DOCSLIB.ORG

Marine Food Web Agenda Medcond, 9/9 Figure: 3299Ecotg 06 01Trans 3299 SEPUPSGI Ecology TG I Ss U E S / E COLO Shark G Y

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Marine Food Web Agenda Medcond, 9/9 Figure: 3299Ecotg 06 01Trans 3299 SEPUPSGI Ecology TG I Ss U E S / E COLO Shark G Y Marine Food Web shark seal tuna flying fish striped fish zooplankton phytoplankton ©2011 The Regents of the University of California of the University ©2011 The Regents 3299 SEPUP SGI Ecology TG Figure: 3299EcoTG 06_01Trans Agenda MedCond, 9/9 SCIENCE & GLOBAL ISSUES/ECOLOGY DRAFT TRANSPARENCY 6.1 Fish Tank Problem The biomass of all of the goldfish in a fish tank is approximately 30 g. If the average weight of the gold- fish in the tank is 3 g, how many goldfish are in the tank? 30g 1 fish 10 fish 3 5 tank 3 g tank If each goldfish eats 0.025 g of fish food per day, how much fish food would the entire fish tank need each day? 10 fish 0.025 g food a day 0.25 g food a day 3 5 tank fish tank If 20% of the fish in the tank died, what is the remaining biomass of the goldfish in the tank? 30g 3 0.80 5 24 g biomass of goldfish remaining tank How many goldfish is that? ©2011 The Regents of the University of California of the University ©2011 The Regents 1 fish 24 g biomass 3 5 8 fish 3 g SCIENCE & GLOBAL ISSUES/ECOLOGY DRAFT TRANSPARENCY 6.2 Organisms in a Freshwater Ecosystem 3299 SEPUP SGI Ecology TG Figure: 3299EcoTG 07_09Trans7_1 Agenda MedCond, 9/9.5 ©2011 The Regents of the University of California of the University ©2011 The Regents SCIENCE & GLOBAL ISSUES/ECOLOGY DRAFT TRANSPARENCY 7.1 Food Web for an Ecosystem 3299 SEPUP SGI Ecology TG ©2011 The Regents of the University of California of the University ©2011 The Regents Figure: 3299EcoTG 07_09Trans Agenda MedCond, 9/9.5 SCIENCE & GLOBAL ISSUES/ECOLOGY DRAFT TRANSPARENCY 7.2 Kelp Forest Food Web bacteria (feeds on all on all (feeds cyanobacteria decaying matter) decaying bat star bat acid kelp acid sheephead fish sheephead harbor seal rock fish rock giant kelp giant sea urchin sea sea otter sea herring 3299 SEPUP SGI Ecology TG Ecology SEPUP SGI 3299 09_11Trans 3299EcoTG Figure: 9/9 MedCond Agenda phytoplankton ©2011 The Regents of the University of California of the University ©2011 The Regents zooplankton SCIENCE & GLOBAL ISSUES/ECOLOGY DRAFT TRANSPARENCY 9.1 new bleed area bleed new new new live area live ocean ocean ocean waters biomass fires/ combustion fossil fuels fossil oil reserves plants soil and soil detritus 3299 SEPUP SGI Ecology SE Ecology SEPUP SGI 3299 08_06 3299EcoSB Figure: 9/9.5 MedCond Agenda coal reserves coal ©2011 The Regents of the University of California of the University ©2011 The Regents Carbon Cycle Carbon new bleed area bleed new SCIENCE & GLOBAL ISSUES/ECOLOGY DRAFT TRANSPARENCY 9.2 Linear Growth Curve Population 0 0 Time ©2011 The Regents of the University of California of the University ©2011 The Regents 3299 SEPUP SGI Ecology TG Figure: 3299EcoTG 14_06Trans Agenda MedCond 9/9.5 SCIENCE & GLOBAL ISSUES/ECOLOGY DRAFT TRANSPARENCY 14.1 Exponential Growth: J-Curve Population 0 0 Time ©2011 The Regents of the University of California of the University ©2011 The Regents 3299 SEPUP SGI Ecology TG Figure: 3299EcoTG 14_07Trans Agenda MedCond 9/9.5 SCIENCE & GLOBAL ISSUES/ECOLOGY DRAFT TRANSPARENCY 14.2 Carrying Capacity: S-Curve Population 0 0 Time ©2011 The Regents of the University of California of the University ©2011 The Regents 3299 SEPUP SGI Ecology TG Figure: 3299EcoTG 