DOCSLIB.ORG

Crumenulopsis Sororia Crumenulopsis Sororia Is an Apothecia-Forming Ascomycete That Causes Cankers in the Bark and Wood of Pinus Species in Europe

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Crumenulopsis Sororia Crumenulopsis Sororia Is an Apothecia-Forming Ascomycete That Causes Cankers in the Bark and Wood of Pinus Species in Europe U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory - Invasive Fungi Fact Sheets Crumenulopsis pine dieback -Crumenulopsis sororia Crumenulopsis sororia is an apothecia-forming ascomycete that causes cankers in the bark and wood of Pinus species in Europe. Its presence in North America is unlikely (Groves, 1969), but it is known to infect some native species and some introduced species, so that it may be considered a potential invader of North America, as well as other continents where northern pines are grown. Once introduced, its small size, resemblance to related canker-causing species, and spread by airborne spores would make control difficult. Crumenulopsis sororia (P. Karst.) J.W. Groves 1969 (Ascomycetes, Helotiales) Alternate State (Anamorph): Digitosporium piniphilum Gremmen Apothecia appearing stalkless, emerging from cracked bark, often in clusters, cup- to saucer-shaped, dark brown to black, the exterior rough, somewhat hairy, inrolled when dry, interior disk (exposed when damp) pale, 2 mm diam. Asci unitunicate, 100-120 (90-125) x 12-13 um, 8-spored. Ascospores roughly in two columns (biseriate), hyaline, elongate-fusiform, occasionally 1-septate, 18-21 (-27) x 3-5 um. Paraphyses filiform, sometimes branched, tips to 3 um wide. (Dennis, 1978). Host range: Various species of Pinus. Geographic distribution: Groves (1969) discounted collection records of both of his Crumenulopsis species on pine in the USA, considering reports to represent observations of Atropellis species instead. Lack of reports of C. sororia from other countries with temperate climates may be due, likewise, to the difficulty of distinguishing it from related fungi. Notes: Groves (1969) identifies an ectal excipulum of the apothecium, composed of thick-walled dark cells forming a textura angularis distinct from the textura intricata of the medullary excipulum. van Vloten and Gremmen (1953) describe the apothecium with marginal hairs to 100 um long, hymenium yellow-green, stipes 300-600 um and spores ellipsoidal, 12.9-30.1 x 5.7 um, 1-4-celled. Septation in ascospores appears to increase with age, since Hayes (1975) reports that it occurs after spore release. The asexual form (Digitosporium piniphilum) produces pale brown conidia composed of multiple and unequal multicellular branches, resembling the fingers of a hand, in single or clustered cavities of dark pycnidia in the surface layer of bark (Sutton, 1980). On malt agar, the slow-growing mycelium is grayish to olive-green, producing a black pigment into the medium (Gremmen, 1959). Pycnidia are readily produced in culture on 2.5% malt agar (Batko and Pawsey, 1964). Hayes and Manap (1975) did not report pycnidia but described colonies on 2.5% malt agar as pale to smoke grey, becoming darker at the umbonate center, with margins appressed, even to irregular, exudates vinaceous-brown to fuscous, reverse blackish, with some isolates producing brownish to black pigment into agar. Optimum growth occurred at 15-22.5 C, usually faster in the dark. Karsten described this fungus as a species of Crumenula in 1871, but transferred it to the subgenus Heteropeziza of Godronia when he synonymized Crumenula with Godronia in 1885. Rehm kept the species (with C. pinicola) in Crumenula de Not., but his concept of the genus is not accepted (Groves, 1969). Nannfeldt combined the genus with Godronia and Durandia in the genus Scleroderris (Fr.) de Not. Ettlinger objected and retained four species in Crumenula. Seaver chose to follow Karsten in placing C. soraria and C. pinicola in Godronia (van Vloten and Gremmen, 1953). Nevertheless, considering Ettlingers concept, Gremmen found that the four species differ in the structure of the apothecium. The excipulum of C. sororia and C. pinicola is composed of textura intricata and