Public Policy Analysis Diaper Diversion City of Hamilton

Public Policy Analysis

Diaper Diversion

CITY OF HAMILTON

September 15, 2009

Rita Wan McMaster University Dofasco Centre for Engineering and Public Policy

Public Policy Analysis Diaper Diversion City of Hamilton

REPORT TO Waste Management Division City of Hamilton 120 King Street West, Suite 1170 Hamilton, Ontario L8P 4V2

And

Dofasco Centre for Engineering and Public Policy McMaster University Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Engineering and Public Policy

FOR Ms. Anne Winning Ms. Adrienne Press

SUPERVISOR Dr. Gail Krantzberg

September 15, 2009

Rita Wan 88 Holm Crescent Thornhill, Ontario L3T 5J3

Phone: (905) 886 5616 Email: [email protected]

Hamilton Diaper Diversion Public Policy Analysis

ABSTRACT

Waste management has always been a challenge to municipalities around the world, especially for cities in the developed countries such as Canada and United States. The City of Hamilton in

Ontario, Canada, has set their waste management goal in their Solid Waste Management

Master Plan to divert 65% of their waste from landfill by the end of 2011. They have achieved the diversion rate of 44% in 2008. In order to meet their waste diversion target, a range of approaches is required and diaper diversion is one of them. Currently Hamilton generates approximately 4,000 tonnes of diapers per year; and they are being disposed to landfill. Both technology and public policy will facilitate the diaper waste diversion for the City of Hamilton.

This paper discusses the current diaper diversion challenges that Hamilton faces, the possible resolutions in 3Rs’ (Reduce, Reduce and Recycle), Composting and Gasification; and an analysis on related public policies in the areas of education, communications, trade promotions, government incentive programs and regulations.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ...... i TABLE OF CONTENTS...... ii 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 2.0 METHODOLOGY ...... 1 3.0 RESEARCH FINDINGS...... 2 3.1 Reduce ...... 2 3.1.1 Eco-friendly Diaper Products in the Market ...... 2 3.1.2 Traditional Disposable Diapers...... 3 3.1.3 Cost of Diapers ...... 4 3.2 Reuse...... 6 3.2.1 Cloth Diaper Service in the Hamilton Areas ...... 6 3.3 Recycling ...... 7 3.4 Composting...... 8 3.5 Gasification ...... 9 4.0 POLICY BARRIERS...... 10 4.1 Cloth Diapers...... 10 4.2 Eco-friendly Disposable Diapers ...... 10 4.3 Traditional Disposable Diapers ...... 11 4.4 Diaper Gasification Service ...... 12 5.0 HAMILTON ECONOMY...... 12 5.1 Manufacturing...... 12 5.2 Construction ...... 13 5.3 Service Sector ...... 14 5.4 Employment Outlook ...... 14 5.5 Personal Income Per Capita...... 15 5.6 Future Economy Forecast ...... 15 6.0 DIAPER DIVERSION POLICY DESIGN ...... 16 6.1 Information-Based Policy Instruments...... 16 6.1.1 Information Contents...... 16 6.1.2 The City of Hamilton Web Site...... 17 6.1.3 The City of Hamilton Public Health Programs ...... 18 6.1.4 Distribution of Information...... 19

6.1.5 Product Promotion Opportunities...... 19 6.1.6 Trade Shows...... 20 6.1.7 Child Care and Preschool Operators ...... 21 6.1.8 Hospitals...... 21 6.1.9 Interest Groups ...... 22 6.1.10 Awareness Campaigns...... 22 6.1.11 Media Advertisements...... 23 6.1.12 Product Labelling ...... 23 6.2 Expenditure-Based Policy Instruments...... 23 6.2.1 Subsidies ...... 24 6.2.2 Loans...... 25 6.2.3 Tax Expenditures ...... 25 6.2.4 Vouchers...... 26 6.3 Regulation...... 26 6.3.1 Licenses and Permissions...... 26 6.3.2 Future Gasification Facility in Hamilton ...... 27 6.3.2.1 Liberty Energy Centre for Diaper Diversion in Hamilton...... 27 6.3.2.2 New Gasification Facility for Diaper Diversion in Hamilton...... 27 6.3.3 The Waste Management Projects Regulation O. Reg. 101/07...... 28 6.3.3.1 Waste Management Projects Environmental Screening Process...... 28 6.3.4 Air Emissions ...... 30 6.3.5 Zoning Permit...... 30 6.3.6 Diaper Collections ...... 31 6.3.7 Feed-In Tariff Program ...... 31 7.0 CONCLUSIONS ...... 32 8.0 RECOMMENDATIONS...... 33

LIST OF TABLES Table 3-1 Cloth Diaper Costs ...... 4 Table 3-2 Disposable Diaper Costs ...... 4 Table 3-3 Estimated Annual Costs for Diaper Products and Services in Hamilton ...... 5

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 5-1 Unemployment Rate ...... 15

LISTS OF APPENDICES APPENDIX A gDiaper Product Information...... 34 APPENDIX B Cloth Diaper Prices ...... 35 APPENDIX C Cost Comparisons of Disposable and Compostable Diapers...... 36 APPENDIX D Compfy Cotton Diaper Service Information ...... 37 APPENDIX E Metropolitan Outlook – Spring 2009...... 38 APPENDIX F Prenatal Classes for Parents Less Than 21 Years of Age Locations/Times...... 42 APPENDIX G Prenatal Classes for Single Moms, Couples and Newcomer Locations/Times...... 43 APPENDIX H Hamilton Prenatal Nutrition Project Locations/Times...... 44 APPENDIX I Expectant Moms Program ...... 45 APPENDIX J Home Safety Information Workshops...... 46 APPENDIX K Child Care / Day Care Centres ...... 47 APPENDIX L Preschools ...... 48 APPENDIX M Hamilton and Area Hospitals ...... 49 APPENDIX N Interest Groups ...... 50 APPENDIX O Other Environmental Provincial Legislation...... 52 APPENDIX P Other Environmental Federal Legislation ...... 54

DIAPER DIVERSION PUBLIC POLICY ANAYLYSIS REPORT

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The waste management goal of the City of Hamilton, as set in their Solid Waste Management

Master Plan (SWMMP 2001), is to divert 65% of the waste from landfill by the end of 2011. They achieved the diversion rate of 44% in 2008 (Annual Report 2008). In order to meet their target, a range of approaches is required and diaper diversion is one of them. Currently Hamilton generates approximately 4,000 tonnes of diapers per year; and they are being disposed to the

Glanbrook landfill. Both technology and public policy analyses will facilitate diaper waste diversion by the City of Hamilton. This inquiry focuses on developing a proposal for public policies that will address the diaper waste diversion initiative of the city to meet their waste reduction goal.

2.0 METHODOLOGY

The methodology used for this inquiry is as follows:

· Review the initiatives and public policies the City of Hamilton has in placed for waste

management;

· Determine the diaper diversion barriers in 3Rs’ (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) and in using

Composting and Gasification technologies. The Gasification technology is the preferred

technological solution identified from the diaper diversion technological study conducted by

Laura Jewell (Jewell 2009) for the City of Hamilton;

· Investigate possible solutions to overcome the diaper diversion barriers in 3Rs’ and in using

Gasification technology. Tasks include: search for new renovated eco-friendly diapers,

compare costs between different types of diapers, evaluate incentive programs, design

education & promotion programs and evaluate waste management project assessment

requirements. The incorporation of the solutions to the current waste management process

is taken into consideration;

· Evaluate the possible solutions for each R, composting and gasification technologies, and

develop public policies to facilitate success implementations;

· Conduct telephone enquiries to assess how the stakeholders would react to specific policies;

and

· Evaluate inquiry results and make recommendations.

3.0 RESEARCH FINDINGS

This section presents the research findings in the 3Rs’ (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) as well as in composting and gasification technologies.

3.1 Reduce

The objective of reduction is to reduce the inflow of diaper waste. This requires to work with diaper suppliers/manufactures, renovators and consumers in their shifting towards green product developments and sustainable purchases.

3.1.1 Eco-friendly Diaper Products in the Market

Cloth Diapers

Cloth Diaper design has improved with respect to fitting, absorbability, style and ease of use

(with Velcro and snap buttons). This is a good option for eco-friendly and thrifty parents (Kyle

2007). Fitted Cloth Diaper Brands include Kissaluvs, Sugar Peas, Happy Heiny, Fuzzi Bunz and

bumGenius. These products are sold by companies in the Southern Ontario regions and can be ordered via their company web sites (ParentingByNature 2009).

Eco-friendly Disposable Diapers

Nature Babycare, a Swedish brand, provides disposable diapers with the outer plastic-like layer made of a compostable/biodegradable corn bio film (Nature 2009). According to the company,

60% of the content of their diapers are of biological origin and are biodegradable. Their products are sold by Ecobotts Baby Products (Ecobotts 2009) based in Mississauga, Ontario. Customers also can buy online. A similar product, the Nature Boy and Girl, is sold by Healthy Baby Diaper

LLC in the United States. Customers can buy the diapers through the company web site (Nature

Boy 2009).

