Nanotechnologies Output, Impact and Collaboration

A comparative analysis of France and other countries 2

CONTENTS 3 Executive summary

Nanotechnologies are a key enabling technology with a broad spectrum of applications in several different fields and are one of the top research priorities at the European level and in France as well.

This report provides an overview of the research activities on nanotechnologies using a document set of +428,000 papers published in the period 2010 – 2014, collected by a search query that utilizes key concepts extracted from a sample of relevant journals using a semantic technology called Elsevier Fingerprint Engine. The analysis is carried out on production, quality and collaboration.

Nanotechnologies are one of the fastest growing areas of research worldwide, with an average growth rate close to 11% year-over-year for the past 5 years. Growth is driven mainly by China and India while the US and the European countries struggle in keeping up with the global pace.

Nanotechnology is also a highly competitive field, with a citation impact almost 70% higher than the world average. While the US still leads the group of comparator countries from the point of view of citation impact, China has surpassed Germany and bridged the gap with UK, while Iran has surpassed France and reached Italy.

European countries have a strong propensity for international collaboration, with about half of their papers showing co-authors from different countries; China, India and Iran on the other hand have 40 to 50% of their outputs resulting from institutional collaboration. US, Japan and South Korea have a more balanced ratio of institutional and international collaborations.

Impact doesn’t seem to be strongly correlated to the types of collaborations, with countries that benefit from international partnerships, like the UK, and others, such as France, which do not gain citation impact proportionally to their internationalization efforts.

Overall, this analysis confirms that nanotechnologies are an extremely competitive field, where the leadership of the US and EU is challenged by countries in Asia that are investing heavily in this area and see not only their output but also the impact of their research growing steadily. It will be worthwhile to analyse in the coming years if the availability of dedicated funds through the H2020 programs will result in European countries being able to maintain a position of scientific leadership in this field which has an enormous potential to be translated into innovation and eventually economic development.

CONTENTS 4 Contents

Contents 4

1 Case study: Nanotechnologies 5 1.1 Introduction 6 1.2 Overview of the dataset 7 1.3 Key Findings 10 1.4 Output 11 1.5 Citation Impact 13 1.6 Collaboration 17

APPENDIX A: Methodology and data for the case study on Nanotechnologies 20

APPENDIX B: Semantic Fingerprinting 22

APPENDIX C: List of nanotechnology related journals used to select the keywords 23

CASE STUDY: NANOTECHNOLOGIES 5

Case study: Nanotechnologies

We investigate the performance of France in the field of Nanotechnologies. The analysis is based on a multidisciplinary corpus of publications selected through relevant keywords. We focus on the number of publications, the citation impact, the collaborations and their influence on production and impact for France and selected countries among the most active in the field.

CASE STUDY: NANOTECHNOLOGIES 6 1.1 Introduction

Nanotechnologies, with their application to a broad range of challenges (such as environmental issues, sustainable energies, food safety, advanced materials and medicine) have been selected by the European Commission as one of the Key Enabling Technologies (KETs) that will allow European industries to retain competitiveness and capitalise on new markets1. To support research and development efforts on KETs - and Nanotechnologies in particular - dedicated funding programs such as the Leadership in Enabling and Industrial Technologies (LEIT) have been created within Horizon 20202, which follow up on previous funding streams in the Framework Programmes 6 and 7. Likewise, In France, nanotechnologies are definitely at the heart of several of the Défis of the Stratégie nationale de la recherche3.

In this study we focus on the scientific output in the field of Nanotechnologies in the years from 2010 to 2014 included. In order to conduct an analysis as accurate and comprehensive as possible, a corpus of publications has been assembled with a bottom-up approach, by selecting documents based on relevant keywords. The resulting dataset has been used to model two research areas: one including all publications, the other limited to publications with at least one author from a French institution. A detailed description of the methodology is available in Appendix A.