bears marginal hairs, rather than textura prismatica and marginal scales as in Crumenula abietina and C.laricina. Imperfect forms, where known, are also different. Provisionally keeping C. sororia and C. pinicola in Crumenula de Not., Gremmen placed the other two species in Scleroderris (van Vloten and Gremmen, 1953). Groves (1969) noting nomenclatural difficulties with the status of the genus Crumenula, chose to create the new genus Crumenulopsis for C. soraria and C. pinicola, with the latter as type species. SIMILARITIES TO OTHER SPECIES In the related genus Cenangium Fries, some species of which occur on pine as saprobes,or weak parasites, the ascospores are ellipsoid. In Gremmeniella Morelet, the ascospores are multi-septate. Cenangium ferruginosum Fr. ex Fr. is difficult to distinguish from C. sororia until mature apothecia are present (van Vloten and Gremmen, 1953). These lack a stipe and have neither hairs nor scales on the margin. Ascospores are ovate-ellipsoid, hyaline, aseptate, 12-13 X 5-6 Um. In culture, this species produces black spermagonia containing hyaline bacilliform spores (van Vloten and Gremmen, 1953). Sinclair and Lyon (2005) describe and illustrate the mature apothecia as yellowish-brown, while the early forms are dark. Crumenulopsis pinicola (Fr.) JW Groves differs in having shorter, thick-stalked asci, 65-90(-100) X 10-13(-14) Um, and longer, fusiform ascospores, 18-30 (-35) X 3.0-4.0 Um (Groves, 1969). This is a saprobic species found on dead wood (Gremmen, 1968). Gremmeniella abietina produces falcate multicellular conidia in a mucilaginous matrix from pycnidia on infected pines (Sinclair and Lyon, 2005). The dark brown apothecia exhibit the differences described above for C. abietina (under Taxonomy). Ascospores are ellipsoid, 4-celled, 15.2-16.1 X 3.8-4.7 Um (van Vloten and Gremmen, 1953). DETECTION AND INSPECTION METHODS Before cankers are large enough to cause shedding of bark, they can be detected by the production of resin that accompanies them, from the first few droplets (Gremmen, 1968) to copious flows (Butin, 1995). If mature, the dark brown to black apothecia in and around the canker must be examined microscopically to differentiate them from those of related species. If the unique spores of the Digitosporium anamorph (Sutton, 1980) can be found in pycnidia in the bark, this will be conclusive. Pycnidia also can be obtained in culture on 2.5% malt agar (Batko and Pawsey, 1964). NOTES ON PLANTS AFFECTED C. sororia has been reported as a pathogen on native and introduced species in various countries (Spaulding, 1961; Manap and Hayes, 1971; Hayes et al., 1981) although incidence and distribution data may not be completely accurate due to confusion with C. pinicola (Hayes and Manap, 1975). SYMPTOMS - DESCRIPTION Cankers begin with loosening and splitting of the bark and production of resin, which increases gradually from droplets to streams (Hayes, 1973; Butin, 1995). Internally, there is necrosis of the cambium, with (Gremmen, 1959; Manap and Hayes, 1971) or without (Hayes, 1973) dark blue to black staining of wood and bark, depending upon the tree species. On Pinus contorta, cankers occurred at nodes and in branch axils, as well as between nodes on branches (Manap and Hayes, 1971). Depending on the vigor of the tree, ridges of callus tissue may be produced annually around the canker (Butin, 1995). Stems and branches are flattened in the area of the canker and may be girdled by multiple cankers, so that trees are stunted or killed (Batko and Pawsey, 1964; Manap and Hayes, 1971; Hayes, 1973). BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY Fructification (production of apothecia on infected parts) results from random outcrossing between strains (Ennos and Swales, 1987). Apothecia appear in the spring and early summer after infection (Hayes, 1980). Pycnidia are also produced in and around the canker (Batko and Pawsey, 1964). In Scotland, ascospores are released in spring to early fall months (May to September) in response to certain weather conditions (Hayes, 1975, 1980). Ascospores can remain airborne, particularly within the tree canopy, until