Hybrid Diapers gDiapers are a combination of cloth and disposable diaper in one product. A gDiaper consists of a washable cloth outer pant and a plastic-free disposable insert that can be tossed, flushed and even composted (gDiaper 2009). There is no plastic content in the product. gDiapers have received Cradle to Cradle Gold certification from MBDC (gDiapers 2009) indicating the product achieves environmentally-intelligent design and quality (MBDC 2009). Six stores in Hamilton carry the gDiapers products (Appendix A).

3.1.2 Traditional Disposable Diapers

Procter & Gamble (Pampers, LUVs) and Kimberly-Clark Corp. (Huggies), the two major disposable diaper manufacturers in North America, have not put in much effort in the development or improvement of their existing diaper products to be more eco-friendly.

Kimberly-Clark Corp. announced the launch of the Huggies Pure & Natural diapers on April 13,

2009 claiming the new diaper is hypoallergenic, latex and fragrance free with an outer layer made of organic cotton (Kimberly-Clark 2009). The announcement also says it is the company’s initial steps toward environmental improvements without sacrificing performance. But these

“greener” disposables still are not environmental friendly as the only improvement is the product’s outer packaging which is sourced from 20 percent post-consumer recycled materials.

Pampers producer Procter & Gamble (Pampers 2009) does not yet have an environmentally friendly diaper; but they have pursued to reduce the unit weight of their diaper by 40% and it’s packaging by 80% (McIntyr 2009).

3.1.3 Cost of Diapers

The Cloth diaper costs in Hamilton are as follows (see Appendix B for details):

Cloth Diaper Type Price Range (per diaper) Prefold Diaper $3.99 - $12.98 Filled Cloth Diaper $15.49 - $22.98 Pocket Cloth Diaper $17.99 - $24.98 All-In-One Cloth Diaper $21.75 - $32.98

Table 3-1 Cloth Diaper Costs

The disposable diaper costs in Hamilton are as follows (see Appendix C for details):

Brand Price Range (per diaper) Pamper $0.24 - $0.37 Huggies $0.24 - $0.37 Parent’s Choice $0.17 - $0.27 Nature Babycare $0.53 - $0.82 gDiapers $0.52 – $0.66

Table 3-2 Disposable Diaper Costs

Cost comparisons indicate traditional disposable diapers are still the cheapest choice from the customer perspectives.

Generally most children can be toilet-trained at the age of two and a half. It is estimated that there are 6,500 diaper changes over a period of 2.5 years. This is an average of 7-8 diaper changes/day (10-11 changes for newborns, 5-6 changes for 2-year olds) (Diaper Facts 2009).

With a conservative estimation of 50 diapers changes per week (7.14 diaper changes/day), the following table shows the estimated annual costs for various diaper products and services in

Hamilton.

Estimated Annual Costs Traditional Disposable Diapers $400 - $900 Eco-friendly Disposable Diapers $1,200 - $1,600 Cloth Diapers* $300 - $ 2,400 plus Washing costs $200 Diaper Services $900 - $1,200

Table 3-3 Estimated Annual Costs for Diaper Products and Services in Hamilton

* The calculation is based on the purchase of six dozens of cloth diapers. To lower the cloth diaper costs, it should be possible to buy a generous mix of prefolds and diaper covers; and most cloth diapers will probably last for two children. The washing cost is estimated to be $16 per month. The calculation is based on washing diapers at home every three days and 24 diapers per wash load (Diaper Facts 2009).

3.2 Reuse

The objective of reuse is to reduce diaper waste volume by multiple-use of diapers. Possible solutions are cloth diapers and diaper service. For research findings for cloth diapers please refer to section 3.1.1.

3.2.1 Cloth Diaper Service in the Hamilton Areas

There are two companies that provide cloth diaper service in the Hamilton areas:

(1) Comfy Cotton Diaper Service Inc. (Comfy Cotton 2009) – Service areas cover the

Greater Toronto Area, and extend west through Hamilton-Stoney Creek, Kitchener-

Waterloo and Guelph. To the east they go to Oshawa and to the north, Newmarket. Their

weekly service charge is $15.95 plus GST (or $18.02 /week). Comfy Cotton Diaper

Service details are shown in Appendix D.

(2) Happy Nappy Diaper Service, Oakville, ON (Happy Nappy 2009) – Service areas include

Greater Toronto Area, Mississauga, Oakville, Hamilton and Halton-Peek Region. Their

weekly service charge is $23.97.

Potential Cloth Diaper Service Provider for Hamilton

Bear Bottoms Diaper Service (Bear Bottom 2009) provides diaper service in Kitchener, Waterloo and Cambridge areas. In talking to Ms Jill Lawrence, founder of the company, in May 2009 they were negotiating with a hospital in Hamilton for a service contract to provide diaper service for the hospital. The company offers franchise opportunities to public. According to Ms Jill Lawrence they have been approached by interested business people to franchise their business in the

Oakville and Hamilton areas. Their weekly service charge is $19.95 plus tax (or $22.54 /week).

3.3 Recycling

The objective of recycling is to reduce diaper waste going to landfill by recapturing value from disposable diapers. The City of Santa Clarita, California had piloted a diaper-recycling program in 2002 for nine months with technology provided by Knowaste LLC (City of Santa Clarita 2002).

The Santa Clarita diaper-recycling program did not continue. The primarily reason for the failure is high costs (Recycling Today 2003).

A press release from Knowaste dated September 2, 2004 announced the launch of their baby diaper recycling services in Australia (World-Wire 2004). However, further research on information regarding diaper recycling in Australia was not found.

From Knowaste company web site, Knowaste states that they provide diaper recycling services in Arnem, Netherlands since 1999 (Knowaste Netherlands 2009) and also in Greater Toronto

Areas, Canada in 2005 by its wholly owned subsidiary Smallplanet (Knowaste 2005). Further research shows that the Knowaste recycling facility in Arnem, Netherlands was up for auction sale on December 2007 (RecyclingBizz 2008). In addition, there is no further information found with regard to Smallplanet as the company web site has been removed.

News published on February 20, 2009 by UPI.com indicates the Birmingham City Council in

England has approved plans for recycling diapers using Knowaste’s technology (UPI.com 2009).

But detailed information regarding the Birmingham diaper recycling plan is not available.

The above information indicates Knowaste’s diaper recycling technology has not been proven successful; in addition, recycling is not the chosen technology by the technological research study to resolve the diaper problem for Hamilton (Jewell 2009), hence it is not being considered as a viable solution in this inquiry.

3.4 Composting

The municipalities in Ontario that provide diaper composting services are the City of Toronto

(City of Toronto 2009), the City of Guelph (City of Guelph 2009) and York Region (York Region

2009). There are currently nine (9) municipalities in the York Region which include the Towns of

Aurora, East Gwillimbury, Georgina, King, Markham, New Market, Richmond Hill, The City of

Vaughan and Town of Whitchurch-Stouffville. The diaper composting services are provided through the municipal Green Bin Program which accepts diapers and sanitary products. The

Green Bin Program collects organic waste from households weekly.

There is a private company, EarthBaby, provides compostable diaper service in the San

Francisco Bay Area of California. They only accept Nature Babycare Compostable Diapers and wipes. Customers have to buy these compostable diaper products from EarthBaby at USD

$11.79 per pack (each pack contains 18 to 44 diapers depending on diaper sizes). Their diaper composting services include a monthly delivery of clear diapers, weekly pickup of soiled diapers, and composting the soiled diapers. Their monthly service fee is USD $24.99 plus sales tax

(EarthBaby 2009).

In Hamilton, the Central Composting Facility (CCF) conducted a trial of the Green Cart program in 2002 before program commencement. In this trial diapers and sanitary products were included in the feedstock. However, it was found that the final compost product contains high contamination rates and was not acceptable for the client, as a result, diapers and sanitary products were removed from the list of acceptable material for the Green Cart program

(Hamilton FAQs)

Composting is not the chosen technology by the technological research study to resolve the diaper problem for Hamilton (Jewell 2009), hence it is not being considered as a viable solution in this inquiry.

3.5 Gasification

There is no gasification facility in Hamilton at present. Nevertheless, Liberty Energy Resources,

Inc. (as referred to Liberty Energy hereafter) (Liberty Energy 2009), a private company headquartered in California, USA, has proposed a renewable energy Plant (Liberty Energy

Centre) on 2.3 hectare site located at 675 Strathearne Avenue, Hamilton, Ontario in 2004. The proposed site had been used as a metal recycling facility before.

In 2008, Liberty Energy completed the Environmental Screening Process and received

Certificates of Approval from the Ontario Ministry of Environment (MOE) for their Liberty Energy

Centre Project (Liberty Energy Centre 2008).