14_08Trans Agenda MedCond 9/9.5 SCIENCE & GLOBAL ISSUES/ECOLOGY DRAFT TRANSPARENCY 14.3 Population Crash Population 0 0 Time ©2011 The Regents of the University of California of the University ©2011 The Regents 3299 SEPUP SGI Ecology TG Figure: 3299EcoTG 14_09Trans Agenda MedCond 9/9.5 SCIENCE & GLOBAL ISSUES/ECOLOGY DRAFT TRANSPARENCY 14.4 Pacific Halibut Population 2010 Pacific halibut Pacific 2000 2005 1990 1995 Year 1985 1975 1980 ©2011 The Regents of the University of California of the University ©2011 The Regents Population level (relative) level Population 1970 3299 SEPUP SGI Ecology TG Ecology SEPUP SGI 3299 3299EcoTG16_16Trans Figure: 9/9.5 MedCond Agenda SCIENCE & GLOBAL ISSUES/ECOLOGY DRAFT TRANSPARENCY 16.1 Pacific Halibut Food Chain Pacific Pacific halibut sablefish 3299 SEPUP SGI Ecology TG Ecology SEPUP SGI 3299 3299EcoTG16_17Trans Figure: 9/9 MedCond Agenda ©2011 The Regents of the University of California of the University ©2011 The Regents brittle star SCIENCE & GLOBAL ISSUES/ECOLOGY DRAFT TRANSPARENCY 16.2 Pacific-halibut-dominated Ecosystem Graph 2010 Pacific halibut Pacific 2000 2005 sablefish brittle stars Year 1990 1995 1985 1975 1980 ©2011 The Regents of the University of California of the University ©2011 The Regents Population level (relative) level Population 1970 3299 SEPUP SGI Ecology TG Ecology SEPUP SGI 3299 3299EcoTG16_18Trans Figure: 9/9.5 MedCond Agenda SCIENCE & GLOBAL ISSUES/ECOLOGY DRAFT TRANSPARENCY 16.3.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Can More K-Selected Species Be Better Invaders?
    Diversity and Distributions, (Diversity Distrib.) (2007) 13, 535–543 Blackwell Publishing Ltd BIODIVERSITY Can more K-selected species be better RESEARCH invaders? A case study of fruit flies in La Réunion Pierre-François Duyck1*, Patrice David2 and Serge Quilici1 1UMR 53 Ӷ Peuplements Végétaux et ABSTRACT Bio-agresseurs en Milieu Tropical ӷ CIRAD Invasive species are often said to be r-selected. However, invaders must sometimes Pôle de Protection des Plantes (3P), 7 chemin de l’IRAT, 97410 St Pierre, La Réunion, France, compete with related resident species. In this case invaders should present combina- 2UMR 5175, CNRS Centre d’Ecologie tions of life-history traits that give them higher competitive ability than residents, Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), 1919 route de even at the expense of lower colonization ability. We test this prediction by compar- Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex, France ing life-history traits among four fruit fly species, one endemic and three successive invaders, in La Réunion Island. Recent invaders tend to produce fewer, but larger, juveniles, delay the onset but increase the duration of reproduction, survive longer, and senesce more slowly than earlier ones. These traits are associated with higher ranks in a competitive hierarchy established in a previous study. However, the endemic species, now nearly extinct in the island, is inferior to the other three with respect to both competition and colonization traits, violating the trade-off assumption. Our results overall suggest that the key traits for invasion in this system were those that *Correspondence: Pierre-François Duyck, favoured competition rather than colonization. CIRAD 3P, 7, chemin de l’IRAT, 97410, Keywords St Pierre, La Réunion Island, France.
    [Show full text]
  • To What Degree Are Philosophy and the Ecological Niche Concept Necessary in the Ecological Theory and Conservation?
