DOCSLIB.ORG

Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses Kenneth Katzman Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs September 4, 2009 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL32048 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses Summary President Obama has said his Administration shares the goals of the previous Administration to contain Iran’s strategic capabilities and regional influence. The Administration has not changed the previous Administration’s characterization of Iran as a “profound threat to U.S. national security interests,” a perception generated not only by Iran’s nuclear program but also by its military assistance to armed groups in Iraq and Afghanistan, to the Palestinian group Hamas, and to Lebanese Hezbollah. However, the Obama Administration has formulated approaches to achieve those goals that differ from those of its predecessor—in particular through expanded direct diplomatic engagement with Iran. Prior to Iran’s disputed June 12, 2009 presidential elections, this U.S. outreach was put into practice with messages to the Iranian people by President Obama, and through invitations to and contact with Iranian diplomats at multilateral meetings. Attempting to convince Iran that the Administration is not hostile to Iran, the Administration also downplayed Bush Administration policies to add international sanctions on Iran, to fund civil society activists there, and to openly discuss potential U.S. military action against Iranian nuclear facilities. The Administration’s Iran policy did not change significantly because of the Iranian crackdown against protesters who alleged vast fraud in the June 12, 2009 presidential election, in which incumbent President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was declared the winner. The unrest has represented the most serious challenge, to date, to the regime’s authority, although Iran’s Supreme Leader appears to be succeeding in quelling the public outcry and intra-regime tension as of September 2009. President Obama has criticized Iran’s use of violence against protesters, but the President apparently has sided with those in the Administration who want to take advantage of Iran’s internal weakness to obtain a compromise that curbs Iran’s nuclear program. The Administration has indicated that, if Iran refuses to return to the nuclear bargaining table by September 24, 2009 in earnest, it would return to working with allies to resume sanctioning and pressuring Iran. Those threats may have contributed to Iran’s announcement in early September 2009 that it is ready to return to the multilateral talks. Some in Congress believe that bills in the 111th Congress, such as H.R. 2194 and S. 908, which would tighten U.S. sanctions on Iran by penalizing sales to Iran of gasoline, could help pressure Iran into a nuclear settlement. Others believe new U.S. unilateral sanctions would cause Iran to dig in its heels and resist compromise. The multilateral process on Iran’s nuclear program remains as it has been since 2006 – attempting to persuade Iran to limit its nuclear program by applying progressive multilateral economic pressure on Iran while also offering it potential cooperation should it suspend its enrichment of uranium. The pressure has taken the form of U.N. Security Council resolutions that ban weapons of mass destruction (WMD)-related trade with Iran; freeze the assets of Iran’s nuclear entities and personalities; prevent Iran from transferring arms outside Iran; ban international travel by some Iranians; call for inspections of some Iranian sea and airborne cargo shipments; and call for restrictions on dealings with some Iranian banks. Separate U.S. efforts to persuade European governments to curb trade, investment, and credits to Iran; and to convince foreign banks not to do business with Iran, are intended to weaken Iran’s economy and compound the U.N. pressure. For further information, see CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions , by Kenneth Katzman, CRS Report RS22323, Iran’s Activities and Influence in Iraq, by Kenneth Katzman, and CRS Report RL34544, Iran’s Nuclear Program: Status, by Paul K. Kerr. Congressional Research Service Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses Contents Political History..........................................................................................................................1 Regime Structure, Stability, and Elections ...................................................................................2 The Supreme Leader, His Powers, and Other Ruling Councils...............................................2 The Presidency/Mahmoud Ahmadinejad ...............................................................................5 Ahmadinejad’s Policies and Popularity............................................................................5 June 12, 2009, Presidential Elections...............................................................................7 Election Dispute and Aftermath.......................................................................................8 How Shaken and Divided Is the Regime?........................................................................9 Human Rights and Dissent ........................................................................................................12 Dissident Activists ..............................................................................................................12 Exiled Opposition Groups...................................................................................................13 People’s Mojahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI)/Camp Ashraf ....................................13 Other Armed Groups.....................................................................................................14 The Son of the Former Shah..........................................................................................14 Other Outside Activists .................................................................................................15 Iran’s Strategic Capabilities and Weapons of Mass Destruction Programs..................................17 Conventional Military/Revolutionary Guard/Qods Force.....................................................17 Nuclear Program and Related International Diplomacy .......................................................19 Iran’s Arguments and the International Response...........................................................20 Establishment of “P5+1” Contact Group/June 2006 Incentive