removed by wind or rain (Hayes, 1980). Morelet et al. (1987) report that leaf scars, particularly on older shoots, are an important infection court on Pinus halepensis. Gremmen (1968) cited bark injuries as points of infection, with frost contributing to their incidence, but it is not clear whether injury is required for infection (Hayes, 1973). Manap and Hayes (1971) list nodes, internodes and branch axils as sites for cankers on Pinus contorta. PHYSIOLOGY AND PHENOLOGY Within the species in a substantial geographic area of Scotland, there is a broad range of sensitivity to inhibitory monoterpenes produced by trees (Ennos & Swales, 1988) and of other fungal characteristics (Ennos and McConnell, 2003) but there is no evidence for adaptation of populations to local conditions (Ennos and Swales, 1991; Ennos and McConnell, 1995). ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS In Scotland, Hayes (1977) found that incidence of infection on the introduced plantation species, Pinus contorta, was greatest in climatic zones with less rainfall and longer growing seasons. New cankers were more common on the northern and western sides of stems in those drier and warmer areas, while in areas of highest rainfall and shortest growing season, the lowest numbers occurred on the north sides and highest numbers on the western sides. Less infection was observed for southwestern and southeastern aspects. On older trees, conditions needed for infection appeared to be restricted to the lower parts of the stem. Further work on a model (Hayes et al., 1981) confirmed that incidence (% of trees with infection) was related to site elevation, aspect and exposure, but these factors could not explain variation in severity of disease. Infection of Pinus contorta was also strongly correlated with the level of soil moisture (Craig and Hayes, 1981). Vuorinen (2000) studied the increase in number of cankers in luxuriant growth of a plantation of P. sylvestris in Finland and attributed it to the high humidity in the canopy. According to Morelet et al. (1987), cankers on P. halepensis in France increase in frequency when rainfall is above normal. MOVEMENT AND DISPERSAL Airborne ascospores are apparently the means of local dispersal (Hayes, 1985, 1980).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pseudodiplodia Cenangiicola Sp. Nov., a Fungus on Cenangium Ferruginosum
    Karsienia i9: 30-Ji. 1979 Pseudodiplodia cenangiicola sp. nov., a fungus on Cenangium ferruginosum D.W. MINTER MINTER, D.W. 1979: Pseudodiplodia cenangiicola sp. nov., a fungus on Cenangium ferruginosum. - Karstenia 19: 30- 31. A new coelomycete, Pseudodiplodia cenangiicola Nevodovsky ex Minter, on ascocarps of Cenangium ferruginosum Fr. ex Fr. (a fungus inhabiting pine twigs) is described from Krasnoyarsk, Siberia. D. W. Minter, Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Ferry Lane, Kew, Surrey, England Cenangium ferruginosum Fr. ex Fr. (Ascomycetes, Botanical Nomenclature relevant. This states that Helotiales) is a common saprophyte on twigs of 'the distribution on or after 1 Jan. 1953 of printed pines. Collections in the herbaria of the Royal matter accompanying exsiccata does not constitute Botanic Gardens, Kew (K) and the Commonwealth effective publication', with the proviso that 'if the Mycological Institute, Kew (IMI) were recently printed matter is also distributed independently of the examined and two specimens of an unusual collection exsiccata, this constitutes effective publication'. from Krasnoyarsk (Siberia, U.S.S.R.) in October Unless the terms of the proviso were met, therefore, 1950 were discovered. They were labelled as Microdiplodia cenangiicola was not effectively, and Cenangium abietis (Pers.) Rehm (a synonym of C. hence not validly published. Examination of corre­ ferruginosum), and formed no. 29 of the second spondence files at C.M.I. revealed that in 1956 an fascicle of the exsiccata 'Griby SSSR', published in enquiry was made concerning the validity of other Moscow in 1954. On the label was included a Latin names published in the first fascicle of this series of description of a new species, Microdiplodia exsiccata.