The Liberty Energy Centre will use the bubbling fluidized bed gasification technology to produce a fuel gas which is burned in a boiler to produce 10 megawatts (MW) of electrical power for delivery to the local power grid. Facility fuel includes biosolids (Sewage sludge) and biomass

(grass, leaves, tress and scrap wood) and is considered as renewable energy in Ontario. The facility will be constructed in two stages. They will install a gasification unit which generates 5 megawatts power in each stage. Liberty Energy originally targeted to have the first gasification unit in commercial operation by December 2010 but is then deferred to 2012. And they estimated the Liberty Energy Centre will consume up to 470,000 tonnes of waste biomass per year (Liberty Energy 2009).

4.0 POLICY BARRIERS

This section identifies the policy barriers or issues arise from possible diaper diversion resolutions which include the use of Gasification technology.

4.1 Cloth Diapers

Policy Objective: Promote/encourage use of cloth diapers.

Issues:

· The most common issue is leaking; other issues include stink, washing efforts,

costs, health issues (rash), and fit (too big or too small) (All About Cloth Diapers

2009).

· There are environmental concerns with respect to water and air pollution (i.e.

extra water and energy used to wash and dry the cloth diapers) (Environment

Canada 2004).

· Have to set aside space in home for a diaper pail.

· Cloth-diapering usually does not work when both parents do not agree it is the

best option (Spring 2008).

4.2 Eco-friendly Disposable Diapers

Policy Objective: Reduce/Discourage use of Eco-friendly disposable diapers.

Promote/encourage use of Eco-friendly disposable diapers only when a

customer’s preferred choice is disposable diapers.

Issues:

· The costs of Eco-friendly disposable diapers are much higher (1.8 to 2.2x) than

the traditional disposable diapers (Tables 3-1 & 3-2).

· Less available as compare to traditional disposable diapers (Appendixes A & B).

· The Eco-friendly disposable diapers have been gaining some recognition, but

they still comprise a very low percentage in the market share of diapers. As Karen

McIntyre put it, ‘Consumers tend to not put their money where their mouths are

when it comes to eco-friendliness’ (McIntyre 2009).

· Although the Eco-friendly disposable diapers are compostable/biodegradable,

their current disposal method in Hamilton is still landfill; hence they are not the

viable solution for the Hamilton diaper diversion initiative.

4.3 Traditional Disposable Diapers

Policy Objective: Reduce/Discourage use of traditional disposable diapers

Issues:

· Most parents favour it as a quick and convenient choice (Environment Canada

2004).

· The costs of using traditional disposable diapers are lower than the Eco-friendly

diapers and diaper service (Tables 3-1, 3-2 & 3-3).

· It is illegal in most municipalities to dump human waste in landfills; but the law is

unenforceable when it comes to diapers. Theoretically they could infest the water

leaching out of the dump with bacteria and viruses (polio, hepatitis, dysentery)

(Meadows 2009).

· The two dominate manufacturers Procter & Gamble and Kimberly-Clark with

market shares of 36% and 20.5% respectively have been working hard to retain

customer loyalties with sales promotions, sales coupons and other marketing

efforts (McIntyre 2009).

· To reduce the environmental impact, disposable diapers have been made thinner

and easier to transport. Pampers has reduced the unit weight of diaper by 40%

and its packaging by 80% (McIntyre 2009).

4.4 Diaper Gasification Service

Policy Objective: Promote/encourage use of diaper gasification service

Issues:

· Currently there is no diaper gasification service in Hamilton areas (public or

private).

· The costs for providing the diaper gasification service would be high (the building,

operation and maintenance costs of diaper gasification facilities; diaper collection

costs). Some costs might have to be recovered by charging users.

· When diaper gasification service is being implemented, customers have to adopt

the new diaper disposal routine.

5.0 HAMILTON ECONOMY

5.1 Manufacturing

The City of Hamilton is a centre of manufacturing and industry. Canada’s two largest integrated steel producers (Dofasco Inc. and U.S. Steel Canada) and a dozen automotive parts manufacturers are located in Hamilton. (Hamilton Economic Development 2009). Due to the global economic turmoil which started in October 2008, U.S. Steel announced the temporarily idling of their Hamilton and Nanticoke facilities in March 3, 2009 and affecting approximately

1,500 employees (U.S. Steel 2009). These facilities are still idle to date.

According to the Conference Board of Canada (Browarski 2009), a leading economic research agency, the crash in the U.S. auto market and offloading of costs by struggling vehicle producers to parts makers will drive many of them, especially the small firms, out of business and jack up job losses. The board forecasts the employment in the auto parts industry will plunge 37% or

36,500 to 62,200 jobs loss in the auto sector during 2009. The total auto industry employment hit a peak of 139,300 in 2004. Nevertheless, they forecast job losses will be temporary with employment return to nearly 90,000 jobs by 2013.

The manufacturing output in Hamilton has been declined in every year since 2003; the outlook for 2009 would be declined again. According to Conference Board of Canada’s forecast

(Metropolitan Outlook – Spring 2009 in Appendix E), the manufacturing output in Hamilton is expected to decline 5.4% in 2009, which is equal to 75% of its 2002 output level. Hamilton’s manufacturing sector will begin to recover in 2010 as the global economy improves. The board predicts an output growth of 2.6% in manufacturing in 2010.

5.2 Construction

According to the CMHC Housing Time Series Database (Metropolitan Outlook – Spring 2009 in

Appendix E), the Conference Board of Canada indicates housing starts activity was on the incline for the first two quarters in 2008, but housing starts fell in the final two quarters. As a result the total housing starts fell by more than 17% in 2008. It is expected the housing starts to continue to decline in 2009. The board forecasts an overall decline by 23% in 2009 with total numbers of new home to be constructed falling below 3,000 units for the first time since 1996.

They also forecast the total construction output in Hamilton falls by 3.7% in 2009 and a rebound by 3.1% in 2010.

5.3 Service Sector

The Conference Board of Canada forecasts the wholesale and retail trade output of Hamilton to drop by 2% in 2009; finance, insurance, and real estate output to drop by 0.3%; commercial services output to drop by 1.8%; and transportation and communication output to drop by 1.4%.

Only the non-commercial services output is expected to grow in 2009 but only with an increase of 0.4%. Overall, the board forecasts a services-sector output to fall 0.9% in 2009. But the board expects a growth in the service output to 2.5% in 2010.

5.4 Employment Outlook

The Conference Board of Canada forecasts employment contraction across all the sectors in

Hamilton (Appendix E) with the biggest hit in the industrial sector (-4.6%) for the year 2009; and the unemployment rate will rise from 6.1% in 2008 to 7.3% in 2009. They forecast the employment condition will improve when the global economy recovers in 2010.

According to Statistics Canada, the national unemployment rate rose to an 11-year high at 8.4% in May, 2009 with a total number of 363,000 job disappeared since the global recession began last October. Ontario, with major manufacturing jobs in auto industry, took the hardest hit with province’s unemployment rate rose to 9.4% in May, a full point above the national average.

Hamilton broke the provincial trend by posting an increase in employment in April and in May.

Employment rose by 3,900 jobs dropping the city’s employment rate to 7.4% in May from 7.9% in April. The city’s unemployment rate was 8.8% in March. This is mainly due to the fact that there is no decline in manufacturing jobs in May; and the city experienced employment growth in the wholesale and retail trade, and transportation/warehousing sectors (Thespec.com 2009).

The city’s unemployment rate further declined to 7.1% in June, but was shot up to 8.2% in July which reflected the national unemployment conditions rising from 8.2% in June to 8.7% in July.

Figure 5-1 Unemployment Rate

% 10.0 9.5 9.0 8.5 Hamilton 8.0 Ontario 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 March April May June July

5.5 Personal Income Per Capita

In 2008 the personal income per capita for Hamilton is $37,000 (Source: Statistic Canada). Both

Ontario and Canada have similar personal income per capita figure in 2008.

5.6 Future Economy Forecast

The World Bank, released a report on June 22, 2009 (World Bank 2009), indicates the global economy is to shrink 2.9% in 2009, worse than its previous forecast for a 1.7% decline. This sent a strong signal indicating that the economy is not in a robust recovery yet.

General forecast (World Bank 2009) indicates the global economy will revive in 2010; however, the pace for the recovery is still uncertain. This seems applies to Hamilton as well.

6.0 DIAPER DIVERSION POLICY DESIGN

The public policies are initiated according to the following policy goal and objectives:

Policy Goal:

Reduce the volume of disposable diapers going to landfill for the City of Hamilton.

Policy Objectives:

1. Promote/encourage use of cloth diapers, cloth diaper service, and diaper gasification

service.

2. Reduce/Discourage use of traditional disposable diapers.

6.1 Information-Based Policy Instruments

Information-based policy instruments are government’s “attempts at influencing people through transfer of knowledge, communication of reasoned argument, and moral suasion in order to achieve a policy result” (Vedung and van der Doelen 1998, p.103). According to Leslie A. Pal

(Pal 2001, p.140) behaviour is based on knowledge, beliefs, and values; and the most powerful way to change behaviour is to change the knowledge, beliefs, and values upon which it is based.

In addition, information-based policy tools have the best results “when knowledge, beliefs, and values are consistent with direct and immediate self-interest”.