After having qualified the dataset in terms of its content and coverage, the analysis will cover the dimensions of  Output  Citation impact  Collaboration  Research trends

1 See http://ec.europa.eu/growth/industry/key-enabling-technologies/index_en.htm

2 See http://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/en/h2020-section/nanotechnologies 3 See http://cache.media.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/file/Strategie_Recherche/69/3/rapport_SNR_397693.pdf

CASE STUDY: NANOTECHNOLOGIES 7 1.2 Overview of the dataset

The dataset contains 428,895 publications published between 2010 and 2014, which corresponds to about 3.3% of the total scientific output recorded by Scopus in the same period. The pie chart below shows the distribution of subject areas represented in the dataset, based on the classification of the journals in which the papers in this dataset have been published.

Figure 0.1— Breakdown of Nanotechnologies by subject area, 2010 – 2014. Source: SciVal.com, last updated 27 July 2015

The same chart applied to the subset of publications featuring at least one French institution shows a similar distribution, but with a higher share of Physics and a lower one of Engineering.

Figure 0.2— Breakdown of Nanotechnologies by subject area, 2010 – 2014. Publications with at least one French institution. Source: SciVal.com, last updated 27 July 2015

The top journals appearing in this research area, by number of publications, are listed in the table below, both for all publications and for France only. The journals that are unique to each list are highlighted in yellow.

CASE STUDY: NANOTECHNOLOGIES 8

Table 0.3— Top journals by number of publications, Nanotechnologies, World, 2010 - 2014. Source: SciVal.com, last updated 27 July 2015 Journal Number of publications Journal of Physical Chemistry C 7645 Advanced Materials Research 6487 Applied Physics Letters 6287 Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials 5443 Physics RSC Advances 5069 Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 4801 ACS Nano 4788 Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical 4753 Engineering Journal of Applied Physics 4745 Langmuir 4520 Nanoscale 4330 Nano Letters 4007 Nanotechnology 3990 ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces 3742 Journal of Materials Chemistry 3709 Materials Letters 3606 Applied Surface Science 3578 Chemical Communications 3435 Electrochimica Acta 3241 Carbon 2923

Table 0.4— Top journals by number of publications, Nanotechnologies, France, 2010 - 2014. Source: SciVal.com, last updated 27 July 2015 Journal Number of publications Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials 600 Physics Journal of Physical Chemistry C 502 Applied Physics Letters 425 Langmuir 358 Journal of Applied Physics 327 Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical 310 Engineering Nanotechnology 243 ACS Nano 218 Physical Review Letters 216 Nano Letters 206 Carbon 176 Nanoscale 173 Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 163 Chemical Communications 145 Journal of Physics: Conference Series 144 Journal of Materials Chemistry 135 Soft Matter 134 Materials Research Society Symposium - Proceedings 128 Journal of Nanoparticle Research 125 RSC Advances 119

CASE STUDY: NANOTECHNOLOGIES 9

The most frequent concepts featured in the research area are represented in the word clouds below, where the size of the label is proportional to the frequency with which it appears in the documents and its colour takes into account the growth trend. The first one includes all the publications in the research area, the second one only those with at least one French institution in the authors’ affiliations.

Figure 0.5— Top 50 concepts in Nanotechnologies, World, 2010 - 2014. Source: SciVal.com, last updated 27 July 2015

Figure 0.6— Top 50 concepts in Nanotechnologies, France, 2010 - 2014. Source: SciVal.com, last updated 27 July 2015

CASE STUDY: NANOTECHNOLOGIES 10 1.3 Key Findings

FRANCE’S WORLD ARTICLE SHARE FRANCE FIELD-WEIGHTED CITATION IMPACT -5.9% 1.67 Research in nanotechnologies grows 4 times faster than the Articles in nanotechnologies receive on average 68% more world average across all fields. With an average growth of 4.4%, citations than the global average across all fields, years and France, like the US and other European countries) has been document types. In such a competitive research area, France is losing output share over the past 5 years. keeping the pace with the world average citation impact, but has been surpassed by Iran and scores below other European countries such as Italy, Germany and the UK.

