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An Environmental and Social History of the Nebraska Sandhills During the Great Depression, 1929-1941

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An Environmental and Social History of the Nebraska Sandhills During the Great Depression, 1929-1941 OF FIRE AND DUST: AN ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE NEBRASKA SANDHILLS DURING THE GREAT DEPRESSION, 1929-1941 By DREW D FOLK Bachelor of Arts in History Chadron State College Chadron, Nebraska 2003 Master of Arts in History University of Wyoming Laramie, Wyoming 2006 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR of PHILOSOPHY December, 2014 OF FIRE AND DUST: AN ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE NEBRASKA SANDHILLS DURING THE GREAT DEPRESSION, 1929-1941 Dissertation Approved: November 20 th , 2014 Dr. L. G. Moses, Dissertation Adviser Dr. Michael Logan, Committee Member Dr. Elizabeth Williams, Committee Member Dr. Brad Bays, Outside Member ii Dedication In memory and honor of Neal Jay Dutton, a truer friend and Sandhiller I have never known. Acknowledgements There are several people and organizations that I wish to thank in helping provide resources as well as professional and personal support during the research and writing of this study. First, I would like to thank the following local/state government agencies and archives who were instrumental in providing numerous county land records, newspaper articles, County and District Court records, historical collections, road construction records, stockmen group meeting records, and county bounty records: the Arthur County Clerk’s Office, Arthur, Nebraska; Blaine County Clerk’s Office, Brewster, Nebraska; Brown County Clerk’s Office, Ainsworth, Nebraska; Box Butte County Clerk’s Office, Alliance, Nebraska; Cherry County Clerk’s Office and Office of the District Court, Valentine, Nebraska; Custer County Register of Deeds Office and Office of the District Court, Broken Bow, Nebraska; Garden County Clerk’s Office, Oshkosh, Nebraska; Garfield County Clerk’s Office, Burwell, Nebraska; Grant County Clerk’s Office, Hyannis, Nebraska; Greeley County Clerk’s Office, Greeley, Nebraska; Holt County Register of Deeds Office and Office of the District Court, O’Neill, Nebraska; Hooker County Clerk’s Office, Mullen, Nebraska; Keith County Clerk’s Office, Ogallala, Nebraska; Lincoln County Register of Deeds Office and Office of the District Court, North Platte, Nebraska; Logan County Clerk’s Office, Stapleton, Nebraska; Loup County Clerk’s Office, Taylor, Nebraska; McPherson County Clerk’s Office, Tryon, Nebraska; Morrill County Clerk’s Office and Office of the District Court, Bridgeport, Nebraska; Rock County Clerk’s Office, Bassett, Nebraska; Sheridan County Clerk’s Office and Office of the District Court, Rushville, Nebraska; Thomas County Clerk’s Office, Thedford, Nebraska; Valley County Clerk’s Office, Ord, Nebraska; Wheeler County Clerk’s Office, Bartlett, Nebraska; Custer County Historical Society, Broken Bow, Nebraska; Hooker County Historical Society, Mullen, Nebraska; Holt County Historical Society, O’Neill, Nebraska; the Nebraska State Historical Society, Lincoln, Nebraska; the Knight Museum and Sandhills Center, Alliance, Nebraska; the staff of King Library, Chadron State College, Chadron, Nebraska; the staff of the Goodall City Library, Ogallala, Nebraska; Julie Pfeiffer, Head Librarian, Hooker County Public Library, Mullen, Nebraska, and the American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming. iii Secondly, I would like to thank the following individuals/groups for their support and inspiration throughout my academic career in my efforts to become a history professor: Dr. Joel Hyer, Dr. Allen Shepherd, the late- Dr. Sam Rankin, Dr. Thomas Deane Tucker, Dr. Charles Cressy, Dr. Rolland Dewing, Dr. Phil Roberts, Dr. Ron Schultz, Ann Marie Lane, Dr. Michael Logan, Dr. Elizabeth Williams, Dr. Brad Bays, Dr. James Huston, Dr. Ron Petrin, Dr. Brian Frehner, my colleagues at the Wyoming State Archives, and last, but not least, Dr. L. G. Moses. Third, I would like to thank my following friends and colleagues for being personally supportive of my endeavors throughout the years: Ryan and Shelby Ridenour, Zane Dady, Zachary Dady, Brad Earl, Mark Beitel, Trevor Barner, Kathie and Mark Hassett, Matt Deepe, Cody Edwards, Brent Gostanzik, Michelle McCargish, Wes Mosier, Ry Marcatillio-McCracken, Mary Sanders, Chelsea Medlock, Joshua Harr, Michael Seamen, Andrew Smith, Dr. Erin Abraham, Dr. Bryan Carter, Dr. Justin Prince and Mrs. Carla Prince, Dr. Kurt Anderson, and Dr. Kristen Morgan. Fourth, I would like to thank Great Depression survivors, Frank Harding and Mary Hallstead Reed, both of Mullen, Nebraska, for agreeing to be personally interviewed and used as primary sources for this study. Their first hand experiences and insights were extremely insightful and beneficial in