6.1.1 Information Contents

Information provided to target groups (parents) may contain the following:

· Environmental issues that disposable diapers has created in Hamilton (Optional - in

Ontario, in Canada or globally);

· Information (individual bearings or comparisons) regarding impact on environment by

traditional disposable diapers, cloth diapers, eco-friendly disposable diapers and cloth

diaper service;

· Information regarding eco-friendly diapering solutions (cloth diapers, eco-friendly

disposable diapers and cloth diaper service) which are available in Hamilton (costs,

products & services information, product availabilities, reference guide, etc.);

· Incentives provided by the City of Hamilton and/or eco-friendly diapers solutions vendors

(coupons, free training classes, gifts from vendors, etc.); and

· Information regarding how parents and the City of Hamilton can work together to make

Hamilton a better place to raise their families.

Note: Although the eco-friendly disposable diapers are not the viable solution to the Hamilton

diaper diversion initiative, their impacts on environment are less than the traditional

disposable diapers, it is still beneficial to promote their use; However, the information

distributed/conveyed for the diaper diversion initiative may emphasis on cloth diapers and

cloth diaper service.

6.1.2 The City of Hamilton Web Site

The City of Hamilton web site would be a good way to provide eco-friendly diapering information to parents. The Eco-friendly diapering information, including both eco-friendly diaper products and diaper services, might be incorporated under two headings on the web site:

Public Health – Parenting, Children and Families – Parenting for babies, toddlers

and preschoolers (newborn to 5 years old) (Parenting 2009)

Suggested headings:

Eco-friendly diapering resources

Cloth diapers resources

Eco-friendly disposable diaper resources

Diaper service resources

Public Health – Prenatal Classes and Pregnancy Resources – Information for

Expectant Parents (Prenatal Health 2009)

Suggested heading:

Making Diaper choice – The best choice for both parents and baby

6.1.3 The City of Hamilton Public Health Programs

Currently the City of Hamilton is offering Prenatal classes (Appendices F & G), Prenatal Nutrition

Groups (weekly groups with the Hamilton Prenatal Nutrition Project) (Appendix H), Expectant

Mom Program (Appendix I) and Home Safety Information Workshops (Appendix J) to expectant parents under the Public Health services. The City of Hamilton might expand the Public Health programs to include Cloth Diapering Classes and provide community supports for Cloth

Diapering Groups for expectant parents to promote the use of eco-friendly diapering solutions.

It is important to encourage both parents (expectant couples) to attend the Cloth Diapering classes and Cloth Diapering Groups as cloth-diapering usually does not work when both parents do not agree it is the best option (Spring 2008).

6.1.4 Distribution of Information

Relevant information regarding eco-friendly diapering alternatives in the form of flyers, pamphlets, calendars, and/or information data sheets can be distributed to expectant parents when they attend the public health programs and when they join the parental interest groups that are provided by the City of Hamilton. Such information could also be made available at program locations (including registration offices) for easy pick-up. As for the Expectant Mom Program, the information could be distributed to the expectant mom by the home visiting nurse.

There are other possible locations for the distribution of the eco-friendly diapering information to the target groups. These locations include Information Centres in Hamilton, hospitals, clinics, child care/day care centres, preschools, retail stores that sell eco-friendly products, and etc.

The promotional items should be made of eco-friendly and/or recyclable materials.

6.1.5 Product Promotion Opportunities

One of the major barriers for parents to choose fitted cloth, pocket cloth and all-in-one cloth diapers is the initial high start up cost. As many parents do not consider using cloth diapers as an option until they have washed couples of loads of laundry and realize it is not as bad as they expected; and many cloth diaper business owners have discovered that presenting expectant parents with a gift of cloth diapers can help boost business by introducing new parents to the benefits of cloth (Zmuda 2005). These cloth diapers vendors shall be encouraged to provide product information, free gifts of their products/services for trial, discount coupon for future purchase of products or services, reference guides on how to use their products or services

(washing instructions, storage of mud diapers, etc.), and provide list of resources for future references to their target customers.

The City of Hamilton could provide opportunities to these diaper business owners to promote their products through the following channels:

· Product promotion opportunities during public health program and parental interest group

meetings (as identified in the City of Hamilton Public Health Program section);

· Distribution of product information at the public health program, parental interest group

locations, and other locations as identified in the Information Distribution section above.

6.1.6 Trade Shows

Trade show or trade fair with special theme is a good marketing tool. A trade show which only promotes the eco-friendly diapering solutions may not draw enough attraction for large number of participants and visitors. Hence it is beneficial to extend the theme to include other eco- friendly products & services. As a suggestion, an Eco-friendly Parenting/Children Trade

Show with parents as the target audience might serve the purpose. Besides the eco-friendly diapering solutions business owners, the exhibitors of the trade show could include other eco- friendly products & services providers in toys, car seats, clothing, linens & things, child care accessories, early childhood education, furniture, home decoration, and etc.

The City of Hamilton could either act as the organizer or as a major sponsor for the trade show, and to actively promote city’s services at the trade show. Some of the major events that the City of Hamilton has hosted include Around the Bay Road Race/Kilo Run, Doors Open Hamilton,

Hamilton Heritage Day, Hamilton International Air Show and Hamilton Mum Show

(HamiltonKiosh.ca 2009).

The benefits of the trade show are:

· It raises the public’s eco-friendly awareness;

· It provides eco-friendly information (knowledge, products & services information) to the

public;

· One of the policies of the trade show is to allow exhibitors who are business owners that

provide eco-friendly products & services only. This will send a strong message to the

product manufacturers that the City of Hamilton is striving to provide an eco-friendly

environment for the community, and this might provides an incentive to manufacturers,

including the traditional disposable diaper manufacturers, to provide eco-friendly

products; and

· It helps to boost the city’s economy (it creates jobs and business opportunities).

6.1.7 Child Care and Preschool Operators

The City of Hamilton could develop programs with the Child Care/Day Care and Preschool

Operators to promote the use of eco-friendly diapering solutions. A list of Child Care and Day

Care centres and Preschools are shown in Appendix K and Appendix L respectively.

6.1.8 Hospitals

The City of Hamilton could work with the hospitals in Hamilton to promote the use of eco-friendly diapering solutions, and to demonstrate their leadership in this initiative. A list of hospitals and area hospitals is show in Appendix M.

6.1.9 Interest Groups

The City of Hamilton could work with various interest groups in Hamilton to develop marketing programs to promote the use of eco-friendly diapering solutions. Some of the relevant interest groups are as follows:

1. Canadian Association of Family Resource Programs (FRP Canada 2009)

2. Canadian Institute of Child Health (CICH 2009)

3. Affiliated Services for Children and Youth (ASCY 2009)

4. Association of Day Care Operators of Ontario (ADCO 2009)

5. Home Child Care Association of Ontario (HCCAO 2009)

6. Federation of Urban Neighbourhoods – Ontario (FUN 2009)

7. Hamilton Chamber of Commerce (Hamilton Chamber of Commerce 2009)

8. Association of Community Information Centres in Ontario (ACICO. 2009)

A brief description of these interest groups is shown in Appendix N.

6.1.10 Awareness Campaigns

The City of Hamilton could promote the awareness of Eco-friendly diapering solutions in the community by organizing Eco-friendly diapering awareness campaigns. As a suggestion, the awareness campaigns would be in the form of Poster Design competition, Essay Writing competition, Drawing competition, Slogan Design, Web Page Design and etc.

6.1.11 Media Advertisements

The City of Hamilton could encourage the use of eco-friendly diapering solutions (and alternatively discourage the use of traditional disposable diapers) by advertising on media as such as Television, Radio, Newspapers, Magazines, Internet and etc.

6.1.12 Product Labelling

The Federal Government could encourage the diaper manufacturers to list environmental impact data of their products on the product label for consumer reference. This helps to provide handy information to consumers, especially for the eco-conscious parents, to make appropriate purchase decisions. This might required the City of Hamilton to submit a motion in this regard to the appropriate organizations (e.g. Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Federation of Canadian

Municipalities (FCM 2009)) to lobby the Federal Government to take actions.

6.2 Expenditure-Based Policy Instruments

The Expenditure-based Instruments are based on the fact that virtually every policy instruments involve expenditure. And money, act as the direct instrument, is “a ubiquitous and universal resource that governments use to affect policy” (Pal 2001, p.141). Governments are trying to achieve policy objectives or outcomes by the calculations of costs, benefits, and financial resource that individuals or organizations undertake before they make decisions and act.

There are two streams of expenditures – the affirmative/promoting side and the negative/restraining side of expenditures. The affirmative/promoting side of expenditures is to decrease the costs of some activities. They could be in the forms of Grants, Subsidies,

Contributions, Cash Transfers, Loans, Tax Expenditures and Vouchers. The negative/restraining

side of expenditures is to increase the costs of some activities. They could be in the forms of

Taxes, User Charges, Service Fees and Fines.

6.2.1 Subsidies

Presently the City of Hamilton is providing Fee Subsidy and Financial Assistance to parents with one of the parents meeting the conditions of (1) working for at least 20 hours per week; (2) attending school for at least 20 hours per week; (3) a full time university or college student; (4) having an active participation agreement with OW; or (5) A referral has been made by a professional (Hamilton Child Care 2009). The City of Hamilton could provide subsidies to these groups of parents and any other qualified expectant parents to promote the use of eco-friendly diapering solutions.