OUTPUT Nanotechnologies are one of the fastest growing areas of research worldwide, with an average growth rate close to 11% year-over-year for the past 5 years. Growth is driven mainly by China and India while the US and the European countries struggle in keeping up with the global pace.

IMPACT Nanotechnology is a highly competitive field, with a citation impact almost 70% higher than the world average. While the US still leads the group of comparator countries from the point of view of citation impact, China has surpassed Germany and bridged the gap with UK, while Iran has surpassed France and reached Italy.

COLLABORATION European countries have a strong propensity for international collaboration, with about half of their papers showing co-authors from different countries; China, India and Iran on the other hand have 40 to 50% of their outputs resulting from institutional collaboration. US, Japan and South Korea have a more balanced ratio of institutional and international collaborations. Impact doesn’t seem to be strongly correlated to the types of collaborations, with countries that benefit from international partnerships, like the UK, and others, such as France, which do not gain citation impact proportionally to their internationalization efforts.

CASE STUDY: NANOTECHNOLOGIES 11 1.4 Output

1.4.1 Research output in Nanotechnologies is growing faster than world’s average across fields In the period from 2010 to 2014 the overall production in Nanotechnologies has reached a total of 428,895 publications, with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 10.95%, which is 4 times faster than the world’s average across all fields in the same period (2.7%). Figure 0.8 shows the top 10 countries in the field by scholarly output: China is the largest contributor, followed by the United States, while the remaining 8 countries are much closer to each other and well below the production of the first two.

1.4.2 World article share is the highest for China while Europe and US share is declining In terms of share and share growth, the combined effect of the strong output size and growth of China and, to a lesser extent, India and Iran, results in a decline of publications share of European countries and United States, as shown in Figure 0.9. This means that the overall growth in the field, observed in Figure 0.7, is driven by developing countries. France has grown on average by 4.4% over the past five years, meaning that its overall share has declined by 6%; the same trend is shown by other European countries such as Germany, the UK and, to a lesser extent, Italy.

Figure 0.7— Number of publications, World and France, Nanotechnologies, 2010 – 2014. Source: SciVal.com, last updated 27 July 2015

Figure 0.8— Overall number of articles and Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) for the top 10 contributing countries, Nanotechnologies, 2010 - 2014. Source: SciVal.com, last updated 27 July 2015

CASE STUDY: NANOTECHNOLOGIES 12

Figure 0.9— Overall share of articles and Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) for the top 10 contributing countries, Nanotechnologies, 2010 - 2014. Source: SciVal.com, last updated 27 July 2015

CASE STUDY: NANOTECHNOLOGIES 13 1.5 Citation Impact

1.5.1 Global citation share is the highest for China and declining for US and Europe The number of citations received by an article from subsequently-published articles is widely recognized as a proxy of the quality or importance of the reported research4. As Figure 0.10 shows, a similar pattern can be observed between the share of publications per country and the share of citations: if we look at the top two countries, we see China surpassing the United States in publications share in 2011 and the same happening with citations share in 2012, where the time difference can be explained by the dynamics of citations, which are accrued by articles after they have been published. France, Germany and the UK show a decline in citation share which is in line with the trend in output share, while Italy is less affected by the decline.

Figure 0.10— Overall share of citations for the top 10 contributing countries, Nanotechnologies, 2010 - 2014. Right-hand panel excludes China and the US for clarity. Source: SciVal.com, last updated 27 July 2015

1.5.2 The global citation impact of Nanotechnologies articles is much higher than the world’s average across all fields While citations provide an intuitive way to measure research impact, they are not comparable across different fields, publication years and document types (articles, reviews, conference papers, etc.). A more sophisticated way of measuring scientific impact is to use field-weighted citation impact (FWCI). FWCI normalizes the differences in citations due to the subject field, publication year and document type. The world is indexed to an FWCI value of 1.00. An FWCI of more than 1.00 indicates that the entity’s publications have been cited more often than expected based on the global average for similar publications. Table 0.11 shows the overall FWCI of the document set representing nanotechnologies research. While the global value has decreased from 2010 to 2014, nanotechnology remains a research area with high global impact, receiving 68% more citations than the global average.