    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY EJE 2017, 3(1): 42-54, doi: 10.1515/eje-2017-0005 To what degree are philosophy and the ecological niche concept necessary in the ecological theory and conservation? Universidade Federal Rogério Parentoni Martins* do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Departamento ABSTRACT de Biologia, Centro de Ecology as a field produces philosophical anxiety, largely because it differs in scientific structure from classical Ciências, Brazil physics. The hypothetical deductive models of classical physics are simple and predictive; general ecological *Corresponding author, models are predictably limited, as they refer to complex, multi-causal processes. Inattention to the conceptual E-mail: rpmartins917@ structure of ecology usually imposes difficulties for the application of ecological models. Imprecise descrip- gmail.com tions of ecological niche have obstructed the development of collective definitions, causing confusion in the literature and complicating communication between theoretical ecologists, conservationists and decision and policy-makers. Intense, unprecedented erosion of biodiversity is typical of the Anthropocene, and knowledge of ecology may provide solutions to lessen the intensification of species losses. Concerned philosophers and ecolo- gists have characterised ecological niche theory as less useful in practice; however, some theorists maintain that is has relevant applications for conservation. Species niche modelling, for instance, has gained traction in the literature; however, there are few examples of its successful application. Philosophical analysis of the structure, precision and constraints upon the definition of a ‘niche’ may minimise the anxiety surrounding ecology, poten- tially facilitating communication between policy-makers and scientists within the various ecological subcultures. The results may enhance the success of conservation applications at both small and large scales.
    [Show full text]
  • COULD R SELECTION ACCOUNT for the AFRICAN PERSONALITY and LIFE CYCLE?
    Person. individ.Diff. Vol. 15, No. 6, pp. 665-675, 1993 0191-8869/93 S6.OOf0.00 Printedin Great Britain.All rightsreserved Copyright0 1993Pergamon Press Ltd COULD r SELECTION ACCOUNT FOR THE AFRICAN PERSONALITY AND LIFE CYCLE? EDWARD M. MILLER Department of Economics and Finance, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, U.S.A. (Received I7 November 1992; received for publication 27 April 1993) Summary-Rushton has shown that Negroids exhibit many characteristics that biologists argue result from r selection. However, the area of their origin, the African Savanna, while a highly variable environment, would not select for r characteristics. Savanna humans have not adopted the dispersal and colonization strategy to which r characteristics are suited. While r characteristics may be selected for when adult mortality is highly variable, biologists argue that where juvenile mortality is variable, K character- istics are selected for. Human variable birth rates are mathematically similar to variable juvenile birth rates. Food shortage caused by African drought induce competition, just as food shortages caused by high population. Both should select for K characteristics, which by definition contribute to success at competition. Occasional long term droughts are likely to select for long lives, late menopause, high paternal investment, high anxiety, and intelligence. These appear to be the opposite to Rushton’s r characteristics, and opposite to the traits he attributes to Negroids. Rushton (1985, 1987, 1988) has argued that Negroids (i.e. Negroes) were r selected. This idea has produced considerable scientific (Flynn, 1989; Leslie, 1990; Lynn, 1989; Roberts & Gabor, 1990; Silverman, 1990) and popular controversy (Gross, 1990; Pearson, 1991, Chapter 5), which Rushton (1989a, 1990, 1991) has responded to.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological Niche Theory: a Brief Review
    The International Journal of Indian Psychology ISSN 2348-5396 (e) | ISSN: 2349-3429 (p) Volume 3, Issue 2, No.2, DIP: 18.01.022/20160302 ISBN: 978-1-329-81573-5 http://www.ijip.in | January - March, 2016 Ecological Niche Theory: A Brief Review Mina Khatibi1*, Razieh Sheikholeslami2 ABSTRACT In ecology, a niche is a term with a variety of meanings related to the behavior of a species living under specific environmental conditions. The ecological niche describes how an organism or population responds to the distribution of resources and competitors. The ecological niche concept expresses the relationship of an individual or a population to all aspects of its environment. Studies on the relationship between human population and environmental resources have employed niche concept. Ecological niche comprehends all conditions necessary for an organism to exist. Keywords: Niche, Ecology, Environment, Organism What is ecological niche? 1. The position or function of an organism or a population within a biological and physical environment. 2. The area within a habitat occupied by an organism. The ecological niche is an organism position in the habitat (Online Psychology Dictionary, 2014). The ecological niche concept, as proposed by Hutchinson (1957), expresses the relationship of an individual or a population to all aspects of its environment. Studies on the relationship between human population and environmental resources have employed niche concept (Adams, 2002; Hanazaki and Begossi, 2004; Cavallini and Nordi, 2005; Silva and Begossi, 2009). According to Hardesty (1972), ecological niche comprehends all conditions necessary for an organism to exist. Considering the ecological niche, it can analyze each one of all interactions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Nearshore Ecosystems As Fish and Shellfish Nurseries