    [Show full text]
  • PDF with Supplemental Information
    Review Potential Interactions between Invasive Fusarium circinatum and Other Pine Pathogens in Europe Margarita Elvira-Recuenco 1,* , Santa Olga Cacciola 2 , Antonio V. Sanz-Ros 3, Matteo Garbelotto 4, Jaime Aguayo 5, Alejandro Solla 6 , Martin Mullett 7,8 , Tiia Drenkhan 9 , Funda Oskay 10 , Ay¸seGülden Aday Kaya 11, Eugenia Iturritxa 12, Michelle Cleary 13 , Johanna Witzell 13 , Margarita Georgieva 14 , Irena Papazova-Anakieva 15, Danut Chira 16, Marius Paraschiv 16, Dmitry L. Musolin 17 , Andrey V. Selikhovkin 17,18, Elena Yu. Varentsova 17, Katarina Adamˇcíková 19, Svetlana Markovskaja 20, Nebai Mesanza 12, Kateryna Davydenko 21,22 , Paolo Capretti 23 , Bruno Scanu 24 , Paolo Gonthier 25 , Panaghiotis Tsopelas 26, Jorge Martín-García 27,28 , Carmen Morales-Rodríguez 29 , Asko Lehtijärvi 30 , H. Tu˘gbaDo˘gmu¸sLehtijärvi 31, Tomasz Oszako 32 , Justyna Anna Nowakowska 33 , Helena Bragança 34 , Mercedes Fernández-Fernández 35,36 , Jarkko Hantula 37 and Julio J. Díez 28,36 1 Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación Forestal (INIA-CIFOR), 28040 Madrid, Spain 2 Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy; [email protected] 3 Plant Pathology Laboratory, Calabazanos Forest Health Centre (Regional Government of Castilla y León Region), Polígono Industrial de Villamuriel, S/N, 34190 Villamuriel de Cerrato, Spain; [email protected] 4 Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management; University of California-Berkeley,
    [Show full text]
  • A Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Investigation of Conifer Endophytes
    A Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Investigation of Conifer Endophytes of Eastern Canada by Joey B. Tanney A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biology Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario © 2016 Abstract Research interest in endophytic fungi has increased substantially, yet is the current research paradigm capable of addressing fundamental taxonomic questions? More than half of the ca. 30,000 endophyte sequences accessioned into GenBank are unidentified to the family rank and this disparity grows every year. The problems with identifying endophytes are a lack of taxonomically informative morphological characters in vitro and a paucity of relevant DNA reference sequences. A study involving ca. 2,600 Picea endophyte cultures from the Acadian Forest Region in Eastern Canada sought to address these taxonomic issues with a combined approach involving molecular methods, classical taxonomy, and field work. It was hypothesized that foliar endophytes have complex life histories involving saprotrophic reproductive stages associated with the host foliage, alternative host substrates, or alternate hosts. Based on inferences from phylogenetic data, new field collections or herbarium specimens were sought to connect unidentifiable endophytes with identifiable material. Approximately 40 endophytes were connected with identifiable material, which resulted in the description of four novel genera and 21 novel species and substantial progress in endophyte taxonomy. Endophytes were connected with saprotrophs and exhibited reproductive stages on non-foliar tissues or different hosts. These results provide support for the foraging ascomycete hypothesis, postulating that for some fungi endophytism is a secondary life history strategy that facilitates persistence and dispersal in the absence of a primary host.
    [Show full text]
  • A Worldwide List of Endophytic Fungi with Notes on Ecology and Diversity
    Mycosphere 10(1): 798–1079 (2019) www.mycosphere.org ISSN 2077 7019 Article Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/19 A worldwide list of endophytic fungi with notes on ecology and diversity Rashmi M, Kushveer JS and Sarma VV* Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry 605014, Puducherry, India Rashmi M, Kushveer JS, Sarma VV 2019 – A worldwide list of endophytic fungi with notes on ecology and diversity. Mycosphere 10(1), 798–1079, Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/19 Abstract Endophytic fungi are symptomless internal inhabits of plant tissues. They are implicated in the production of antibiotic and other compounds of therapeutic importance. Ecologically they provide several benefits to plants, including protection from plant pathogens. There have been numerous studies on the biodiversity and ecology of endophytic fungi. Some taxa dominate and occur frequently when compared to others due to adaptations or capabilities to produce different primary and secondary metabolites. It is therefore of interest to examine different fungal species and major taxonomic groups to which these fungi belong for bioactive compound production. In the present paper a list of endophytes based on the available literature is reported. More than 800 genera have been reported worldwide. Dominant genera are Alternaria, Aspergillus, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Phoma. Most endophyte studies have been on angiosperms followed by gymnosperms. Among the different substrates, leaf endophytes have been studied and analyzed in more detail when compared to other parts. Most investigations are from Asian countries such as China, India, European countries such as Germany, Spain and the UK in addition to major contributions from Brazil and the USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Endophytic Fungi in Forest Trees: Are They Mutualists?