4 Davis, P.M. (2009) “Reward or persuasion? The battle to define the meaning of a citation” Learned Publishing 22 (1) pp. 5-11.

CASE STUDY: NANOTECHNOLOGIES 14

Table 0.11— FWCI for top 10 contributing countries and world, Nanotechnologies, 2010 - 2014. Source: SciVal.com, last updated 27 July 2015 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 China 1,76 1,82 1,87 1,86 1,87 United States 2,46 2,26 2,24 2,19 2,15 India 1,52 1,31 1,36 1,31 1,34 South Korea 1,85 1,89 1,85 1,89 1,76 Germany 2,08 1,96 1,92 1,75 1,71 Japan 1,6 1,55 1,53 1,4 1,51 France 1,82 1,79 1,66 1,6 1,52 Iran 1,45 1,38 1,3 1,38 1,72 United Kingdom 2,18 2,02 2,02 2,04 1,89 Italy 1,93 1,88 1,83 1,76 1,71 World 1,77 1,71 1,69 1,64 1,63

The high impact of nanotechnologies, combined with the strong growth in production, poses significant challenges to countries who try to remain competitive in this field. By rebasing the FWCI to the world’s value it becomes easier to compare countries among themselves and with the global average. This is represented in Figure 0.12.

Figure 0.12— Rebased field-weighted citation impact (FWCI) for the top 10 contributing countries, Nanotechnologies, 2010 - 2014. Source: SciVal.com, last updated 27 July 2015

The rebased FWCI indicates that the US and UK still have the highest average impact in this field, but countries such as China and Iran are rapidly improving. Among the other European countries, Italy and Germany are still above the world’s average, although the latter shows an important decline, while France in the last three years has performed below world’s average and scores consistently below the other EU countries in the comparator group.

1.5.3 Highly cited articles in Nanotechnologies are almost twice more frequent than in other fields The distribution of citations among articles is known to be strongly skewed, with a small number of articles receiving the majority of the citations5 and a long tail of articles with

5 De Solla Price, D. J. (1965) “Networks of scientific papers,” Science. 149: 510–515. doi: 10.1126/science.149.3683.510.

CASE STUDY: NANOTECHNOLOGIES 15 few or no citations at all. Therefore it is meaningful to combine FWCI, which is an average, with another metric that focuses on the subset of highly cited articles, meaning those articles that rank in the top 1% and 10% of the most cited articles by publication year and subject area. If we assumed that citations in nanotechnologies articles follow the same distribution as all other articles, it would be reasonable to expect that roughly1% of the articles in the document set fall in the top 1% most cited articles and likewise for the 10% threshold. If the share is higher for nanotechnologies, this means that articles in this field tend to accumulate on the higher band of the citation spectrum. Figure 0.13 shows the trend of highly cited articles in nanotechnologies from 2010 to 2014. 2.4% of the articles published in Nanotechnologies in 2010 belong to the top 1% most cited articles worldwide for the same year, whereas 19% of them belong to the top 10%. These shares are consistently much higher than the corresponding thresholds for all years considered, although the trend shows a decline that is similar to the trend for the field- weighted citation impact.

Figure 0.13— Articles with citation counts in the top 1st and 10th percentile, Nanotechnologies, World, 2010 - 2014. Source: SciVal.com, last updated 27 July 2015

If we look at the distribution of articles in the top 1st percentile by country, we see that the US and UK are still leading the group of comparator countries, but the share has been reduced, especially for the US which have gone from 4.6% in 2010 to 2.6% in 2014. Likewise, Germany has seen his share cut by almost 50%, going from 3.0% to 1.6%; on the other hand Iran is the only country among the top 10 with an opposite trend, having increased its share from 1.0% to 1.8%.