The Pembrokeshire County in UK provides a Cashback Scheme to encourage the

Pembrokeshire residents to use nappies. They allow a single claim per family for £30 when they spend £50 or more on ‘real’ nappies from any suppliers, or £60 when they spend £150 or more.

The ‘real’ nappies are made from natural fibres such as cotton, bamboo and hemp

(Pembrokeshire 2009).

The City of Hamilton could provide an Eco-friendly awareness fund with the aim to provide money support for various Eco-friendly Diapering Awareness Campaigns as discussed in the

Awareness Campaign section above.

6.2.2 Loans

The City of Hamilton could provide loans to (1) business owners who want to start eco-friendly diapering business ventures, and (2) practitioners who want to provide eco-friendly child care/ day care centres and preschools in Hamilton. This will increase eco-friendly products and services availability, provide enough business competitions which will drive the products and services cost down, and thus encourage more parents to choose the eco-friendly diapering products and services. The announcement of such a loan can also be served as promotion activity for the eco-friendly diapering initiatives for Hamilton.

6.2.3 Tax Expenditures

Ontario Government could provide tax expenditures to (1) business owners who sell eco-friendly diapering products and services, and (2) practitioners who operate eco-friendly childcare/day care centres and preschools in the form of tax credits or tax incentives. The Ontario Government currently provides tax credits and incentives to businesses in research and development, manufacturing and processing, mining and exploration, apprenticeship training, and the entertainment sector and creative industries (Tax Credits 2009).

This will provide incentives for business owners going into the eco-friendly business and to encourage the existing business owners to convert their organization to accommodate the eco- friendly business strategies. This will also encourage economic growth and job creation for

Hamilton.

6.2.4 Vouchers

The City of Hamilton could issue “Green” Vouchers to winners of the Eco-friendly diapering awareness campaign competitions. The “Green” Vouchers could be redeemed for city services such as to pay property tax, to purchase city transit fares, to pay for cloth diaper service, and etc.

6.3 Regulation

According to Lemaire, “Regulatory instruments are used to define norms, acceptable behaviour, or to limit activities in a given society. The law, backed up with the threat of sanction, represents the ‘stick’ used to prescribe or prevent certain types of human behaviour” (Lemaire, 1998, p.59).

There are two streams of regulation – the affirmative/promoting side and the negative/restraining side of regulation. The affirmative/promoting uses of regulation include permissions, licenses, recognitions, and self-regulation. The negative/restraining uses of regulation include criminal law and non-criminal prohibitions.

6.3.1 Licenses and Permissions

Licences and permissions have to be issued by the Ontario Government and the City of

Hamilton to the gasification technology provider for the building and operations of gasification facility which uses diapers as facility fuel.

6.3.2 Future Gasification Facility in Hamilton

6.3.2.1 Liberty Energy Centre for Diaper Diversion in Hamilton

According to Liberty Energy, they started the Electricity Projects Environmental Screening

Process in November 2004 under Environment Assessment Act (EAA 1990) O. Reg. 116/01 (O.

Reg. 116/01 2001). In March 2007, Ontario Government announced the Waste Management

Projects Regulation O. Reg. 101/07 (O. Reg. 101/07 2007) make under the Environmental

Assessment Act; as a result, Liberty Energy had to repeat the Environmental Screening Process subject to O. Reg. 101/07 as waste management projects. On September 22, 2008, the Ontario

Ministry of the Environment (MOE) has issued three Certificates of Approval (covering Air,

Sewage, and Waste Assessments) to Liberty Energy for the Liberty Energy Centre Project

(Liberty Energy Centre 2008).

The Liberty Energy Centre passed the MOE environmental screening requirements which were based on the intakes of sewage sludge and chipped waste wood to produce 10MW of electrical power. If Liberty Energy Centre is the chosen option for resolving the diaper problem in Hamilton, it is recommended they apply for the modifications of their Certificates of Approval to add

Diapers to the feedstock.

6.3.2.2 New Gasification Facility for Diaper Diversion in Hamilton

If new gasification waste management facility is to be built in Hamilton for resolving the diaper problem in Hamilton, the proponent has to apply for Certificates of Approval as outlined in Waste

Management Projects Regulation O. Reg. 101/07 and the zoning permit for the proposed site.

6.3.3 The Waste Management Projects Regulation O. Reg. 101/07

The Waste Management Projects Regulation O. Reg. 101/07 promulgated under the

Environmental Assessment Act (EAA) in March 2007 provides a more standardized approach to waste management projects. It includes energy from waste (EFW) and thermal treatment sites; and the regulation applies to both public and private sector proponents. Various waste management projects are exempted from meeting the requirements of the EAA if the proponent complies with and completes the environmental screening process.

6.3.3.1 Waste Management Projects Environmental Screening Process

Every Waste Management Project proponent has to comply with the environmental assessment requirements as set out in the Waste Management Projects Regulation O. Reg. 101/07.

According to the Guide to Environmental Assessment Requirements for Waste Management

Projects (Waste Management Projects EA Guide 2007), a proponent is to determine what environmental assessment requirements apply to the proposed waste project, and to set out information about the Environmental Screening Process, which applies to specific waste management projects.

The Gasification Waste Management Project is subjected to fulfilling the Environmental

Screening Process as outlined in Table 2 of the Waste Management Projects EA Guide (Waste

Management Projects EA Guide 2007, p.8) which is subject to Section 11(1)2 of the Waste

Management Projects Regulations as “A thermal treatment site that does not use coal, oil or petroleum coke as a fuel for thermal treatment and that produces EFW”.

As defined in the Environmental Assessment Act, “environment” means,

(a) Air, land or water,

(b) Plant and animal life, including human life,

community,

(d) Any building, structure, machine or other device or thing made by humans,

(e) Any solid, liquid, gas, odour, heat, sound, vibration or radiation resulting directly or

indirectly from human activities, or

(f) Any part or combination of the foregoing and the interrelationships between any two or

more of them in or of Ontario.

As stated in the Waste Management Projects EA Guide (Waste Management Projects EA Guide

2007, p.19) “Completion of the Environmental Screening Process under the Environmental

Assessment Act does not relieve proponents from the responsibility to obtain any necessary approvals or permits required under other legislation.” The following statutes and regulations may contain other regulatory requirements that may apply to the gasification waste management project and be considered in conjunction with the Environmental Screening Process.

Provincial Legislation:

· Clean Water Act (CWA 2006)

· Environmental Protection Act (EPA 2006)

· Greenbelt Act (GA 2005) and Greenbelt Plan (GP 2009)

· Ontario Heritage Act (OHA 1990)

· Ontario Water Resources Act (OWRA 1990)

· Planning Act (PA 1990)

· Lakes and Rivers Improvement Act (LRIA 1990)

· Public Lands Act (PLA 1990)

· Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA 2002)

Federal Legislation:

· Canadian Environmental Assessment Act (CEAA 1992)

· Clean Air Act (CAA 2006)

Brief descriptions of the above Provincial and Federal statutes and regulations are presented on

Appendices O and P respectively.

6.3.4 Air Emissions

The air emissions of the gasification waste management facility shall meet the requirements of the principal air emission regulation O. Reg. 419/05, Air Pollution – Local Air Quality (O. Reg.

419/05 2005). O. Reg. 419/05 was introduced to better protect local communities from the impacts of air pollution. With O. Reg. 419/05, the MOE sets contaminant specific air quality standards to protect human health and the environment. MOE has issued the Summary of O.

Reg. 419/05 Standards and Point of Impingement Guidelines & Ambient Air Quality Criteria

(AAQCs) (O. Reg. 419/05 Standards 2005), which lists air quality standards and guidelines for over 300 contaminants. Special assessments shall be made for the emissions of carbon dioxide

(CO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), respirable particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5) and dioxins.

6.3.5 Zoning Permit

The City of Hamilton’s strategy for a sustainable community, Vision 2020 (Vision 2020), contains goals and actions aimed at the effective reduction and safe management of waste. And the City of Hamilton has a historical setting of heavy industrial and residential land uses located with proximity of each other. On June 10, 2009, the City of Hamilton passed Zoning By-laws of No.

09-130, 09-131 (Zoning By-laws 2009) for the adoption of the Official Plan Amendments to add policies to the Regional Municipality of Hamilton-Wentworth Official Plan that manage Waste

Management Facilities (Hamilton Notice 2009). Each of the former municipal Official Plans for

Ancaster, Dundas, Flamborough, Glanbrook, Hamilton and Stonery Creek will be amended accordingly for any new, or expansion to an exiting waste management facility.

Any new gasification waste management facilities intended to be built in Hamilton has to apply for a zoning permit for the proposed site. A zoning of classification of “K” (Heavy Industry, etc.)

District is required. The same zoning classification was granted to the Liberty Energy Centre’s application (Liberty Energy ESR 2006).