Package..........................22 Resolution 1696............................................................................................................23 Resolution 1737............................................................................................................23 Resolution 1747 and Results .........................................................................................23 Resolution 1803 and Additional Incentives....................................................................24 Resolution 1835............................................................................................................24 The P5+1 Process Under President Obama....................................................................25 Chemical Weapons, Biological Weapons, and Missiles........................................................26 Ballistic Missiles/Warheads...........................................................................................26 Foreign Policy and Support for Terrorist Groups .......................................................................27 Relations with the Persian Gulf States .................................................................................28 Iranian Policy in Iraq...........................................................................................................30 Supporting Palestinian Militant Groups...............................................................................31 Iran and Hamas.............................................................................................................31 Lebanese Hezbollah and Syria.............................................................................................32 Syria .............................................................................................................................34 Central Asia and the Caspian...............................................................................................34 Afghanistan and Pakistan....................................................................................................35 Pakistan ........................................................................................................................36 Al Qaeda.............................................................................................................................36 Latin America .....................................................................................................................37 India ...................................................................................................................................37 Africa .................................................................................................................................38 U.S. Policy Responses, Options, and Legislation.......................................................................38 Policy During the Clinton and George W. Bush Administrations..........................................38 George W. Bush Administration Policy
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Iran March 2009
    COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION REPORT IRAN 17 MARCH 2009 UK Border Agency COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION SERVICE IRAN 17 MARCH 2009 Contents Preface Latest News EVENTS IN IRAN, FROM 2 FEBRUARY 2009 TO 16 MARCH 2009 REPORTS ON IRAN PUBLISHED OR ACCESSED BETWEEN 2 FEBRUARY 2009 TO 16 MARCH 2009 Paragraphs Background Information 1. GEOGRAPHY ......................................................................................... 1.01 Maps .............................................................................................. 1.03 Iran............................................................................................. 1.03 Tehran ....................................................................................... 1.04 2. ECONOMY ............................................................................................ 2.01 Sanctions ...................................................................................... 2.13 3. HISTORY ............................................................................................... 3.01 Calendar ........................................................................................ 3.02 Pre 1979......................................................................................... 3.03 1979 to 1999 .................................................................................. 3.05 2000 to date................................................................................... 3.16 Student unrest .............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Path Dependent Nature of Factionalism in Post- Khomeini Iran
    HH Sheikh Nasser al-Mohammad al-Sabah Publication Series The Path Dependent Nature of Factionalism in Post-Khomeini Iran Ariabarzan Mohammadi Number 13: December 2014 About the Author Dr Ariabarzan Mohammadi is a Visiting Research Fellow with teaching duties in the School of Government and International Affairs at Durham University for 2014-15. Disclaimer The views expressed in the HH Sheikh Nasser al-Mohammad al-Sabah Publication Series are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the School or of Durham University. These wide ranging Research Working Papers are products of the scholarship under the auspices of the al-Sabah Programme and are disseminated in this early form to encourage debate on the important academic and policy issues of our time. Copyright belongs to the Author(s). Bibliographical references to the HH Sheikh Nasser al-Mohammad al-Sabah Publication Series should be as follows: Author(s), Paper Title (Durham, UK: al-Sabah Number, date). 2 | P a g e The Path Dependent Nature of Factionalism in Post- Khomeini Iran Dr Ariabarzan Mohammadi Abstract The main claim of this paper is that the anti-party system in Iran, or what is known as factionalism, is subject to a path dependent process. The political system in post- Khomeini Iran is not based on political parties. The authoritarian regime in Iran has not developed into a ruling party system as in Egypt under Mubarak. Instead, through its different stages of institutionalisation, the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) has gradually degenerated from what looked like a single party system during the ascendancy of the Islamic Republic Party (IRP) in the first and second Majlis (the Islamic Consultative Assembly of Iran), to an anti-party, factional system that has continued to the present.