CASE STUDY: NANOTECHNOLOGIES 16

Figure 0.14— Distribution of articles with citation counts in the top 1st percentile by country, Nanotechnologies, 2010 and 2014. Source: SciVal.com, last updated 27 July 2015

C ASE STUDY: NANOTECHNOLOGIES 17 1.6 Collaboration

It is a known fact that researchers are increasingly collaborating with international partners6 and that this type of collaboration yields higher impact7. One way to measure collaboration is by looking at co-authorship relationships in publications, which can be classified as international, national, institutional and single authorship (see Table 0.15 for the definitions).

Table 0.15— Definitions of different geographic collaborations, based on co-authorship Type of Definition collaboration International Multi-authored research outputs where authors are affiliated with institutions in at least two different countries National Multi-authored research outputs where authors are affiliated with institutions in more than one institution but within the same country Institutional Multi-authored research outputs where all authors are affiliated with the same institution Single Author Single-authored research outputs

The distribution of articles by collaboration type for the field of Nanotechnologies is represented in Figure 0.16.

Figure 0.16— Distribution of articles by collaboration type, Nanotechnologies, 2010 -2014. Source: SciVal.com, last updated 27 July 2015

It is striking that every year half of the articles result from institutional collaborations and that national and international collaborations are approximately equal, while it is

6 Pan, R. K., Kaski, K., and Fortunato, S. (2012) "World citation and collaboration networks: uncovering the role of geography in science," Scientific Reports. 2: 902. Retrieved online from: http://www.nature.com/srep/2012/121129/srep00902/full/srep00902.html. 7 Science Europe and Elsevier. (2013) "Comparative Benchmarking of European and US Research

Collaboration and Researcher Mobility," Retrieved online from: http://www.scienceeurope.org/uploads/Public documents and speeches/SE and Elsevier Report Final.pdf; The Royal Society. (2011) "Knowledge,

Networks and Nations: Global Scientific Collaboration in the 21st Century," (J. Wilson, et al, Eds.) London:

The Royal Society. p. 113. Retrieved online from: http://royalsociety.org/policy/projects/knowledge-networks- nations/report/.

CASE STUDY: NANOTECHNOLOGIES 18 somewhat expected that publications with a single author are a small fraction of the total. It is worth exploring the collaboration patterns for the top 10 contributing countries, to see whether patterns emerge that may explain the aggregated figures.

Figure 0.17— Distribution of articles by collaboration type and country, Nanotechnologies, 2009 -2014. Source: SciVal.com, last updated 27 July 2015

European countries, France and the UK in particular, have a high share of international collaborations, while US, South Korea and Japan have comparable proportions of institutional and international collaborations, although the latter are growing in all three countries. China, India and Iran, on the other hand, show a remarkably higher share of

CASE STUDY: NANOTECHNOLOGIES 19 institutional collaborations, which, combined with their high share of outputs, explains the aggregated figures seen above. While for certain countries international collaboration seems to reflect on scientific impact, this is not so evident for France. While it has the second largest value for international collaboration among the comparator countries, its performance is below the world’s average citation impact, as shown in Figure 0.18.

Figure 0.18— Field-weighted citation impact (FWCI) vs. share of international collaborations by country. The FWCI value is normalized to the world average in Nanotechnologies. 2010 -2014. Source: SciVal.com, last updated 27 July 2015

While the complex nature of research collaborations cannot be fully captured by statistics alone, it would be worthwhile to analyse in more detail the existing collaborations of French institutions in nanotechnology research projects to have a better understanding, especially taking into account the long-standing tradition of France as an international research partner.

APPENDIX A 20 Appendix A Methodology and data for the case study on Nanotechnologies