piecing together what life was like in the Sandhills during the Great Depression. Finally, I would like to thank my parents, Lois and the-late Lewis Don Folk for their support throughout my entire life in my various endeavors ranging from high school athletics to the attainment of my Doctorate in History. I love you very much. I would also like to thank my uncle, Clayton Gall, for his support throughout the years as I pursued my academic goals. Last, but not least, I would like to thank the love of my life, Stephanie Robin Folk, and her parents, Dennis and Lyn Conner, and my brother-in-law, Dennis Conner and his wife, Maggie, and their three children, Makayla, Kendryck, and Kayleigh, for the support they have shown as I pursued my Graduate Studies in the History Department at Oklahoma State University. Stephanie, I love you very much and could not have done this without you! I will never be able to repay you for all the steadfast love and support you have shown me throughout this experience. There are not enough kittens and cars in the world to repay this debt. I love you moo!! Acknowledgements reflect the views of the author and are not endorsed by committee members or Oklahoma State University. iv Name: Drew Folk Date of Degree: December, 2014 Title of Study: OF FIRE AND DUST: AN ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE NEBRASKA SANDHILLS DURING THE GREAT DEPRESSION, 1929- 1941 Major Field: History Abstract: During the Great Depression life on the Great Plains of the central United States was harsh, difficult, fiscally challenging, and, at times, deadly. The economic challenges posed to the region’s agricultural residents was due largely to difficult environmental conditions, such as drought, dust storms, severe thunderstorms, pestilential plagues, and fire, which resulted directly in farm foreclosures and forced migration when successive years of failed crops and dry, dusty fields led to even dustier pockets. Past historiography has primarily focused on the difficult experiences of agriculturalists in the central and southern plains states with the northern plains states, especially Nebraska, receiving little scholarly discussion. Individuals who lived in the unique sub-region of Nebraska known as the Sandhills during the Great Depression shared the aforementioned environmental calamities to varying degrees with their neighbors on the central and southern plains; however, not all of their experiences were identical. Due to the sub-region’s sandy soils, topography, and abundant rangelands Sandhills’ agriculturalists utilized more pastoral methods than many of their Great Plains contemporaries, thus, in turn, leading to different forms of agrarian success and failure. “Frontier” aspects persisted in Sandhills society during the Depression era as roads were rudimentary, ranches and farms lacked electricity, horses remained essential to agricultural production as tractors were few and ill-suited to the Sandhills’ terrain, and felonious crimes reminiscent of the stereotypical “Wild West,” such as bank robberies and shootouts, were commonplace. This study examines how the Great Depression era was simultaneously Sandhills’ society’s most “frontier” period, due to these aspects, and it’s most progressive one due to significant infrastructure improvements brought to the hills by the New Deal in the form of new roads, schools, and reclamation projects and the subsequent social issues that arose when these two differing societal points collided. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..1 Chapter One: A Land of Pests and Flame……………………………………………25 The Landscape, Environment, and Agricultural Challenges of the Nebraska Sandhills. .26 Farewell Rain, Hello Heat: The Arrival and Persistence of the Sandhills Drought……..32 Drought and Apocalypse: Wind, Hail, Dust, Plagues, and Fire…………………………47 Floundering Fowl and Fish………………………………………………………………83 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….91 Chapter Two: Sheriff Sales, Speculators, and Sand……………………………………..93 Bankruptcy and Boom…………………………………………………………………...95 Sandhills Environment and Agricultural Acreage……………………………………...100 To Lien or Leave………………………………………………………………………..108 Profiting from Pestilential Prairies……………………………………………………...146 Ranchers Ascendant?.......................................................................................................160 Diligent Diversification……………………………………………………………….. 183 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………...194 Chapter Three: Hoover and the Hills…………………………………………………...198 The Sandhills at the Dawn of the Depression…………………………………………..200 Early Banking Closures in the Sandhills……………………………………………….209 Sandhills’ Unemployment, 1929-1932…………………………………………………219 Local Relief Efforts in the Sandhills and Implementation, 1929-1933………………...237 vi The Nebraska Sandhills and the Election of 1932: Democrats
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