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Amaryllidaceae) No Brasil: Estudo Taxonômico, Caracterização Morfológica E Relações Filogenéticas

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Amaryllidaceae) No Brasil: Estudo Taxonômico, Caracterização Morfológica E Relações Filogenéticas Universidade de Brasília Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Pós -Graduação em Botânica Habranthus Herb. (Amaryllidaceae) no Brasil: estudo taxonômico, caracterização morfológica e relações filogenéticas Andrielle Câmara Amaral Junho de 2011 Habranthus Herb. (Amaryllidaceae) no Brasil: estudo taxonômico, caracterização morfológica e relações filogenéticas Tese submetida à Universidade de Brasília como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Doutora em Botânica. Andrielle Câmara Amaral Orientadora: Taciana Barbosa Cavalcanti Brasília, junho 2011. A485 Amaral, Andrielle Câmara. Habranthus Herb. (Amaryllidaceae) no Brasil: estudo taxonômico, caracterização morfológica e relações filogenéticas / Andrielle Câmara Amaral; Taciana Barbosa Cavalcanti (orientadora). – Brasília, 2011. xv, 167 f. : il. ; 30 cm. Tese (doutorado) – Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Pós-Graduação em Botânica. 1. Amaryllidaceae. 2. Habranthus . 3. florística. 4. tipificações. 6. filogenia. I. Cavalcanti, Taciana Barbosa. II. Título. CDU: 582(817) Habranthus Herb. (Amaryllidaceae) do Brasil: estudo taxonômico, caracterização morfológica e relações filogenéticas Andrielle Câmara Amaral Esta Tese foi julgada adequada para obtenção do Título de Doutora em Botânica, e aprovada em sua forma final pelo programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica da Universidade de Brasília. __________________________ Taciana Barbosa Cavalcanti - Presidente ___________________________ Sueli Maria Gomes – Membro titular ___________________________ Lacê Medeiros Breyer – Membro titular ___________________________ Tarciso Filgueiras – Membro titular ___________________________ Eduardo Lleras Perez – Membro titular ____________________________ Regina Célia de Oliveira – Membro suplente À Deus e Nossa Senhora, que estiveram presentes em toda a minha caminhada, me fortalecendo, guiando e conduzindo. i “As atitudes são mais importantes que os fatos. Qualquer fato que enfrentamos, por mais penoso que seja, mesmo que pareça irremediável, não será tão importante como nossas atitudes para com ele. Por outro lado, a oração e a fé podem modificar ou dominar inteiramente um fato”. Autor desconhecido ii AGRADECIMENTOS À minha família, meus pais Jacob e Fábia, responsáveis pela pessoa que sou, aos meus irmãos Daniela, Ana Carolina e André Felipe pelo incentivo e cobranças. E ao mais novo membro da família Gabriel. Ao Christiano que esteve presente nas etapas finais e mais importantes desta tese. Obrigada por agüentar o meu mau humor, meu stress , meus ataques. Obrigada também por me mostrar caminhos onde eu acreditava não mais existir e por não me deixar desistir nunca. À minha orientadora e amiga Taciana. Tenho certeza que foi tão difícil para ela quanto foi para mim. Nossa falta de tempo, nossas conversas corridas... Obrigada por acreditar na minha capacidade. E ao meu grande amigo Glocimar. Você é como um pai para mim! Obrigada pelos conselhos, pelas conversas e por sempre interceder por mim. Ao Dr. Peter Inglis pela enorme colaboração na parte filogenética e Dra. Ana Y. Ciampi por intermediar essa colaboração. Ao meu supervisor imediato na Embrapa Hortaliças Warley M. Nascimentos, ao Chefe de P&D, Jairo Vidal e ao Chefe Geral, Celso Moretti por me conceder um dia na semana para me dedicar a minha tese. Aos colegas de trabalho Karlão (Dourival) e Jorge pelo companheirismo, amizade e apoio. Aos também colegas de trabalho Luana, Karina, Arlysson, Patrícia, Jadir, Leonora, Carla meus verdadeiros psicólogos. Tenho certeza que todos torciam, mais do que os outros, para que eu terminasse logo o doutorado porque não agüentavam mais ouvir sobre esse assunto. Obrigada pela “pressão”. Às minhas amigas Vânia, Aninha e Flavia Roberta pelo apoio e amizade. À minha grande amiga Flávia. Agradeço a Deus todos os dias sua presença na minha vida. Você é muito mais que uma amiga, é uma irmã. Aos colegas de doutorado Luciano e Nádia. Luciano pelas enormes injeções de animo depositadas nos momentos de angustia. E Nádia pelos momentos de descontração nas disciplinas. Aos coordenadores do programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica da Universidade de Brasília Fabian Borghetti e a Paulo Eduardo Câmara e a todos os professores do Departamento. Aos colegas do Prédio da Botânica e Ecologia da Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia Aécio, João Benedito, Juarez e Gledson, os maiores caçadores de Amaryllidaceae. iii Ao Serginho pela confecção de mapas e principalmente pelas inúmeras conversas. Aos pesquisadores da Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia Luciano Bianchetti, Bruno Walter, Anderson Sevilha, Aldicir Scariot e Marcelo