Methodology and rationale aggregated weight, so that each cluster includes concepts with Nanotechnologies, like other research fields having a broad similar importance in the definition of the research area. spectrum of applications in different domains, pose interesting challenges in their definition, because the traditional top-down Step 3: Selection of key concepts and creation classification schemes, based on journals, may overlook of the search query significant contributions, like for example the publications from For each cluster, a further selection has been done, discarding the multidisciplinary journals (such as Nature, Science, and concepts that are too generic (e.g. “Temperature”, “Models”, others). Therefore, a bottom-up, publication-based approach is “Materials”) and would lead to an increment in false positives the preferred approach in such cases. Papers are selected with (i.e. documents that include those concepts but are not actually a keywords-based search, where a set of selected keywords relevant for nanotechnologies). defines the field of interest and filters on publication years, The selected concepts are listed in the following table. countries, etc. can be applied at a later stage. The search query and additional filters are used in SciVal to create a Research Table 0.19— Key concepts selected to define Area that constitutes the entity to which all subsequent analyses Nanotechnologies. are applied. The methodology to create the keywords based search query consists of three steps. Nanoparticles Nanoelectronics

Step 1: Creation of a reference corpus for the Nanowires Nanoscience identification of key concepts in Nanotechnologies Carbon nanotubes Carbon nanotube field effect A list of 101 journals devoted to the dissemination of transistors nanotechnologies and indexed in the Scopus database has been Graphene Nanoindentation used as a starting point; this list is available in Appendix C. Of all the documents included in those journals, only those published Semiconductor quantum dots Nanoshells in the years 2005 – 2015 have been considered, besides only papers with at least one author from a French institution have Nanocrystals Nanocrystallites been included, to emphasize the research areas that are of particular importance for this country. This has led to a set of Nanostructures Nanoprobes 3737 publications on which the semantic analysis has been performed to extract key weighted concepts. Nanotubes Carbon nanofibers

Step 2: Extraction and ranking of key concepts Nanocomposites Nanosheets and terms using semantic fingerprints Using the semantic Elsevier Fingerprint Engine (see Appendix B Nanotechnology Magnetite nanoparticles ), an array of weighted concepts – drawn from the Compendex8 thesaurus - has been extracted from each publication in the Nanostructured materials Nanoneedles corpus. The resulting aggregated set of concepts has then been clustered into three groups, by applying a k-means clustering Single-walled carbon nanotubes Nanorings algorithm9 which groups keywords with similar frequency and (SWCN) Monolayers Nanolithography

Nanorods Nanosensors 8 See http://www.elsevier.com/solutions/engineering-village/content/compendex 9 See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-means_clustering

APPENDIX A 21

Semiconductor quantum wells Nanobiotechnology

Nanoclusters Nanocomposite films

Nanoimprint lithography Nanocrystalline powders

Metal nanoparticles Nanocantilevers

Nanocapsules Nanoreactors

Medical nanotechnology Nanocrystallization

Nanoribbons Nanotransistors

Electron beam lithography Nanorobotics

Nanofibers Nanomagnetics

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes Nanotips (MWCN) Nanophotonics Nanobelts

Nanodiamonds Nanohorns

Self assembled monolayers Nanocrystalline materials

Nanospheres Nanocrystalline silicon

NEMS Nanomechanics

Nanosystems Nanorobots

Nanofluidics Nanotribology

APPENDIX B 22 Appendix B Semantic Fingerprinting

A semantic fingerprint consists of all the key concepts derived finding algorithm is sensitive to spelling variations such as case from a piece of text, weighted to reflect their relative importance. sensitivity, stop words, normalization, and word ordering, but ignores insignificant differences wherever these variations have The Elsevier Fingerprint Engine can be used to determine the no meaning. Concept finding can be constrained by part-of- semantic fingerprint of any text, from grant applications to speech requirements on terms (e.g., “lead” identified as a noun publications. A number of thesauri spanning all major disciplines, or a verb) and also by immediate negated context (e.g., “non- along with Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques, are Hodgkin Lymphoma” must not be found as “Hodgkin applied to scan and analyze text; in this study, publications from Lymphoma”). the Scopus database were scanned to identify and weight key concepts and terms related to nanotechnologies research. The Figure 0.1 shows an example of a semantic fingerprint based on Elsevier Fingerprint Engine assigns to each document a a published abstract. The Elsevier Fingerprint Engine generates collection of key representative concepts—its semantic a graphical representation of the concepts and terms included in fingerprint. the abstract, weighted by importance.