    [Show full text]
  • The 2009 Presidential Election in Iran: Fair Or Foul? Farhad Khosrokhavar, Marie Ladier-Fouladi
    The 2009 Presidential election in Iran: fair or foul? Farhad Khosrokhavar, Marie Ladier-Fouladi To cite this version: Farhad Khosrokhavar, Marie Ladier-Fouladi. The 2009 Presidential election in Iran: fair or foul?. 2021. hal-03209899 HAL Id: hal-03209899 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03209899 Preprint submitted on 27 Apr 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. ROBERT SCHUMAN CENTRE FOR ADVANCED STUDIES EUI Working Papers RSCAS 2012/29 ROBERT SCHUMAN CENTRE FOR ADVANCED STUDIES Mediterranean Programme THE 2009 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION IN IRAN: FAIR OR FOUL? Farhad Khosrokhavar and Marie Ladier-Fouladi EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE, FLORENCE ROBERT SCHUMAN CENTRE FOR ADVANCED STUDIES MEDITERRANEAN PROGRAMME The 2009 Presidential election in Iran: fair or foul? FARHAD KHOSROKHAVAR AND MARIE LADIER-FOULADI EUI Working Paper RSCAS 2012/29 This text may be downloaded only for personal research purposes. Additional reproduction for other purposes, whether in hard copies or electronically, requires the consent of the author(s), editor(s). If cited or quoted, reference should be made to the full name of the author(s), editor(s), the title, the working paper, or other series, the year and the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Countries at the Crossroads Countries at the Crossroads 2012: Iran
    Countries at the Crossroads Countries at the Crossroads 2012: Iran Introduction The Islamic Republic of Iran was created following the 1979 revolution led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini that replaced the Pahlavi monarchy. Khomeini promised millions of Iranians freedom and justice, but 33 years later, both remain elusive. The Iranian people continue to live under an increasingly repressive and intolerant regime while having no say in their future. The political system in the Islamic Republic is predicated on unelected institutions and undemocratic concepts. Foremost among these is Khomeini’s principle of velayat faqih, or “rule of the supreme jurist.” According to this idea, in the absence of the Hidden Imam—the 12th historical leader of the Shiites, who they believe will return to save the world—absolute religious and political authority rests in the hands of a senior cleric, the supreme leader. The president and the parliament are at least nominally elected. The system has failed to avoid tensions between the supreme leader and the president, even though ultimate power rests in the hands of the former, currently Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, and the unelected institutions under his control. These include the Guardian Council, which must approve all election candidates and legislation; the judiciary, which has functioned as a tool for silencing critics of the regime; the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC), tasked with safeguarding the principles of the revolution; and the Basij militia, a paramilitary volunteer force that operates under the IRGC’s command. Khamenei, his institutions, and his allies have effectively blocked political reforms and efforts to introduce civil liberties.