Brilhante pelas conversas e pelo aprendizado. À equipe de apoio técnico da Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia Andréa e Gabriela por cuidarem tão bem do meu material. Aos funcionários da biblioteca da Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia pelo árduo trabalho em buscar minhas bibliografias pelo sistema “comut”. Ao secretário da Pós Graduação em Botânica, Mark pelo empenho e paciência em resolver minhas questões. Aos curadores dos herbários pelo empréstimo do material para minha tese. À Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior pela bolsa fornecida durante metade do período de execução da minha pesquisa, setembro de 2007 a fevereiro de 2009. À Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia pelo espaço e material concedido durante o período da dissertação. OBRIGADA A TODOS!!!!!! iv RESUMO O conhecimento sobre a diversidade de espécies dos principais gêneros de Amaryllidaceae nativos do Brasil é insuficiente, e os caracteres taxonômicos utilizados para a delimitação dos próprios gêneros e distinção das espécies necessitam de aprimoramento. As Amaryllidaceae constituem-se em um importante objeto de estudo devido à importância de suas espécies com potencial ornamental na flora tropical. Há controvérsias entre os autores em relação à delimitação dos gêneros na família. A delimitação de Habranthus é muito confusa, em muitas espécies as descrições foram baseadas apenas na parte reprodutiva, a partir do material herborizado. Por isso, ainda carece de maior detalhamento, o que deve começar ao nível de espécie. O presente estudo foca nas espécies brasileiras do gênero Habranthus e traz três abordagens principais. A primeira, com o levantamento das espécies do gênero Habranthus no Brasil, trazendo lista de espécies, caracterização morfológica, descrições, ilustrações e mapas de distribuição e chaves de identificação. A segunda abordagem traz os resultados da pesquisa taxonômica realizadas no material original das espécies e seus protólogos e apresenta tipificações e sinonimizações das espécies de ocorrência no Brasil. E a terceira abordagem procura esclarecer o posicionamento de Habranthus em relação a outros gêneros de Amaryllidaceae, tendo em vista a antiga controvérsia na família sobre a validade dos gêneros Habranthus e Zephyranthes . Os resultados desses estudos indicam a presença de 21 espécies de Habranthus para o Brasil. Dez espécies foram tipificadas. Os resultados moleculares suportam melhor o tratamento de Habranthus e Zephyranthes como um único gênero monofilético sob o nome mais antigo, Zephyranthes Herb. Palavras-chave: Amaryllidaceae, Habranthus , florística, tipificações e filogenia. v ABSTRACT Knowledge of the species diversity of the major genera of Amaryllidaceae native to Brazil is inadequate, and the taxonomic characters used to delimit the genus and the species should be improved. The Amaryllidaceae constitute an important object of study because of the importance of its members as potential ornamental species of the tropical flora. There is controversy among authors concerning the delimitation of genera in the family. The delimitation of Habranthus is very confusing; in many species descriptions were based only on the reproductive characters, taken from herbarium specimens. Therefore, further more detailed research, which must begin at the species level is needed. This study focuses on species of the genus Habranthus and provides three main approaches. The first, to survey the species of the genus Habranthus in Brazil, including the list of species, morphological characterization, descriptions, illustrations and distribution maps and identification keys. The second approach brings the results of taxonomic research done as the original material of the species and its protologue with typifications and synonyms of the species occurring in Brazil. The third approach strives to clarify the positioning of Habranthus in relation to other genera of Amaryllidaceae, in view of the old family dispute about the validity of the genera Habranthus and Zephyranthes . The results of these studies indicate the presence of 21 species of Habranthus in Brazil. Ten lectotypifications are proposed. A molecular data support treating Habranthus and Zephyranthes as a monophyletic genus under the name Zephyranthes Herb. Keywords: Amaryllidaceae, Habranthus , floristic, tipification and phylogeny. vi Índice v Resumo vi Abstract xii Lista de figuras xvi Lista de tabelas xvii Lista de Anexos 1 I. Introdução geral Capítulo 1: Levantamento do gênero Habranthus Herb. (Amaryllidaceae) no 3 Brasil Resumo 4 Abstract 5 I. Introdução 6 I.1. Taxonomia e distribuição geográfica das Amaryllidaceae 6 I.2. Estudos em Amaryllidaceae do Brasil 7 I.3. Importância econômica da família 8 II. O gênero Habranthus Herb. 9 III. Objetivos 10 10 III.1. Objetivo geral III.2. Objetivos específicos 10 IV. Materiais e Métodos 10 IV.1. Levantamento bibliográfico 10 IV.2. Coleta do material
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