The advantage of using key concepts based on semantic Semantic fingerprints can be used for describing themes and fingerprint technology is that the resulting terms are of higher identifying all articles in Scopus worldwide that are related to a quality and are more representative than standard sets of theme. Fingerprints are ideal for describing groups of articles keywords, which often contain duplicates, synonyms, and and identifying articles that are related to one another in terms of inclusion of irrelevant terms. With the Elsevier Fingerprint subject area, such as nanotechnologies research. Fingerprints Engine, various NLP modules are applied to a text source, can be aggregated at the department, institute, and country level enabling the computer to recognize and interpret complex text, to examine research output, emerging research trends, who is including idioms, hyphenations and abbreviations. The concept- doing the research, and where it is being done.

Figure 0.1— Semantic fingerprint of a scientific abstract after processing by the Elsevier Fingerprint Engine.

APPENDIX C 23 Appendix C List of nanotechnology related journals used to select the keywords

Source Title ISSN Coverage ongoing International Journal of Green 19430892 2011- ACS Nano 19360851 2007- Nanotechnology ongoing ongoing International Journal of Green 1943085X 2009-2012 Advances in Nanoporous 18787959 2010 Nanotechnology: Biomedicine Materials International Journal of Green 19430841 2009-2010 Advances in Natural 20436262 2010- Nanotechnology: Materials Sciences: Nanoscience and ongoing Science and Engineering Nanotechnology International Journal of Green 19430876 2009-2011 Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine 21691401 2013- Nanotechnology: Physics and and Biotechnology ongoing Chemistry Beilstein Journal of 21904286 2010- International Journal of Nano 17528933 2009- Nanotechnology ongoing and Biomaterials ongoing BioNanoScience 21911630 2011- International Journal of 19855761 2012- ongoing Nanoelectronics and ongoing Cancer Nanotechnology 18686958 2010- Materials ongoing International Journal of 17469392 2009- Current Nanoscience 15734137 2006- Nanomanufacturing ongoing ongoing International Journal of 19475748 2010-2012 Digest Journal of 18423582 2009- Nanomechanics Science and Nanomaterials and ongoing Technology Biostructures International journal of 11769114 2006- e-Journal of Surface Science 13480391 2005- nanomedicine ongoing and Nanotechnology ongoing International Journal of 17532507 2009- European Journal of 16625986 2012- Nanoparticles ongoing Nanomedicine ongoing, International Journal of 0219581X 2004- 2009-2010 Nanoscience ongoing Frontiers of Nanoscience 18762778 2011- International Journal of 14757435 2004- ongoing, Nanotechnology ongoing 2009 International Journal of Smart 19475411 2010- Fullerenes Nanotubes and 1536383X 2002- and Nano Materials ongoing Carbon Nanostructures ongoing Journal of Biomedical 15507033 2007- Handai Nanophotonics 15740641 2006-2007, Nanotechnology ongoing 2004 Journal of Bionanoscience 15577910 2008- IEE Proceedings 14781581 2003-2006 ongoing Nanobiotechnology Journal of Computational and 15461955 2004- IEEE Nanotechnology 19324510 2007- Theoretical Nanoscience ongoing Magazine ongoing Journal of Experimental 17458080 2007- IEEE Transactions on 15361241 2002- Nanoscience ongoing Nanobioscience ongoing Journal of Laser Micro 18800688 2010- IEEE Transactions on 1536125X 2002- Nanoengineering ongoing Nanotechnology ongoing Journal of Metastable and 14226375 2003-2005 IET Nanobiotechnology 17518741 2007- Nanocrystalline Materials

