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RECREATION IN CANADIAN PENITENTIARIES

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Hisrorica Review prepared ror the second second Commonwealth Study Conrerence 19b2 %%cab RECREATION IN CANADIAN PENITENTIARIES: Historical Review Pq prepared for the second Commonwealth Study Conference 1962

A. COLONIAL PERIOD, prior to 1867:

1832 Commission appointed by Legislature of Upper Canada, in result of whose findings a penitentiary was built in Kingston, Ontario in 1834.

Prisoners were kept in absolute seclusion from society, sane and insane, young and old mixed together, detained in a state of complete inactivity during the non-working hours with the effects of producing physical atrophy and mental stagnation. Rules of strict silence prevailed. Cells were too small to allow free movement and prisoners were forced to lie down for 12-16 hours a day.

Prisoners were compelled to attend church services on Sundays, but were not permitted to take any part in religious worship, not permitted to stand or kneel, to sing or respond, just to sit and gaze at the Minister.

1844 First collection of secular books donated to Kingston Penitentiary by Sir Charles Metcalfe to form a nucleus of a prisoners' library.

1848 Commission appointed to investigate the provincial penitentiary. Certain improvements resulted from the inquiry.

1850 First government appropriation for books in prisoners' library (in 1859 amount authorized for books was $16.00). Prisoners allowed to borrow books from library at a rate of one book per month. Reading allowed in cells during daylight hours (no lights provided in cells).

1851 First teacher employed in Kingston Penitentiary, giving instruc- tion in cells during evening hours. Prisoners undergoing instruction allowed to study in cells.

No contacts with outside world allowed -- even the sick prisoners were now allowed visits by ministers of non-conformist churches.

SUMMARY: Period of primitive, bordering on barbaric, treatment of prisoners who were denied basic human rights of hygiene and sanitation: restful relaxation, fresh air, light in dark hours. Leisure and recreation non-existent, being prohibited as retributive punishment.

B. POST-CONFEDERATION PERIOD(1867-1914)

LEGISLATION:

1868 Penitentiaries Act issued (amended 1888). It established federal penitentiaries under the jurisdiction of the Minister of Justice. Three provincial penitentiaries taken over: at Kingston, Ontario; St. John's, New Brunswick: and Halifax, Nova Scotia.

(a) PHYSICAL:

1868 Walk in prison yard allowed on Sundays, after church services in the morning and afternoon.

Crown. Copylight of this document does not belong to the obtatned from the author for Proper authorization must be any intended use. document n'appartiennent Les droits d'auteur du présent du présent utsation du contenu pas à l'État. Toute pealteur. document de être approuvée 8565 -2

(b) EDUCATIONAL:

1869 Lighting in cells provided in Kingston Penitentiary for special "good conduct" prisoners, to enable them to read and learn after daylight hours.

1869 Evening school organized in groups (in the dome) instead of individual tuition in cells. Rules of strict silence slightly relaxed for prisoners during school period.

1872 Library books issued to prisoners in Kingston when needed. Lights installed outside cell windows and kept lit till 9 p.m., providing longer reading period.

(c) SOCIAL:

1869 Prisoners allowed to write letters to immediate families by their own hand; instead of being written on their behalf by the Chaplain or Teacher. One letter in three months permitted for "good conduct".

1869 Sick prisoners allowed to receive visit from ministers of their own persuasion. All prisoners allowed to participate in religious services, to stand, kneel, sing.

1888 Visits by prisoners' relatives allowed once a month, for half an hour. Restriction in letter-writing relaxed and letters to families allowed at a rate of once a fortnight (still as a special privilege to "good conduct" prisoners only.

(d) CULTURAL AND OCCUPATIONAL:

1869 Church music allowed in prisons. First choir organized for both chapels in Kingston. Two "melodeons" supplied for chapels in Kingston - by charitable donations and from 25e fee charged to visitors.

1873 One harmonium provided for R.C. Chapel in St. Vincent de Paul

Penitentiary in Montreal, Quebec - by private subscription.

1890 Selected prisoners allowed to act as organists during religious services (presumably they were allowed to practice at other times).

SUMMARY: This period, the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth, marked the "formative years" of a modern penal system. Punitive character of prisons prevailed. Limited recreation allowed to individuals, but being in the nature of incentive for good behavior, was granted to a selected few.