    l About Issues in Ecology Issues in Ecology is designed to report, in language understandable by non-scientists, the consensus of a panel of scientific experts on issues relevant to the environment. Issues in Ecology is supported by the Pew Scholars in Conservation Biology program and by the Ecological Society of America. It is published at irregular intervals, as reports are com- pleted. All reports undergo peer review and must be approved by the Editorial Board before publication. No responsibility for the views expressed by authors in ESA publica- tions is assumed by the editors or the publisher, the Ecological Society of America. Issues in Ecology is an official publication of the Ecological Society of America, the nation’s leading professional society of ecologists. Founded in 1915, ESA seeks to promote the responsible application of ecological principles to the solution of environmental problems. For more information, contact the Ecological Society of America, 1707 H Street, NW, Suite 400, Washington, DC, 20006. ISSN 1092-8987 PublishedIssues by the Ecological Society of America in Eco Number 11, lSpringogy 2003 The RoleofNearshoreEcosystems as Fish andShellfishNurseries as Fish Issues in Ecology Number 11 Spring 2003 The Role of Nearshore Ecosystems as Fish and Shellfish Nurseries SUMMARY Coastal ecosystems provide many vital ecological and economic services, including shoreline protection, productive commercial and sport fisheries, and nutrient cycling. Key nearshore ecosystems such as seagrass meadows, marshes, and mangrove forests
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Study of Four Indexes Based on Zooplankton As Trophic State Indicators in Reservoirs
    Limnetica, 38(1): 291-302 (2019). DOI: 10.23818/limn.38.06 © Asociación Ibérica de Limnología, Madrid. Spain. ISSN: 0213-8409 A comparative study of four indexes based on zooplankton as trophic state indicators in reservoirs Daniel Montagud1,*, Juan M. Soria1, Xavier Soria-Perpiñà2, Teresa Alfonso1 and Eduardo Vicente1 1 Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology (ICBIBE). University of Valencia, 46980-Pater- na, Spain. 2 Image Processing Laboratory. University of Valencia, 46980-Paterna, Spain. * Corresponding author: [email protected] Received: 15/02/18 Accepted: 25/06/18 ABSTRACT A comparative study of four indices based on zooplankton as trophic state indicators in reservoirs This study aims to examine four recently conducted trophic state indices that are based on the density of zooplankton and designed for estimating the trophic state of inland waters. These indices include two with formulations based on quotients or ratios, the Rcla and the Rzoo-chla, which were proposed and validated in the European project ECOFRAME (Moss et al., 2003), and two with formulations based on the incorporation of a statistical tool comprising canonical correspondences analysis (CCA), the Wetland Zooplankton Index proposed in 2002 by researchers from McMaster University of Ontario (Lougheed & Chow-Fraser, 2002) and the Zooplankton Reservoir Trophic Index, an index recently designed by the Ebro Basin Authority and on which this manuscript is the first article. These indices were studied and applied in 53 heterogeneous reservoirs of the Ebro Basin. In addition, all were subsequently validated by Carlson’s Trophic State Index based on the amount of chlorophyll a (Carlson, 1977), with significant differences found between them.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview Directions
    R E S O U R C E L I B R A R Y A C T I V I T Y : 1 H R Marine Food Webs Students investigate marine food webs and trophic levels, research one marine organism, and fit their organisms together in a class-created food web showing a balanced marine ecosystem. G R A D E S 9 - 12+ S U B J E C T S Biology, Ecology, Earth Science, Oceanography, Geography, Physical Geography C O N T E N T S 9 Images, 3 PDFs, 6 Links OVERVIEW Students investigate marine food webs and trophic levels, research one marine organism, and fit their organisms together in a class-created food web showing a balanced marine ecosystem. For the complete activity with media resources, visit: http://www.nationalgeographic.org/activity/marine-food-webs/ DIRECTIONS 1. Build background about marine trophic pyramids and food webs. Review with students that food chains show only one path of food and energy through an ecosystem. In most ecosystems, organisms can get food and energy from more than one source, and may have more than one predator. Healthy, well-balanced ecosystems are made up of multiple, interacting food chains, called food webs. Ask volunteers to come to the front of the room and draw a pyramid and a web. Explain that the shapes of a pyramid and a web are two different ways of representing predator-prey relationships and the energy flow in an ecosystem. Food chains are often represented as food pyramids so that the different trophic levels and the amount of energy and biomass they contain can be compared.