APPENDIX C 24

Journal of Micro/ 19325150 2007- ongoing Nanolithography, MEMS, and ongoing Nano Biomedicine and 21505578 2009- MOEMS Engineering ongoing Journal of Micro-Nano 18653928 2011- Nano Communication 18787789 2010- Mechatronics ongoing, Networks ongoing 2009- Nano Energy 22112855 2012- ongoing ongoing Journal of Nano- and 20776772 2009- Nano Letters 15306984 2001- Electronic Physics ongoing ongoing Journal of Nano Research 16625250 2008- Nano Research 19980124 2009- ongoing ongoing Journal of Nanobiotechnology 14773155 2003- Nano Today 17480132 2006- ongoing ongoing Journal of Nanoelectronics 1555130X 2007- Nanobiotechnology 15511286 2005-2009 and Optoelectronics ongoing NanoEthics 18714757 2007- Journal of Nanomaterials 16874110 2006- ongoing ongoing Nanomaterials and 2011- Journal of Nanomechanics 21535434 2011- Nanotechnology ongoing and Micromechanics ongoing Nanomedicine 17435889 2006- Journal of Nanoneuroscience 19390637 2012, 2009 ongoing Journal of Nanoparticle 13880764 1999- Nanomedicine: 15499634 2005- Research ongoing Nanotechnology, Biology, and ongoing Journal of Nanophotonics 19342608 2007- Medicine ongoing Nano-Micro Letters 21505551 2009- Journal of Nanoscience and 15334880 2001- ongoing Nanotechnology ongoing Nanopages 17874033 2010- Journal of Nanostructured 17904439 2005- ongoing Polymers and ongoing Nanoscale 20403364 2009- Nanocomposites ongoing Journal of Nanotechnology 16879503 2010- Nanoscale Research Letters 19317573 2006- ongoing ongoing Journal of Nanotechnology in 19492944 2010- Nanoscience and 22106812 2011- Engineering and Medicine ongoing Nanotechnology - Asia ongoing Journal of Vacuum Science 10711023 1995-2008, Nanoscience and 19414900 2010- and Technology B: 1992, 1986, Nanotechnology Letters ongoing Microelectronics and 1982-1984 NanoScience and Technology 14344904 2011- Nanometer Structures ongoing Journal of Vacuum Science 21662754 2009- Nanostructured Materials 09659773 1992-1999 and Technology B: ongoing, Nanotechnologies in Russia 19950780 2009- Nanotechnology and 1991-1992 ongoing Microelectronics Nanotechnology 09574484 1990- Micro and Nano Letters 17500443 2007- ongoing ongoing Nanotechnology Law and 15462080 2005- Micro and Nanosystems 18764029 2010- Business ongoing ongoing Nanotechnology Perceptions 16606795 2008- Microfluidics and Nanofluidics 16134982 2004- ongoing ongoing Nanotechnology, Science and 11778903 2010- Nami Jishu yu Jingmi 16726030 2006- Applications ongoing Gongcheng/Nanotechnology ongoing Nanotoxicology 17435390 2007- and Precision Engineering ongoing Nano 17932920 2008- Nature Nanotechnology 17483387 2006- ongoing ongoing Nano - i Mikrosistemnaya 18138586 2005 Odgojne znanosti/Educational 18461204 2009- Tekhnika Sciences ongoing Nano Biomedicine 18835198 2009-

APPENDIX C 25

Open Nanomedicine Journal 18759335 2011 Optical Nanoscopy 21922853 2012- ongoing Photonics and Nanostructures 15694410 2003- - Fundamentals and ongoing Applications Physica E: Low-Dimensional 13869477 1997- Systems and Nanostructures ongoing, 1973-1974 Proceedings of the Institution 17403499 2008- of Mechanical Engineers, Part ongoing N: Journal of Nanoengineering and Nanosystems Radovi - Zavoda za povijesne 13300474 2009- znanosti HAZU u Zadru ongoing Recent Patents on 18722105 2007- Nanotechnology ongoing RSC Nanoscience and 17577136 2009-2012 Nanotechnology SPR Nanoscience 20493541 2014- ongoing Synthesis and Reactivity in 15533174 2005- Inorganic, Metal-Organic and ongoing Nano-Metal Chemistry Thin Films and 15435016 2007-2008, Nanostructures 2005, 2002- 2003 Wiley interdisciplinary 19390041 2009- reviews. Nanomedicine and ongoing nanobiotechnology

NOTES 27