Cell Type Duration Spermatocytogenesis Spermatogonia 27 Days Meiosis Spermatocytes 24 Days Spermiogenesis Spermatids 23 Days Combined Duration = 74 Days Spermatocytogenesis Meiosis Spermiogenesis Spermatocytogenesis Has Two Functions Produces primary spermatocytes which result in the production of sperm 47 days later. Produces stem cells which insure a constant supply of germ-cell precursors throughout life. Spermatocytogenesis Horse Meiosis (only in spermatogenesis and oogenesis) Exchange of genetic material in homologous chromosomes (leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, and diplotene steps of development) Produces haploid condition of gametes Meiosis Exchange Of Genetic Material Secondary Spermatocytes Meiosis Produces Haploid Condition of Gametes Spermiogenesis (differentiation of spermatids with round nuclei to those characteristic of spermatozoa) Acrosome from Golgi Nuclear condensation and elongation with appearance of the spermatid manchette Flagellum (projects through the flagellar cannel during development) Flagellar cannel Shedding excess cytoplasm Manchette Golgi phase Cap phase Elongation phase Maturation phase Maturation phase Spermiogenesis human Horse Manchette Golgi Developing acrosome Spermatid nucleus Cis face Golgi Black acid phosphatase precipitates in Acrosomal the developing cap Cytosol Transport vesicles acrosome Trans face Nucleus Golgi Spermatid showing the developing acrosome over its nucleus. Acid phosphatase enzymes (black precipitates) first appear in the trans face of the Golgi apparatus and are transferred to the Acrosomic vesicle developing acrosome via transport vesicles. Testis of a spermatid Manchette is a transient organelle Flagellar as it is not found in spermatozoa cannel Flagellar cannel When the annulus migrates to end of middle piece, it removes the cell membrane of the flagellar cannel from the surface of the developing flagellum in the middle piece region and allows mitochondria access to that portion of developing tail. Annulus Mitochondria are found only in the Flagellar middle piece on spermatozoa as that cannel is the only region with access. Residual bodies Spermatids and Spermatozoa Residual bodies Sertoli Cells • Provide support and nutrition to developing germ cells • Release spermatids as sperm • Phagocytize degenerating germ cells and residual bodies • Secrete: – Androgen binding protein – Calmodulin – Plasminogen activator – Inhibin • Blood testis barrier Human – infertile man Occluding junctions between Sertoli cells Blood-testis occluding junctions between sertoli cells in seminiferous tubules Human spermatogenesis: path followed by given cell Basal compartment with spermatocytogenesis Blood Testis Barrier Adluminal compartment with meiosis and spermiogenesis Intercellular Bridges (cytoplasmic bridges) Cause - incomplete cytokinesis Found among clusters of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, or spermatids (never between cells in different steps of development, e.g., never between spermatogonia and spermatocytes) Possible functions Mediate both differentiation and degeneration of spermatogonia Maintain synchronous development Intercellular Bridges Occluding junctions between Sertoli cells are still above but now appear below the zygotene spermatocytes Efficiency of Spermatogenesis Species DSP/g (106) -------------------------------------------- Rabbit 25 Hamster 24 Boar 23 Rat 20-24 Rhesus monkey 23 Ram 21 Stallion 16-19 Bull 12 Human 4-6 Spermatogenic Cycle Length Species Duration (Day) Prairie Mole 7.2 Hamster 8.7 Mouse 8.9 Rhesus Monkey 9.5 Rabbit 10.7 Stallion 12.2 Rat 12.9 Bull 13.5 Beagle Dog 13.6 Human 16.0 Testicular interstitium human Primary Sertoli cell nucleus spermatocytes 19680 Fibroblasts, Myoid cells Lipid droplets in Sertoli cells Artery Mitotic figures in dividing spermatogonia to produce Spermatogonia primary spermatocytes Nerve , Leydig cells 19680 Leydig cells Myoid cells. Capillaries Nerve Since developing germinal cells require a higher (100 fold) Lipid droplets concentration of testosterone than Lymphatic do other cells, Seminiferous vessel Leydig cells are epithelium located close to seminiferous tubules. Leydig cells Artery Fibroblasts Lymphatic vessel Leydig cells Leydig cells ??? Nerve 19670 Odd : What appears to be Leydig cells inside the nerve in the human testis. Horse Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis Hormone Cell Stimulated In Spermatogenesis FSH Sertoli Cells Spermatocytogenesis Spermiation LH Leydig Cells Meiosis (Testosterone) Deleterious Influences on Spermatogenesis • Heat • Irradiation • Chemicals • Aging Extragenital Components of the Male Reproductive System Excretory Ducts Composition (Rete Testis, Efferent Ducts, Epididymis, Ductus Deferens, Ejaculatory Ducts, Urethra) 19709 Human testis: junction of seminiferous tubule and rete testis for sperm to exit (toluidine blue) Junction of seminiferous tubule and rete testis tubule Region of the mediastinum testis Rete testis 467 Testis and epididymis – efferent duct and epididymis Profiles of the epididymal duct Efferent Seminiferous ducts tubules Rete testis tubules True cilia on their apical Efferent ducts surface help move Efferent ducts have a characteristic scalloped sperm through the duct. luminal profile due to alternating groups of high and low columnar cells in the lining epithelium Lumen 199 Horse efferent duct 19673 True ciliated cells (efferent duct) and stereociliated cells (epididymis, with sperm in lumen) of psudostratified columnar epithelium (toluidine blue) 19678 Efferent duct Epididymis Epididymis Head Efferent duct 19673 Efferent duct 199 Extremely long (30µm), branching microvilli (stereocilia) projects from the apical surface of these cells Stereocilia Head Tail of epididymis Smooth muscle layer is thicker in more distal regions of epididymis 467 19716 Human Human DUCTUS DEFERENS IN THE SPERMATIC CORD Psudostratified columnar epithelium, but lower in height Epithelium and its lamina propria, showing longitudinal folds into Blood vessels and ductus deferens the lumen Nerve 196 Smooth muscle, extremely thick layers Mechanisms of Sperm Transport Location Force Seminiferous tubules Bulk flow (10 ul/g/hr) minor Contractions of myoid cells Rete testis Bulk flow ciliary action Efferent ducts Bulk flow ciliary action Epididymis Contractions of smooth muscle Ductus deferens Contractions of smooth
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