    [Show full text]
  • EUI Working Papers
    ROBERT SCHUMAN CENTRE FOR ADVANCED STUDIES EUI Working Papers RSCAS 2012/29 ROBERT SCHUMAN CENTRE FOR ADVANCED STUDIES Mediterranean Programme THE 2009 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION IN IRAN: FAIR OR FOUL? Farhad Khosrokhavar and Marie Ladier-Fouladi EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE, FLORENCE ROBERT SCHUMAN CENTRE FOR ADVANCED STUDIES MEDITERRANEAN PROGRAMME The 2009 Presidential election in Iran: fair or foul? FARHAD KHOSROKHAVAR AND MARIE LADIER-FOULADI EUI Working Paper RSCAS 2012/29 This text may be downloaded only for personal research purposes. Additional reproduction for other purposes, whether in hard copies or electronically, requires the consent of the author(s), editor(s). If cited or quoted, reference should be made to the full name of the author(s), editor(s), the title, the working paper, or other series, the year and the publisher. ISSN 1028-3625 © 2012 Farhad Khosrokhavar and Marie Ladier-Fouladi Printed in Italy, June 2012 European University Institute Badia Fiesolana I – 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) Italy www.eui.eu/RSCAS/Publications/ www.eui.eu cadmus.eui.eu Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies The Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies (RSCAS), created in 1992 and directed by Stefano Bartolini since September 2006, aims to develop inter-disciplinary and comparative research and to promote work on the major issues facing the process of integration and European society. The Centre is home to a large post-doctoral programme and hosts major research programmes and projects, and a range of working groups and ad hoc initiatives. The research agenda is organised around a set of core themes and is continuously evolving, reflecting the changing agenda of European integration and the expanding membership of the European Union.
    [Show full text]
  • BBC News - Iran Profile - Timeline
    BBC News - Iran profile - timeline http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14542438?print=true 9 April 2013 Last updated at 11:21 ET Iran profile A chronology of key events: 550-330 BC - Achaemenid dynasty rules the first Persian Empire. At its greatest extent under Darius I stretches from the Aegean Sea and Libya to the Indus Valley. 492-479 - Persian attempts to conquer Greece fail. 330 - Alexander the Great of Macedon conquers the Persian Empire, founding a short-lived empire before dying in Babylon in 323. 312-140 - Most of Persia is part of the Greek-dominated (Hellenistic) Seleucid Empire, founded by a general of Alexander the Great. 140 BC - 224 AD - Persia become part of the Parthian Empire, ruled by the Arsacid dynasty. 224-651 AD - Sassanid dynasty rules Persian Empire; Zoroastrianism is the dominant religion. Advent of Islam 636 - Arab invasion brings end of Sassanid dynasty and start of Islamic rule. 9th century - Emergence of modern Persian language (or Farsi), written using a form of Arabic script. 9th-13th century - Decline of Islamic Caliphate; rise of Seljuk Turk dynasties. 1220 - Invasion by Mongol forces of Genghis Khan. 1501 - Shah Ismail I becomes first ruler of Islamic Safavid dynasty; Shi'i Islam declared state religion. 1639 - Treaty of Qasr-e Shirin (or Treaty of Zuhab) ends about 150 years of war against Ottoman Empire. 1828 - Iran cedes control of Caucasus to Russia after second Russo-Persian war. 1736 - Nadir Shah becomes monarch; end of Safavid dynasty. 1890 - "Tobacco Riots": ruler Naser al-Din Shah forced to withdraw trade concessions granted to Britain after mass protests.