    fungal biology reviews 21 (2007) 75–89 journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/fbr Review Endophytic fungi in forest trees: are they mutualists? Thomas N. SIEBER* Forest Pathology and Dendrology, Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland article info abstract Article history: Forest trees form symbiotic associations with endophytic fungi which live inside healthy Received 26 February 2007 tissues as quiescent microthalli. All forest trees in temperate zones host endophytic fungi. Received in revised form The species diversity of endophyte communities can be high. Some tree species host more 24 April 2007 than 100 species in one tissue type, but communities are usually dominated by a few host- Accepted 15 May 2007 specific species. The endophyte communities in angiosperms are frequently dominated by Published online 14 June 2007 species of Diaporthales and those in gymnosperms by species of Helotiales. Divergence of angiosperms and gymnosperms coincides with the divergence of the Diaporthales and the Keywords: Helotiales in the late Carboniferous about 300 million years (Ma) ago, indicating that the Antagonism Diaporthalean and Helotialean ancestors of tree endophytes had been associated, respec- Apiognomonia errabunda tively, with angiosperms and gymnosperms since 300 Ma. Consequently, dominant tree Biodiversity endophytes have been evolving with their hosts for millions of years. High virulence of Commensalism such endophytes can be excluded. Some are, however, opportunists and can cause disease Evolution after the host has been weakened by some other factor. Mutualism of tree endophytes is Fomes fomentarius often assumed, but evidence is mostly circumstantial. The sheer impossibility of producing Mutualism endophyte-free control trees impedes proof of mutualism.
    [Show full text]
  • Breeding and Genetic Resources of Five-Needle Pines: Growth, Adaptability, and Pest Resistance; 2001 July 23-27; Medford, OR, USA
    United States Department of Agriculture Breeding and Genetic Forest Service Resources of Five- Rocky Mountain Research Station Proceedings Needle Pines: RMRS-P-32 May 2004 Growth, Adaptability, and Pest Resistance IUFRO Working Party 2.02.15 International Conference Medford, Oregon, USA July 23-27, 2001 Abstract ___________________________________________________ Sniezko, Richard A.; Samman, Safiya; Schlarbaum, Scott E.; Kriebel, Howard B. eds. 2004. Breeding and genetic resources of five-needle pines: growth, adaptability, and pest resistance; 2001 July 23-27; Medford, OR, USA. IUFRO Working Party 2.02.15. Proceedings RMRS-P-32. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 259 p. This volume presents 29 overview and research papers on the breeding, genetic variation, genecology, gene conservation, and pest resistance of five-needle pines (Pinus L. subgenus Strobus Lemm.) from throughout the world. Overview papers provide information on past and present research as well as future needs for research on white pines from North America, Europe, and Asia. Research papers, more narrowly focused, cover various aspects of genetics. Throughout the distribution of five-needle pines, but particularly in many of the nine North American species, the pathogen Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch. continues to cause high levels of mortality and threatens ecosystems and plantations. Studies on genetic resistance to C. ribicola are described in papers from different regions of the world. Use of P. strobus as an exotic species in Europe and Russia and corresponding problems with white pine blister rust are discussed in several papers. Other papers focus on examining and exploiting patterns of genetic variation of different species.
    [Show full text]
  • Gremmeniella Abietina
    European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization PM 7/92 (1) Organisation Europe´enne et Me´diterrane´enne pour la Protection des Plantes Diagnostics Diagnostic Gremmeniella abietina Specific scope Specific approval and amendment This standard describes a diagnostic protocol for Gremmeniella Approved in 2009–09. abietina1 Synonyms: Ascocalyx abietina (Lagerberg) Schla¨pfer Introduction Crumenula abietina Lagerberg Gremmeniella abietina (Scleroderris-canker of conifers) is a path- Lagerbergia abietina (Lagerberg) J.Reid ogen occurring on many species of Pinus and several other coni- Scleroderris abietina (Lagerberg) Gremmen fers (Picea spp., Abies sachalinensis, Abies balsamea, Larix spp., Scleroderris lagerbergii Gremmen Pseudotsuga menziesii). The pathogen attacks buds and young Anamorph: Brunchorstia pinea (P. Karsten) Ho¨hnel shoots, killing foliage and leading to dieback of twigs and Synonyms: Brunchorstia destruens Eriksson branches. Whole plants may die after repeated attacks or may be Brunchorstia pini Allescher girdled. On older parts bark necroses develop. Excipulina pinea P. Karsten Gremmeniella abietina occurs almost worldwide (North Septoria pinea P. Karsten America, Europe, Asia). It is widespread in Europe: it is a com- Taxonomic position: Fungi: Ascomycetes: Helotiales mon disease of Pinus nigra, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus cembra, Notes on taxonomy and nomenclature: (see introduction) Pinus mugo,butalsoofPicea abies. Geographic distribution EPPO code: GREMAB ranges from the Boreal to the Mediterranean region. Phytosanitary categorization: EU Annex designation: II ⁄ B The species is believed to be partly of European and partly of North American origin. One race is regarded as of European ori- Detection gin and has spread to North America and Japan where it resulted in heavy losses in pine plantations. Symptoms Different varieties, races and biotypes have been described (see Appendix 1) but molecular data from Hamelin & Rail Descriptions below refer to the whole species unless otherwise (1997) and Dusabenyagasani et al.