6.3.6 Diaper Collections

The collection of Diapers as feedstock for the Gasification facility would be a challenge. The collection of diapers could be achieved by:

(1) Use garbage bag with designated colour (e.g. orange) for diapers disposal for

households, public and private businesses. The diapers could be collected weekly;

and/or

(2) Set up diaper collection stations at selected locations in Hamilton for the collection of

used diapers. This requires special design of the diaper collection stations to prevent

odour leakage.

6.3.7 Feed-In Tariff Program

The Ontario Green Energy Act (GEA), which received Royal Assent on May 14, 2009, was introduced by the Ontario Government to stimulate investment in renewable energy, green jobs

and energy conservation and demand management. One of the key features of the GEA is the

Feed-in-Tariff (FIT) program which guarantees specific prices for energy generation from renewable sources such as biomass, biogas, landfill gas, wind, solar and water power (GEA

2009). According to Ontario Power Authority (OPA), energy from Energy-From-Waste facilities does not qualify for the FIT program; and energy-from-waste is being procured under specialized procurements by the Ontario Ministry of Energy and Infrastructure (OPA Q&A 2009).

In order for the Diaper Gasification Facility to qualify the FIT program, besides diapers, biomass has to be added to the feedstock as fuel source.

7.0 CONCLUSIONS

The diaper diversion from landfill initiative of the City of Hamilton though is a challenge, but is achievable. It would be achieved through advance gasification technology and wide range of public policies in the areas of education, communications, trade promotions, government incentive programs and regulations for eco-friendly diapering resolutions. And this research shows while resolving the diaper challenge, the resolutions proposed create ‘green’ jobs and business opportunities for Hamilton.

Hamilton has been a centre of manufacturing and industry for decades, with the closure of the

U.S. Steel plant and auto industry crises in North America, Hamilton made a record of 8.8 percent unemployment rate in March 2009, but unemployment rate drops in April and May 2009 with employment rose in wholesale & retail trade, and transportation & warehousing sectors.

This shows the potential for the city’s economy to shift from manufacturing to trade; and it would be beneficial to pursue the diaper diversion public policy initiatives and to create the ‘green’ industry in Hamilton at the same time.

8.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

It is recommended that the City of Hamilton to establish a diaper diversion task force to work with City of Hamilton staffs, politicians, parents, business owners, and interest groups for the implementation and monitoring of the diaper diversion public policy initiatives as identified in this report.

APPENDIX A gDiaper Product Information

gDiapers, as referred to as the Hybrid Diapers by Lynda Fassa (Fassa 2008), is a combination of cloth and disposable diaper in one product. A gDiaper consists of a washable cloth outer pant and a plastic-free disposable insert that can be tossed, flushed and even composted (gDiaper 2009).

According to the manufacturer, the gDiapers refills are made of wood fluff pulp, sodium polyacrylate (SAP) for absorbency, and cellulose rayon. There is no plastic content. The manufacturer recommends flushing the refills down the toilet, especially for the soiled refills. Composting is a good option for the wet refills as the manufacture claims that these wet refills decompose in 50-150 days. Tossing is the last recommended option. Since the gDiaper refill contains no plastic, according to the manufacturer, ‘it will break in the landfill in about 90 days vs. up to 500 years for a disposable’ ; in addition, one refill is less than a third the size of a whole diaper, it has much less impact on the landfill issues as the regular disposable diaper.

The gDiapers have received Cradle to Cradle Gold certification from MBDC (MBDC 2009); and it is being marketed as an eco-friendly product.

(Source: gDiapers)

There are currently six stores carry the gDiapers products in the Hamilton areas:

Vital Planet Hamilton 4 Newton Ave. Horn of Plenty Hamilton ON, L8S 1V7 24 King St. W. 905-525-0055 Dundas ON, L9H 1T7 www.vitalplanet.com

Dell Pharmacy Janet Klein Iridologist 331 Dundurn St. S. 74 Walnut Street South Hamilton ON, L8P 4L6 Hamilton ON, L8N 2L3 (905) 522-9578

Goodness Me! Natural Food Mkt. Goodness Me! Natural Food Mkt. 176 Locke Street South 1000 Upper Gage Ave. Hamilton ON, L8P 4A9 Hamilton ON, L8V 4R5 905-526-8400 (905) 388-8400 www.goodnessme.ca www.goodnessme.ca

APPENDIX B Cloth Diaper Prices

The following are the Cloth Diaper Prices provided by ParentingByNature.com (ParentingByNature2009). All prices are in Canadian dollars.

Prefold Diapers

Unbleached Premium Prefolds $3.99 each Organic Cotton Premium Prefold $4.16 each Organic Hemp Prefold Diapers (Small): $8.98 each Organic Hemp Prefold Diapers (One-Size): $9.98 each Organic Hemp Prefold Diapers (Large): $12.98 each

Fitted Cloth Diapers

Kissaluvs Cloth Diapers $15.49 each Kissaluvs Organic Cloth Diapers $18.98 each Sugar Peas Hemp/Organic Cloth Diapers $18.99 each One-Sized Organic Hemp Cloth Diapers $18.99 each Bamboo Cloth Diapers $22.98 each Under the Nile 100% Organic Fitted Diaper $19.99 each

Pocket Cloth Diapers

Happy Heiny’s One-Size Diapers, Prints $24.98 each Happy Heiny’s One-Size Pocket Diapers, SNAPS $24.98 each Happy Heiny’s One-Size Diapers, Solid $24.98 each Fuzzi Bunz Print Cloth Diapers $24.98 each Fuzzi Bunz Pocket Diapers $24.98 each Happy Heiny’s Pocket Diapers, Solid $19.99 each Hayyp Heiny’s Pocket Diapers with Snaps $17.99 each bumGenius! One-Size Pocket Diapers $24.98 each

All-In-One Cloth Diapers

BumGenius All-in-One Cloth Diapers $21.75 each BumGenoius ORGANIC One-Size All-in-One $29.84 each BerryPlush AIO Cloth Diapers/Covers $32.98 each

APPENDIX C Cost Comparisons of Disposable and Compostable Diapers

The following table shows the costs of disposable and compostable diapers of the popular brands. All prices are in Canadian dollars.

Brand Number of Diapers Package Price Unit Price (Size 3 to 6) (in Canadian (in Canadian dollars) dollars) Pampers 156, 140, 120, 100 36.97 0.24, 0.26, 0.31, 0.37 Huggies 156, 140, 120, 100 36.97 0.24, 0.26, 0.31, 0.37 Parent’s Choice 156, 140, 120, 100 26.77 0.17, 0.19, 0.22, 0.27 Nature Babycare 34, 30, 26, 22 17.99 0.53, 0.60, 0.67, 0.82 gDiapers 40 (S), 32 (M&L) 20.69 0.52, 0.66

gDiapers Starter Kit for $37.79 at regular price.

The prices for the diapers as shown in the above table are from the following sources:

Pampers, Huggies and Parent’s Choice – Wal-Mart Superstore, Richmond Hill, ON location.

Nature Babycare - Goodness Me! Natural Fook Mkt, company web site (Goodness Me 2009). gDiapers - Ecobotts Baby Products, Mississauga, ON, company web site (Ecobotts 2009).

APPENDIX D Compfy Cotton Diaper Service Information

The following is the email reply to the inquiry of Compfy Cotton Diaper Service, May 25, 2009.

Hello Rita:

Thank you for your interest in Comfy Cotton.

As per our telephone conversation, the following is an overview of our service including prices.

If time permits, please call Comfy Cotton about a month before your due date, so that we can make your first diaper delivery two or three weeks before the due date. The standard initial order is for 70, 100% cotton infant sized diapers. Setting the service up prior to the baby’s due date allows you to have diapers ready and available when the baby is born. Just call us when the baby arrives and we’ll arrange to resume the weekly diaper service.

Cost The cost for the service, which includes the diapers, is $15.95/week plus GST with no charge when you go on vacation. We have a refundable sign up fee of forty dollars. As a way of saying thank you we return this to you upon completion of the first year of diaper service. The minimum sign up commitment for the service is 4 weeks. As a result of a pick-up being missed, and an extra delivery of diapers being required, please be advised that there is a $5.00 extra delivery charge.

Diapers and Covers Comfy Cotton supplies a flat, rectangular shaped diaper called a Chinese pre-fold. It is not a fitted diaper. Their use is simplified when you purchase fitted Velcro diaper covers. Using fitted diaper covers to hold the diapers in place instead of old fashioned diaper pins brings modern convenience to the age old tradition that encourages early toilet training. We recommend you purchase 4 diaper covers and they cost 8 or 9 dollars each depending on the material you choose.

Pail and diaper care You will also need to purchase a diaper pail for your soiled diapers. We sell a pail at cost for $20.25 + tax. It’s 14 gallons and has an area in the lid for a carbon filter to absorb odor. Every week we provide you with a plastic bag to line your diaper pail. Every two months, we provide a carbon filter.