Remark: The later phase of this period, 1890-1914, was not covered due to the short notice for this study. No significant changes took place during that time. - 3-

C. "BETWEEN-THE-WARS" PERIOD (1914-1939)

Remark: The descriptive term "prisoner" replaced by "convict".

LEGISLATION

1920 Committee appointed to revise Penitentiary Regulations.

1933 Penitentiary Regulations revised.

1936 Royal Commission appointed to investigate the penal system in Canada.

1938 Report of the Royal Commission completed, known as the "Archambault Report". It constituted a turning point in the development of penology in Canada.

1939 Penitentiary Act revised.

(a) PHYSICAL:

Regulations 1933 Convicts employed in workshops and offices permitted half an hour (40 minutes in summer) daily exercise in fresh air; with half- time devoted to "systematic, rhythmic exercises prevailing in High Schools", and half-time allowed for so-called "free move- ments".

Rule of silence still prevailed. Smoking not permitted.

1933 (approx.) Volleyball, horse-shoe pitching, introduced during "free movements" exercises. No competition allowed between groups; no games involving bodily contact permitted.

Introduction of games handicapped by official attitude of security measures; softball was considered a security risk as balls could be thrown "...a far distance beyond a guard, and balls could contain a hidden message".

1934 Wooden bowls (4-inch) introduced in Kingston Penitentiary, made by convicts out of scrap lumber.

1934 First purchase of recreational equipment from public funds; volley- ball and rope quoits supplied to Kingston Penitentiary.

1936 First purchase of horseshoes (from public funds) in Dorchester Penitentiary.

1937 Convicts in one "preferred"penitentiary, in Collin's Bay, Ontario, permitted to leave cells during the evening period, 6-8 p.m. on Tuesdays, Thursdays arid Saturdays, and congregate in corridors for indoor recreation.

This is the first implementation of a recommendation made by the 1920 Committee (they recommended three hours daily); and relaxed restrictions applied to one institution only.

(b) EDUCATIONAL:

1927 W. John Kidman, Secretary of Canadian Prisoners' Welfare Association endeavoured to introduce educational lectures in penitentiaries as part of recreational program - permission not granted. Regulations 1933 Convicts permitted to follow higher education during their leisure hours, and in cells. Limiting factor: books to be provided at their own expense or through families.

1933 Magazines and periodicals allowed to\be subscribed to at convicts' own expense. Limiting factor: heavy censorship of magazines; they became penitentiary property.

Education in prisons grew from year to year, but it is impossible now to determine how much the use of leisure time contributed to its growth.

(c) SOCIAL:

1933 Rules of silence relaxed: conversation between convicts permitted at meal-time, and in cells after lock-up till 7 p.m. Silence at work still prevailed. Convicts not permitted to speak to officers or visitors.

"Lights Out" at 9 p.m. -- still enduring long hours of darkness in complete inactivity.

1933 Social contacts: Visiting privileges extended, and friends allowed to visit in special circumstances in lieu of relatives; represen- tatives of Salvation Army and Prisoners' Welfare societies per- mitted to interview convicts prior to release.

Letters: "Special letters" allowed in addition to regular letters

(once a fortnight) to families. • Friends allowed as correspondents where no family connection exist ed. Incoming letters from relatives permitted without quantitative restrictions. decade 1930-39 Outside world: Bulletins of current world events prepared by 'Chaplains and Teachers and distributed among convicts. Very brief and inadequate, subject to individual variations.

No news programs permitted on newly introduced radio. (Accounts of Spanish Civil War censored out; in one penitentiary àccounts of fighting in Palestine censored out; this gave rise to official inquiry and restrictions removed.)

(c) CULTURAL AND OCCUPATIONAL:

1924 American company supplying beadwork to penal institutions in U.S.A. requested permission to introduce beadwork as useful occupation in cells - not permitted. (approx.) 1930 Musical activity allowed (unofficially) in Kingston Penitentiary, and convicts organized intra-mural concerts on Sunday afternoons, being allowed to receive musical instruments donated by families and charitable organizations.

1933 First orchestra organized in Kingston Penitentiary (against orders from central authority).

1933 Coloured wax crayons supplied to convicts in St. Vincent de Paul Penitentiary, MOntreal, for recreational drawing in cells. Six works of art presented to the Minister of Justice.