    [Show full text]
  • As a Reservoir for an Epidemic of Cenangium Dieback in Austrian Pine
    ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Phyton (Austria) Special issue: Vol. 40 Fasc. 4 (103)-(108) 25.7.2000 "Root-soil interactions" Endophytic Cenangium ferruginosum (Ascomycotd) as a Reservoir for an Epidemic of Cenangium Dieback in Austrian Pine D. JURC1}, M. JURC2), T. N. SlEBER3) & S. BOJOVIC0 Key words: Endophytic fungi, Cenangium, Pinus nigra, drought stress. Summary JURC D., JURC M., SlEBER T. N. & BOJOVIC S. 2000. Endophytic Cenangium ferrugin- soum (Ascomycota) as a reservoir for an epidemic of cenengium dieback in austrian pine. - Phyton (Horn, Austria) 40 (4): (103) - (108). Endophytic Cenangium ferruginosum were isolated from symptomless needles and buds of Pinus nigra of two age classes (15 and 60-yr-old) from natural stands and plantations in Slovenia. The frequency of colonised needles varied between 0 and 100 % depending on the tree individual, season, needle part (tip, middle part and base of the needles) and age of the needles. However, no statistically significant differences in colonisation could be detected among tree individuals, needle parts and seasons. Thus, age and origin (natural stand or plantation) of trees had no influence on the frequency of colonisation. The variability of colonisation frequencies was mainly due to needle age. One-yr-old needles were significantly (p<0.05) less often colonised by C. ferruginosum than older needles. On average, 9 % of the 1-yr-old, 17 % of the 2-yr-old, 21 % of the 3-yr-old, and 22 % of the 4-yr-old needles were colonised. C. ferruginosum could not be isolated from buds.
    [Show full text]
  • Handbook of the Major Forest Pests in South East Europe
    HANDBOOK OF THE MAJOR FOREST PESTS IN SOUTHEAST EUROPE Handbook of the major forest pests in Southeast Europe Editorial Staff Authors Prof. Ferenc Lakatos, Dr. Stefan Mirtchev Co-Authors Dr. Arben Mehmeti, Hysen Shabanaj Contributions Aleksandar Nikolovski, Naser Krasniqi, Dr. Norbert Winkler-Ráthonyi Proofreader Prof. Steven Woodward FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Pristina, 2014 Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-108580-6 (print) E-ISBN 978-92-5-108581-3 (PDF) © FAO, 2014 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way.
    [Show full text]
  • Thesis a Survey of Foliar Fungal Endophyte
    THESIS A SURVEY OF FOLIAR FUNGAL ENDOPHYTE COMMUNITIES OF ROCKY MOUNTAIN BRISTLECONE PINE POPULATIONS IN THE COLORADO ROCKY MOUNTAINS Submitted by Alyssa Albertson Department of Biology In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Master of Science Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Fall 2017 Master’s Committee: Advisor: Patricia Bedinger Co-Advisor: C. Kenneth Kassenbrock Jane E. Stewart Anna W. Schoettle Copyright by Alyssa Anne Albertson 2017 All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT A SURVEY OF FOLIAR FUNGAL ENDOPHYTE COMMUNITIES OF ROCKY MOUNTAIN BRISTLECONE PINE POPULATIONS IN THE COLORADO ROCKY MOUNTAINS Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata) is an exceptionally long-lived charismatic tree species found at high elevations in the southern Rocky Mountains of Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona (Fryer, 2004). This species has recently come under threat from the disease white pine blister rust (WPBR). White pine blister rust is caused by the pathogenic fungus Cronartium ribicola, which was inadvertently introduced into North America from Europe in the early 1900’s, and has since spread widely with devastating impacts (Burns et al., 2008). In North America, WPBR is largely lethal to five-needle pine species. In Colorado, WPBR has been found in stands of Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine and limber pine (Pinus flexilis), and efforts have been made to identify trees with increased resistance to the disease. The USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station has identified specific trees that harbor some level of heritable resistance to WPBR, versus those appearing fully susceptible (Schoettle, 2004; Schoettle et al., 2012; Schoettle et al., 2014). Essentially all plants in the wild harbor endophytic bacteria and fungi, which are defined as co-existing in plant tissues without causing evidence of disease, and it is increasingly appreciated that endophytes can alter plant responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses ii (Rodriguez et al., 2008).