    [Show full text]
  • Unit 2: Ecology
    Name: _______________________________ Block: _____ Unit 2: Ecology Big Idea... The natural world is defined by organisms and life processes which conform to principles regarding conservation and transformation of matter and energy. Knowledge about life processes can be applied to improving human health and well being. Questions... ● How is matter transformed in living systems? ● How is energy transferred and transformed in living systems? ● How can change in one part of an ecosystem affect other parts of the ecosystem? ● How do humans impact the diversity and stability of ecosystems? Topics... ● Ecology is the study of interactions among living and nonliving things in an ecosystem. ● There are various types of interactions and scientists study them in many ways. ● The Earth is divided into biomes. ● Humans impact ecosystems within these biomes. Chapters… ● Chapter 13: Principles of Ecology (p.370) ● Chapter 14: Interactions in Ecosystems (p.400) ● Chapter 15: The Biosphere (p.426) ● Chapter 16: Human Impact on Ecosystems (p.452) Standards 5.3/12 A3,B1,B3,B6,C1,C2,C3; RST/9­10 1,4,5,10; CTE9.1/11 A3,F6; CTE9.4/12 1,7,52; 12/N­Q 1; 12/A­REI 10; 12/S­ID 1­7; 12/S­IC 1­6 (Source: BHPS Biology Curriculum Guide) Biology / Mendenhall UNIT 2: Ecology 1 / 62 Date Do Now Biology / Mendenhall UNIT 2: Ecology 2 / 62 Chapter 13: Principles of Ecology Vocabulary Key Points… ● Ecology is the study of relationships among organisms and their environment. ● Every ecosystem contains both living and nonliving factors. ● Life in an ecosystem requires a source of energy.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecology the Study of the Relationships Between Living Organisms and Their Environment Biosphere: Levels of Organization
    Ecology The study of the relationships between living organisms and their environment Biosphere: Levels of Organization The organization of the biosphere from the most specific to the broadest level: Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biome Biosphere Biosphere = any part of the Earth where organisms live, broadest level of ecological study, includes all of Earth’s ecosystems The biosphere includes the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere Biosphere Biome Biome = a geographic region that has separate but similar ecosystems characterized by a distinct climate Climate of a location determines which types of organisms are able to live there The major biomes on Earth include: tropical rainforest, temperate rainforest, desert, grassland, deciduous forest, coniferous forest, tundra, estuary, savanna, and taiga. Ecosystem Ecosystem = the biotic, or living, community and its abiotic, or nonliving, environment Ecosystems vary greatly in size and conditions The plants and animals of an ecosystem are determined by the abiotic factors Example of an Ecosystem All the living and nonliving factors inside a pond: The water in the pond The algae and plants that grow in the water The animals and bacteria that live in the water The dirt and rocks on the bottom The sunlight on the water Biotic vs. Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors: Living organisms and factors from formerly living organisms Include interactions between members of the same species and different species Abiotic Factors: Any nonliving geological, geographical and climatological
    [Show full text]
  • R-K Selection and Human Development
    From Quantity to Quality of Life: r-K selection and human development Francis Heylighen Centrum Leo Apostel , Vrije Universiteit Brussel Jan L. Bernheim Dept of Human Ecology,Vrije Universiteit Brussel ABSTRACT: Evolutionary fitness is defined as the number of an organism's offspring likely to survive, apparently privileging quantity, rather than quality, of life. However, models of population growth distinguish between "r-selection", that occurs in unpredictable and risky environments, and "K-selection", characterizing stable environments. If offspring has a high probability to be killed by predators, disease, or other uncontrollable factors, the safest bet is to produce as many of them as quickly as possible (r). If offspring has plenty of chances to mature, but needs all its strength and intelligence to efficiently exploit scarce resources, it is wiser to aim for quality (K). The choice between the two strategies depends on early experience: people raised in a stressful environment exhibit typical r-traits, such as many and early sexual contacts, large families, risk-taking, and short life expectancy; in a safe environment, they will typically have lower fertility and higher life expectancy and invest in long-term benefits such as education. Socio-economic development with its accompanying demographic transition and drive to maximize QOL can be viewed as a shift from an r to a K strategy by humanity. An evolutionary view of QOL Quality of life (QOL) is becoming a very popular concept, being used in an ever growing number of contexts. Yet, while most people have an intuitive sense of what it means, it is difficult to find a good definition.