    [Show full text]
  • Iran August 2009
    COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION REPORT IRAN 6 AUGUST 2009 UK Border Agency COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION SERVICE 6 AUGUST 2009 IRAN Contents Preface Latest News EVENTS IN IRAN FROM 3 JULY TO 6 AUGUST 2009 REPORTS ON IRAN PUBLISHED OR ACCESSED BETWEEN 3 JULY AND 6 AUGUST 2009 Paragraphs Background Information 1. GEOGRAPHY ......................................................................................... 1.01 Maps .............................................................................................. 1.03 Iran............................................................................................. 1.03 Tehran ....................................................................................... 1.04 2. ECONOMY ............................................................................................. 2.01 3. HISTORY ............................................................................................... 3.01 Calendar ........................................................................................ 3.02 Pre 1979......................................................................................... 3.03 1979 to 1999 .................................................................................. 3.05 2000 to date................................................................................... 3.16 Student unrest .............................................................................. 3.25 Parliamentary elections – February 2004................................... 3.41 Presidential elections – June
    [Show full text]
  • Country of Origin Information Report Iran August 2010
    COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION REPORT IRAN 31 AUGUST 2010 31 AUGUST 2010 IRAN UK Border Agency COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION SERVICE Contents Preface Latest News EVENTS IN IRAN FROM 1 JULY 2010 TO 26 AUGUST 2010 REPORTS ON IRAN PUBLISHED OR ACCESSED BETWEEN 1 JULY 2010 AND 26 AUGUST 2010 USEFUL SOURCES FOR FURTHER INFORMATION Paragraphs Background Information 1. GEOGRAPHY .............................................................................................1.01 Maps..............................................................................................1.04 Iran............................................................................................1.04 Tehran.......................................................................................1.05 Calendar.......................................................................................1.06 Public holidays.............................................................................1.07 2. ECONOMY ................................................................................................2.01 3. HISTORY ..................................................................................................3.01 Pre 1979........................................................................................3.01 From 1979 to 1999........................................................................3.04 From 2000 to 2008........................................................................3.07 4. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS (JUNE 2009 TO JUNE 2010).....................................4.01
    [Show full text]
  • BTI 2010 | Iran Country Report
    BTI 2010 | Iran Country Report Status Index 1-10 3.65 # 111 of 128 Democracy 1-10 3.45 # 112 of 128 Market Economy 1-10 3.86 # 109 of 128 Management Index 1-10 2.33 # 118 of 128 scale: 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest) score rank trend This report is part of the Transformation Index (BTI) 2010. The BTI is a global ranking of transition processes in which the state of democracy and market economic systems as well as the quality of political management in 128 transformation and developing countries are evaluated. The BTI is a joint project of the Bertelsmann Stiftung and the Center for Applied Policy Research (C•A•P) at Munich University. More on the BTI at http://www.bertelsmann-transformation-index.de/ Please cite as follows: Bertelsmann Stiftung, BTI 2010 — Iran Country Report. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2009. © 2009 Bertelsmann Stiftung, Gütersloh BTI 2010 | Iran 2 Key Indicators Population mn. 71.0 HDI 0.78 GDP p.c. $ 10955 Pop. growth % p.a. 1.3 HDI rank of 182 88 Gini Index 38.3 Life expectancy years 71 UN Education Index 0.79 Poverty2 % 8.0 Urban population % 67.9 Gender equality1 0.35 Aid per capita $ 1.4 Sources: UNDP, Human Development Report 2009 | The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2009. Footnotes: (1) Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM). (2) Percentage of population living on less than $2 a day. Executive Summary The period from 2005 to 2007 constitutes the core period of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad’s administration. Indeed, consistent elements have emerged in domestic as well as foreign affairs during this period that might be called “Ahmadinejad specific.” Domestically and economically, Ahmadinejad turned to new monetary and financial policies aimed at revising the previous failure of his administration to satisfy the material needs of the poorer segments of the population.
    [Show full text]
  • IRAN STUDY Book-Contents.Indd
    IRAN, ISRAEL & THE “SHI’ITE CRESCENT” S. Daniel Abraham Center for Strategic Dialogue Table of Contents The S. Daniel Abraham Center for Strategic Dialogue, whose Director is renowned political-cultural anthropologist Professor Joseph Ginat, Ph.D., is a unique institution dedicated to stabilizing Introduction regional and global conflicts by combining by Dr. Reuven Pedatzur academic pursuits with on-the-ground efforts. The Center represents a multi- Academic Director, faceted approach to the growing threat S. Daniel Abraham Center for Strategic Dialogue ............................... 4 of regional and global disputes, by offering solution-driven initiatives based on practical experience and realistic goals. The Center provides a combination of political, security, academic and economic solutions to conflicts by assembling teams The Shi’i Crescent: Myth and Reality of former politicians, community leaders, by Dr. Uzi Rabi ............................................................................................................ 6 security experts, distinguished academics and prominent international business leaders, each of whom offer the expertise in their respective fields. S. Daniel Abraham Center for Strategic Iran, Israel, and Zionism since the Islamic Revolution - Dialogue From Rational Relations to Threat and Disaster Netanya Academic College 1 University Street by Dr. Ronen A. Cohen ........................................................................................ 30 Kiriat Yitzhak Rabin Netanya 42365 Israel Tel: +972-9-860-7400 Postscript: The Developmental Stages of Iranian Society Fax: +972-9-860-7401 by Dr. David Altman Email: [email protected] Web: www.strategicdialoguecenter.org Deputy Chair, S. Daniel Abraham Center for Strategic Dialogue, The studies presented in this volume were made possible through the Senior Vice President, Netanya Academic College ............................. 68 generous funding of the Friedrich- Ebert-Stiftung, Israel office. We are very grateful for their continuous support.