    [Show full text]
  • Fungi Isolated from Living Symptomless Shoots of Pinus Nigra Growing in Different Site Conditions
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Österreichische Zeitschrift für Pilzkunde Jahr/Year: 2002 Band/Volume: 11 Autor(en)/Author(s): Kowalski Tadeusz, Zych Pawel Artikel/Article: Fungi isolated from living symptomless shoots of Pinus nigra growing in different site conditions. 107-116 ©Österreichische Mykologische Gesellschaft, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Östeir. Z. Pilzk. 11 (2002) 107 Fungi isolated from living symptomless shoots of Pinus nigra growing in different site conditions TADEUSZ KOWALSKI PAWEL ZYCH Department of Forest Pathology 29-Listopada 46 PL-31-425 Krakow, Poland Received 24. 6. 2002 Key words: Endophytic mycobiota, shoots, Pinus nigra. Abstract: Communities of fungal endophytes in symptomless shoots of Pinus nigra from three sites differing, among others, in the degree of harmful effect of industrial emissions and disease activity of pathogenic fungi are presented. Over 2100 colonies of fungi were isolated from almost 2600 shoot fragments, among which 49 taxa were identified. Alternaria alternate, Crumenulopsis pinicola, l-'usi- coccum spec., l.ecytophora hoffinannii, Mollisia cinerea, Pezicula euchla, Phialemonium spec., Phia- lophora spec. I, Phomopsis occulta, Phomopsis spec., Sclerophoma pylhiophila, Sirodolhis spec. 1, Trim- matostroma cf. abielis and non-sporulating fungus No. 32 colonized over 10% of shoots. The fre- quency of occurrence of fungi depended on the shoot age (1, 2, and 3-year-old shoots were investi- gated), type of tissue (between leaf scales, within leaf scales), and position in the crown (upper, IOWCT). Attention was paid to whether there are fungi able to cause diseases of P. nigra shoots among the endophytic assemblages found.
    [Show full text]
  • Joint IUFRO Working Party Meetings
    Welcome to the Joint IUFRO Working Party Meetings 7–12 June, 2015 in Uppsala, Sweden 7.02.02 - Foliage, shoot and stem diseases of forest trees & 7.03.04 - Diseases and insects in forest nurseries Hosted by the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences IUFRO 2015 1 Program Monday 8 June 08:00–08:30 Late registration, hanging of posters 08:30–09:00 Welcome by Johan Schnürer ( Pro Vice-Chancellor of SLU) (15 min), general information of the meeting (15 min + 5 min questions) 09:00–09:30 Keynote speaker: Marco Pautasso (EFSA, Italy & ETH, Zurich): “Forest health in a changing world” (25 min + 5 min questions) 09:30–10:00 Coffee break 10:00–12:00 EMERGING DISEASES CAUSED BY DOTHISTROMA AND DIPLODIA (session leader Asko Lehtijärvi) 10:00–10:15 Stanosz, G.R., Smith, D.R. Albers, J. The shoot blight and canker pathogen Diplodia scrobiculata and asymptomatic seedlings in natural stands of Pinus banksiana 10:15–10:30 Doğmuş-Lehtijarvi, H.T., Yeltekin, Ş. Aday Kaya, A.G. Lehtijarvi, A. Disease severity of Diplodia sapinea on some pine plantations 10:30–10:45 Fraser, S., Brown, A. Woodward, S. Variation in sceptibility of Scots and Lodgepole pine provenances to infection by Dothistroma septosporum 10:45–11:00 Millberg, H., Hopkins, A. Boberg, J. Davydenko, K. Stenlid, J. Development of Dothistroma needle blight on seedlings of P. sylvestris and P. contorta in central Sweden 11:00–11:15 Lehtijärvi, A., Doğmuş Lehtijärvi, H.T. Oskay, F. Woodward, S. Dothistroma septosporum in Turkey 11:30–12:00 Session discussion and wrap up 12:00–13:00 Lunch at Syltan canteen 13:00–15:00 DETECTION OF NATIVE AND INVASIVE SPECIES IN NURSERIES (Session leader: Scott Enebak) 13:00–13:15 Alonso Chavez, V., van den Bosch, F.
    [Show full text]