In terms of diaper care, you do not need to wash or soak the diapers. You just throw them in the bag we have provided, in the diaper pail. The diapers are treated with an ingredient called bacteriostat, which prevents bacteria growth. When the baby is older and forming a full stool, you only need to shake the stool off into the toilet.

Please feel free to call or email with any other questions you might have.

Best wishes,

Cheryl Harricharan Comfy Cotton Diaper Service, 860 Denison Street - Unit #9 Markham, Ont L3R 4H1 905-940-8118 1-888-759-3945

APPENDIX E Metropolitan Outlook – Spring 2009

(Source: The Conference Board of Canada)

APPENDIX E Metropolitan Outlook – Spring 2009 (Continue)

(Source: The Conference Board of Canada)

APPENDIX E Metropolitan Outlook – Spring 2009 (Continue)

(Source: The Conference Board of Canada)

APPENDIX E Metropolitan Outlook – Spring 2009 (Continue)

(Source: The Conference Board of Canada)

APPENDIX F Prenatal Classes for Parents Less Than 21 Years of Age

Locations/Times

Location Class Hours Register Call (905) 546-3591 St. David Ontario Early Year Center OR 4:30pm- Registration hours are Monday to Friday Central Mountain 6:30pm 8:30am-4:30pm

FREE Prenatal Drop-in Groups:

Attend prenatal drop-in groups geared to teen moms. Drop in groups run on a weekly basis. Classes are interactive, fun and free of charge. Bus tickets and grocery gift cards/certificates are available, and a healthy snack is provided.

Location Class Hours More Information St. Martin's Manor Thursday 1:30pm- (905) 575-7500 500 Mohawk Rd. W. 3:15pm Grace Haven Thursday 1:00pm- (905) 522-7336 138 Herkimer 3:00pm Living Rock Friday 9:30am- (905) 546-3550 30 Wilson St. 11:30am Angela‘s Place- OEYC 320 Tragina Ave. N Tuesday 4:00pm- (905) 546-2424 (corner of Barton & Tragina – 4 blocks 6:00pm x7149 east of Centre Mall)

(Source: City of Hamilton)

APPENDIX G Prenatal Classes for Single Moms, Couples and Newcomer

Locations/Times

Single Moms

Location Class Hours Register 7:00pm-9:00pm East Mountain or Call (905) 546-3591. Registration hours are Monday to 1 night / week x 8 Downtown Friday 8:30am-4:30pm weeks

Couples

Location Class Hours Cost Register East Mountain OR Stoney Creek Call (905) 546-3591 7:30pm- OR $87.00/couple Registration hours are Monday to Friday 8:30am- 9:30pm Downtown 4:30pm OR Dundas

Newcomer

Class Day and Location Cost More Information Time Ontario Early Years Center, Drop-in every Call (905) 546-3550 Hamilton West, 155 Queen St. Monday 1:00pm- Free Call to plan for child care N. 3:00pm during prenatal group

(Source: City of Hamilton)

APPENDIX H Hamilton Prenatal Nutrition Project Locations/Times

For Program Where? When? information:

Healthy Moms Healthy Mission Services Tuesday am 905-522-7778 Babies 50 Murray St. West 10:00-12:00 noon (between MacNab & Bay St.) & North Hamilton Friday am Community Health Centre 10:00-12:00 noon

Welcome Baby Church of Ascension Thursday 905-546-2424 65 Charlton Ave. East 1:00-3:00pm x7854 Public Health Services (corner of John St. Charlton Ave.)

Church of the Resurrection Tuesday 905-546-2424 435 Mohawk Rd. West 1:00-3:00pm x3706 (at Garth, beside firehall)

Sanford OEYC Centre Tuesday 905-546-2424 735 King St. East 9:30-11:30am x7854 Floor 1A (corner King & Sanford)

Ontario Early Years Centre Wednesday 905-546-2424 Main West location 1:15-3:15pm x1577 1900 Main St. West (enter at back of apartment building)

Youth Group Tuesday 905-546-2424 Angela's Place - OEYC 4:00-6:00pm x7149 320 Tragina Ave. N (corner of Barton & Tragina - 4 blocks east of Centre Mall)

Dominic Agostino Riverdale Wednesday 905-546-2424 Community Center 1:00-3:00pm x7149 150 Violet Drive (near Eastgate Mall, off Centennial)

Ontario Early Years Centre Thursday 905-546-2424 Hamilton East Brighter Futures 9:30-11:30am x7078 45 Ellis Ave (across from Centre Mall)

(Source: City of Hamilton)

APPENDIX I Expectant Moms Program

Expectant moms receive a home visit by a Public Health Nurse to assess the family's needs and determine eligibility for the program, or by a Public Health Nurse and Family Home Visitor to work on goals identified by the family, to promote healthy growth and development of children and link families with community resources and supports.

Family Home Visiting services are provided by six agencies through the Healthy Babies, Healthy Children (HBHC) program.

Contact Information

Telephone: Health Connections at 905-546-3550 for self-referral

Hours: Monday-Friday: 8:30am - 4:30pm

(Source: City of Hamilton)

APPENDIX J Home Safety Information Workshops

Home safety information workshops are held at Ontario Early Years Centres to educate parents about the dangers in their homes and how to prevent accidental injury.

Schedule Date / Time Location

Tuesday March 10, 2009 OEYC Hillcrest School 10:00 - 11:00 am 40 Eastwood St.. Call 905-545-5995 in advance to register

Monday March 23, 2009 OEYC St. John's 10:00 - 11:00 am 1285 Hwy #8, Winona Call 905-643-2052 in advance to register

Contact Information Email: [email protected] Phone: Health Connections at 905-546-3550

Home Safety Presentations

Date Time Location Registration Thurs. Jan. 22nd, 10:00 – 11:00 OEYC Binbrook Memorial Hall 2009 am 2600 Highway #56 905-573-7905 Thurs Feb. 5, 2009 10:00 – 11:00 OEYC Hamilton West - Wesley am 155 Queen St North 905-521-0926 Referral forms are Fri. Feb. 6, 2009 10:00 – 11:00 OEYC Sanford no longer required. am 735 King St E. Floor 1A Clients are to call 905-525- 5855 the OEYC location Fri. Feb. 6, 2009 10:00 – 11:00 OEYC Stoney Creek- St- David to register. am Catholic School 33 Cromwell Cres. 905-573-7905 Tues. Feb 10, 2009 10:00 – 11:00 OEYC Elizabeth Bagshaw School am 350 Albright Rd. 905-308-2954 Tues. Mar. 10, 2009 10:00 – 11:00 OEYC Hillcrest School am 40 Eastwood St. 905-545-5995 Mon. Mar 23, 2009 10:00 – 11:00 OEYC St-John’s am 1285 Hwy#8, Winona 905-643-2052

(Source: City of Hamilton)

APPENDIX K Child Care / Day Care Centres

Child Care / District Contact Telephone Web Site Day Care Centres Gabriella First Class Children's McKinnon, Co- Centre Supervisor Malinda Imagineer's Child Lockhart, 905-318-1020 Care Centre Supervisor Stoney- Lisa Kindertown Child Creek Russumanno, 905-573-9242 Care Centre Upper Director Little Angel's Infant Jill Kivell, Millgrove 905-690-8884 and Toddler Centre Supervisor Little Learning Hamilton Teresa House Child Care Mountain Umbrello, 905-388-4610 www.littlelearninghouse.com Centre Central Supervisor Hamilton Sandra Little People Day Mountain Zynomirski, 905-385-4772 www.littlepeoples.ca Care Centre West Director Hamilton Shirley McCoy, Lucky Day Nursery 905-544-0885 East Director The Millgrove Clorice Manning, Millgrove 905-690-3447 Children's Centre Supervisor Hamilton Miniature World Day Peggy Gibb, Mountain 905-574-8194 www.miniatureworlddaycare.701.com Care Supervisor East

(Source: Inform Hamilton)

APPENDIX L Preschools

Preschool District Contact Telephone Web Site Honey Bears Co- Diane Bajus operative Preschool - Harrison, 905-312-9308 of Hamilton Supervisor Jack and Jills Cooperative Carla Black, 905-648-8659 www.jacksandjillspreschool.ca Preschool of Supervisor Ancaster Inc. Little Mountaineers Hamilton Birgit Elston, Co-operative Mountain Co- 905-389-5592 Preschool East Supervisor Little Red Apple Hamilton Donna Preschool Mountain Bower, 905-383-6055 West Director Lynden Co- Angela operative Preschool Lynden Topolinsky, 519-647-2970 Inc. Supervisor Meadowlands Donna Preschool Ancaster Currie, 905-304-8005 www.meadowlandsdaycare.ca Supervisor Mother Goose Co- Hamilton Jane Walker, operative Preschool 905-527-7704 www.mothergoosecooperativepreschool.ca West Supervisor Inc.