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Ecology: Population Ecology Notes Mrs. Laux AP Biology I
    Introduction to Ecology: Population Ecology Notes Mrs. Laux AP Biology I. Ecology Æthe study of all relationships among organisms and their abiotic environment A. Population 1. all the members of a particular species that live together in the same area at the same time B. Community 1. all the populations of different species living in the same area 2. ecosystem a. a community and its environment C. Biosphere 1. global ecological system that comprises all the communities on Earth 2. includes interactions among all Earth’s communities and the Earth’s atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere II. Population Ecology Æbranch of biology that deals with the number of individuals of a particular species that are found in an area and how and why those numbers change over time Æpopulations have certain properties, such as birth rates and death rates, that individual organisms lack A. Population density 1. the number of individuals of a species per unit of area or volume at a given time B. Population dispersion (spacing) may be: 1. random a. unpredictably spaced 2. clumped a. clustered in specific parts of the habitat 3. uniform a. evenly spaced C. Population Size-affected by: Æ number of births (b) Ænumber of deaths (d) Æimmigrants (i) Æemigrants (e) 1. growth rate (r) of a population a. its rate of change in size b. r = b – d (on a global scale, when migration is not a factor) 1 Introduction to Ecology: Population Ecology Notes Mrs. Laux AP Biology 2. populations increase in size as long as a. birth rate (natality) is greater than death rate (mortality) 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Unit 2: Ecology and Ecosystems
    UNIT 2: ECOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEMS •Concept of ecology and ecosystem, Structure and function of ecosystem; Energy flow in an ecosystem; food chains, food webs; Basic concept of population and community ecology; ecological succession. •Characteristic features of the following: a) Forest ecosystem b) Grassland ecosystem c) Desert ecosystem d) Aquatic ecosystems (ponds, streams, lakes, wetlands, rivers, oceans, estuaries) ECOLOGY: Ecology (from the Greek “oikos” meaning "house" or "dwelling", and “logos” meaning "to study") is the study of the interactions of organisms with each other and their environment. The hierarchy define each of the following. species ~genus~ population ~ community ~ ecosystem ~ biosphere AUTECOLOGY & SYNECOLOGY: Autecology & Synecology are two main branches of ecology. Autecology is the study of individual organism or individual species. It is also known as population ecology. Synecology is the study of group of organisms of different species which are associated together as a unit in form of a community. Levels of Ecological Study ORGANISMAL ECOLOGY - the study of individual organisms' behavior, physiology, morphology, etc. in response to environmental challenges. POPULATION ECOLOGY - the study of factors that affect and change the size and genetic composition of populations of organisms. COMMUNITY ECOLOGY - the study of how community structure and organization are changed by interactions among living organisms ECOSYSTEM ECOLOGY - the study of entire ecosystems, including the responses and changes in the community in response to the abiotic components of the ecosystem. This field is concerned with such large-scale topics as energy and nutrient cycling. LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY – study of the exchanges of energy, materials, organisms and other products of between ecosystems. GLOBAL ECOLOGY - the study of the effects of regional change in energy and matter exchange on the function and distribution of organisms across the biosphere.
    [Show full text]