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT Who Whispers in the King's Ear, for How Long, and to What Effect? the Primary Hypothesis Guiding This Study Is That E
    ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: TO WHISPER IN THE KING’S EAR: ECONOMISTS IN PAHLAVI AND ISLAMIC IRAN Ehsanee Ian Sadr, Doctor of Philosophy, 2013 Directed by: Professor Virginia Haufler Department of Government and Politics Who whispers in the King’s ear, for how long, and to what effect? The primary hypothesis guiding this study is that economists gain influence when the international resources they can deliver are valued and desired by the country’s political leadership; and economists lose influence when those resources are not valued or desired. Alternate hypotheses that consider the role of increasing complexity in international economic relations, epistemic communities, emulation, and economists’ political activity are also considered. These hypotheses are evaluated through a study of the experiences of economists in Iran under both the Pahlavi monarchy and the Islamic regime. Results indicate support for the primary hypothesis that economists are desired for their ability to signal competence and gain the trust of the international financial and donor communities. Surprisingly, especially in the Islamic Republic, epistemic communities of economists are also found to have been very successful in using moments of political or economic crisis to influence the worldview and economic policy preferences of political leaders. TO WHISPER IN THE KING’S EAR: ECONOMISTS IN PAHLAVI AND ISLAMIC IRAN By Ehsanee Ian Sadr Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2013 Advisory Committee: Professor Virginia Haufler, Chair Professor Shibley Telhami Professor Karol Soltan Professor Margaret Pearson Professor Ahmad Karimi-Hakkak © Copyright by Ehsanee Ian Sadr 2013 To Allison and Ali Sadr who believed in me from the first breath.
    [Show full text]
  • Iran: Background Information, Including Actors of Protection and Internal Relocation
    Country Policy and Information Note Iran: Background information, including actors of protection and internal relocation Version 5.0 September 2018 Preface Purpose This note provides country of origin information (COI) and analysis of COI for use by Home Office decision makers handling particular types of protection and human rights claims (as set out in the basis of claim section). It is not intended to be an exhaustive survey of a particular subject or theme. It is split into two main sections: (1) analysis of COI; and (2) COI. These are explained in more detail below. Analysis This section analyses the evidence relevant to this note – i.e. the COI section; refugee/human rights laws and policies; and applicable caselaw – by describing this and its inter-relationships, and provides an assessment on whether, in general: • A person is reasonably likely to face a real risk of persecution or serious harm • A person is able to obtain protection from the state (or quasi state bodies) • A person is reasonably able to relocate within a country or territory • Claims are likely to justify granting asylum, humanitarian protection or other form of leave, and • If a claim is refused, it is likely or unlikely to be certifiable as ‘clearly unfounded’ under section 94 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002. Decision makers must, however, still consider all claims on an individual basis, taking into account each case’s specific facts. Country of origin information The country information in this note has been carefully selected in accordance with the general principles of COI research as set out in the Common EU [European Union] Guidelines for Processing Country of Origin Information (COI), dated April 2008, and the Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation’s (ACCORD), Researching Country Origin Information – Training Manual, 2013.
    [Show full text]