(Source: Inform Hamilton)

APPENDIX M Hamilton and Area Hospitals

Hospital Telephone Address 1200 Main St. West Hamilton, ON McMaster University Medical Center (MUMC) 905-521-2100 L8N 3Z5 Chedoke Hospital (includes Wilcox, Sanatorium Road, Hamilton, ON Holbrook, Evel buildings and Continuing 905-521-2100 L9C 1C4 Care Centre) 1200 Main St. West Hamilton, ON McMaster Children's Hospital (within MUMC) 905-521-2100 L8N 3Z5 237 Barton St. East, Hamilton, ON Hamilton General Hospital 905-527-4322 L8L 2X2 711 Concession St., Hamilton, ON Henderson General Hospital 905-527-4322 L8V 1C3 88 Maplewood Avenue, Hamilton, St Peter's Hospital 905-777-3837 ON L8M 1W9 1230 North Shore Boulevard East, Joseph Brant Memorial Hospital 905-632-3730 Burlington, ON L7S 1W7 699 Concession Street, Hamilton, Juravinski Cancer Centre 905-387-9495 ON L8V 5C2 St Joseph's Centre For Mountain Health 905-388-2511 100 West 5, Hamilton, ON L9C 3N6 Services 50 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, St Joseph's Healthcare 905-522-4941 ON L8N 4A6 50 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, St Joseph's Hospital 905-522-4941 ON L8N 4A6 169 Main Street East, Grimsby, ON West Lincoln Memorial Hospital 905-945-2253 L3M 1P3

(Source: Hamilton Health Sciences)

APPENDIX N Interest Groups

Canadian Association of Family Resource Programs A national bilingual, not-for-profit association founded in 1975 with mission is to “promote the well-being of families by providing national leadership, consultation and resources to those who care for children and support families” (FRP Canada 2009).

Canadian Institute of Child Health A national charitable organization, founded in 1977, with mission is to improve the health of children and youth in Canada. They focus in three core areas: “(1) monitoring children’s health; (2) educating professionals, caregivers and policy-makers; and (3) advocating for legislation and policies that improve child health” (CICH 2009).

Affiliated Services for Children and Youth Founded in 1994, Affiliated Services for Children and Youth provides support services for early learning and child care community in Hamilton. Their “Home Child Care Support Services” provides information, education, training, support and other general services to home child care operators to improve the quality of child care offered through the home care system (ASCY 2009).

Association of Day Care Operators of Ontario Founded in 1977, Association of Day Care Operators of Ontario is a provincial networking group for Ontario day care operators. The organization’s mission is to “provide a forum for the owners and managers of Ontario’s independent licensed child care programs to work together to achieve common goals” (ADCO 2009).

Home Child Care Association of Ontario The Home Child Care Association of Ontario provides support services for stakeholders (individuals, groups, corporations, organizations, federal, provincial and municipal authorities) in the home child care sector. The organization’s goals are to encourage and promote communications among stakeholders, development of policies and programs, adoption and maintenance of appropriate standards of practice, continuing education and development, social action as appropriate and research in the home child care sector (HCCAO 2009).

Federation of Urban Neighbourhoods (Ontario) The Federation of Urban Neighbourhoods (Ontario) was found by the Durand Neighbourhood Association of Hamilton on November 24, 2001 after the “Shaping Ontario’s Neighbourhoods 2001” Symposium (hosted by Durand in Hamilton in May, 2001). The objectives of the federation is “to promote awareness of urban issues, undertake projects which will enhance quality of life for residents of urban settings, establish a resource base for information, share expertise, represent the common interests of member organizations before public and private bodies as well as to encourage citizens to actively participate in and become informed about community and civic affairs” (FUN 2009).

APPENDIX N Interest Groups (Continue)

Hamilton Chamber of Commerce The Hamilton Chamber of Commerce is a “voluntary organization established to promote civic, commercial, industrial and agricultural progress in the community it serves, and to work for sound legislation and efficient administration of the community and at all levels of government" for Hamilton (Hamilton Chamber of Commerce 2009).

Association of Community Information Centres in Ontario The Association of Community Information Centres in Ontario is an incorporated, non-profit, charitable organization representing over 40 community information centres throughout Ontario. The association’s mission “is to strengthen and enhance Community Information Centres in Ontario by providing them with leadership in the areas of standards, accreditation, marketing, development and information technology” (ACICO 2009).

APPENDIX O Other Environmental Provincial Legislation

Clean Water Act The Clean Water Act, 2006 was introduced on December 5, 2005 and received Royal Assent on October 19, 2006 The Act will ensure that communities are able to identify potential risks to their supplies of drinking water, and take action to reduce or eliminate these risks. Municipalities, conservation authorities, landowners, farmers, industry, community groups and interested persons will all work together to meet common goals.

Environmental Protection Act The Environmental Protection Act (EPA) prohibits the discharge of contaminants into the natural environment that will or are likely to have an adverse effect. Any specified undertaking which involves discharging a contaminant into the air (including noise and vibration) or waste management/disposal will require a certificate of approval from the Ministry of the Environment under the Environmental Protection Act.

Greenbelt Act and Greenbelt Plan The Greenbelt Act, 2005 provides the authority for the creation of the Greenbelt Area (O. Reg. 59/05) and the establishment of the Greenbelt Plan. The Greenbelt Plan contains policies for providing permanent agricultural and environmental protection as well as providing for a wide range of recreation, tourism and cultural opportunities in the area. The Greenbelt area includes the 800,000 acres of land protected by the Niagara Escarpment Plan and the Oak Ridges Moraine Conservation Plan, and 1 million newly protected acres known as the Protected Countryside. The Greenbelt Act, 2005 also requires planning decisions to conform to the Greenbelt Plan.

Ontario Heritage Act The Environmental Assessment Act defines environment in a broad sense that includes natural, social, cultural, economic and built environment. This broad definition of the environment makes the assessment of the impact of the undertaking on cultural heritage resources as part of the standard environmental assessment process in Ontario. The Minister of Culture is responsible for the administration of the Ontario Heritage Act and is responsible for determining policies, priorities and programs for the conservation, protection and preservation of Ontario’s heritage, which includes cultural heritage landscapes, built heritage and archaeological resources. Furthermore, under the Ontario Heritage Act, the Minister of Culture is responsible for licensing archaeologists conducting archaeological fieldwork, under the Planning Act and the Environmental Assessment Act.

Ontario Water Resources Act The Ontario Water Resources Act (OWRA) regulates the taking of water from ground or surface water sources as well as the treatment and disposal of sewage, and requires proponents to obtain approval from the Ministry of the Environment. Approval may consist of a certificate of approval and/or a permit-to-take-water, depending on the proposed undertaking.

APPENDIX O Other Environmental Provincial Legislation (Continue)

Planning Act The Planning Act regulates land use planning in the Province of Ontario and is administered by the Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing and municipal governments. Projects which are subject to the Environmental Screening Process may also require approval under the Planning Act, such as an amendment to a municipal official plan, a change in zoning, and/or a minor variance to a zoning by-law. The Planning Act requires public consultation for these land use applications. Proponents should contact the local municipal government to enquire if any land use approvals are required for their proposed undertaking and involve them early in the planning process.

Lakes and Rivers Improvement Act The Like and Rivers Improvement Act (LRIA) regulates the construction, repair and use of a dam on any lake or river, including the diversions of streams, and is administered by the Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR). “Dam”, “lake” and “river are very broadly defined in the LRIA. Construction, alteration, improvement and repair of a dam in circumstances set out in the regulations require approval from MNR.

Public Lands Act Waste management projects may be subject to the Public Lands Act administered by the Ministry of Natural Resources. The “rules” governing the administration of Crown land are laid out in the Public Lands Act. In this statute, the term “public land” means Crown land. Section 2 of the Public Lands Act grants the Minister of Natural Resources the authority to manage, sell, and dispose of public lands.

Safe Drinking Water Act The Sage Drinking Water Act (ADWA) provides for the protection of human health through the control and regulation of drinking water systems and drinking water testing. The Act regulates drinking water testing laboratories, operation certification, and the reporting of adverse drinking water results. The Ministry of the Environment administers the Act.

(Source: Guide to Environmental Assessment Requirements for Waste Management Projects)

APPENDIX P Other Environmental Federal Legislation

Canadian Environment Assessment Act, 1999 Waste Management projects may also be subject to the requirements of the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act (CEAA). One of the primary objectives of CEAA is to facilitate public participation in the environmental assessments process.

It is one of the most important environmental laws in Canada to govern the assessment and management of toxic substances. The goal of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) is to contribute to sustainable development through pollution prevention and to protect the environment, human life and health from the risks associated with toxic substances.

Clean Air Act The Clean Air Act provides the federal government with the authority to regulate air pollutants and GHGs, through amendments to several federal statutes, in particular, the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 (CEPA). These amendments grant the power to regulate a broader spectrum of substances and expand the manner in which such regulation may be carried out.

The Clean Air Act adds two key definitions to CEPA for “air pollutant” and “greenhouse gas”, listing a number of substances belonging to the two categories, which may be expanded by regulation. The substances included in the definitions are:

· Air Pollutants: respirable particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5), ozone (O3), sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), gaseous ammonia (NH3)(g), and mercury.

· Greenhouse Gases: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrfluorocarbons, certain perfluorocrbons and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6).

(Source: Environment Canada)

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