Drawing and painting permitted as recreational activity. Limiting factors: security measures require every piece of paper to be numbered and accounted for; the subject of any proposed drawing or painting must be submitted for approval, otherwise work con- fiscated. -5

1933 Jigsaw puzzles, books of crossword puzzles, playing cards (solitaire, patience) supplied from public funds and distributed through libraries. Dreariness of long hours in cells alleviated for those who could not or would not read books.

1937 Ordinary playing cards allowed in the "preferred" penitentiary in Collin's Bay, Ontario, for evening recreation.

(approx) 1935 Occupational hobby-work activities allowed in few institutions (unofficially, no records available).

1930-39 Possession of musical instruments allowed to selected convicts throughout penitentiaries, unofficially and mostly in order to sponsor intra-mural entertainment.

(d) ENTERTAINMENT:

1919 First film show and concert at Christmas time: in Kingston Penitentiary given by employees of Department of Trade and Commerce in Ottawa; in St. Vincent de Paul, Montreal, by Salvation Army. (Film

shown in Kingston: government advertising production - "From Halifax to Vancouver").

1920 Christmas entertainment sponsored officially by central authority and first grant of $100 made towards defraying costs of film show. YMCA brought gramophones to Kingston Penitentiary; Laval College band performed in St. Vincent de Paul, Montreal.

1921 During the year, two separate film shows were given to convicts: in Dorchester Penitentiary, NU; and in Saskatchewan Penitentiary.

Since 1921, Christmas concerts and film shows became regular feature in all penitentiaries, and "talking machines" are brought into prisons for the enjoyment of music and carol-singing.

1922 First "moving-picture-machines" installed in British Columbia Peniten- tiary: donated and used without knowledge of the centralauthority. Film shows organized every two months by the Chaplain.

1923 "Fire-proff moving-picture-machines using non-inflammable films" purchased from public funds and supplied to three eastern peniten- tiaries (Pathescope type).

Films for penitentiaries obtained, at nominal cost, from Moving Picture Bureau, Department of Treasury, Provincial Government of Ontario.

Film shows organized at discretion of Wardens.

1924 The Warden of New Hampshire State Prison sent questionnaire on the use of radio in Canadian penitentiaries. Reply from Superintendent of Penitentiaries: "...we do not permit radio in Canadian pehiten- tiaries...there are a few things that should be denied prisoners in order to induce them to remain out of penitentiaries..."

(approx) 1930 With the advent of sound-and-motion pictures, silent films no longer obtainable. High cost of sound-films equipment prohibitive for use

in penitentiaries - this marks the end of film shows for recreation.

1932 First time radio receivers were brought into prisons at Christmas time (unofficially). -6-

(d) ENTERTAINMENT (Con't.)

1933 Radio sets provided at public expense to Kingston Penitentiary. Listening to music only, through CBC channels only: one hour on Sunday afternoons.

Regulations 1988 One concert per month allowed to be organized in winter. Only male performers allowed in prisons. No convict may take part in any performance, but community singing allowed under the leadership of a visiting artist.

1985 Convicts' Entertainment Fund allowed, out of which radio equipment could be purchased and ipyments to entertainers made.

1933-37 Radio sets with loudspeakers installed in all penitentiaries. Broad- casts lindted to music and heavily consored spoken programs. limiting factor: use of loudspeakers interferes with other evening occupations, upsets irritable individuals who are compelled to listen against their wishes.

1938 Enjoyment of Christmas festivities extended beyond normal retiring time (9 p.m.) and allowed to continue till 11 p.m.

SUMMARY: This was a transitional period, forcibly introducing the idea that convicts are entitled some limited enjoyment of their leisure time. Recreation still considered officially as a "fringe benefit". Period culminated in the official recognition (through the Royal Commission recommendations) of the importance of constructive application of recreation in the treatment of law offenders.

D. POST-WAR PERIOD (1939-1961)

Remark: around 1950, the term "inmate" replaced the old usage of the word "convict".

LEGISLATION4 etc.: 1943-45 Series of surveys conducted under Hon. L. St. Laurent as Minister of Justice, into the use of leisure time in penitentiaries. Penitentiary Regulations gradually amended.

1947 Under the Hon. Stuart Garson as Minister of Justice, General R. Gibson appointed as Commissioner of Penitentiaries (1947-1959). Educator and humanitarian Joseph McCulley became Deputy Commissioner (1947-1952). Recommendations of Archambault Report (1938) began to be implemented.

1956 So-called Fauteaux Report completed, being part of pending penal reform -- it had no bearing on recreation and leisure. 19 58-6o Planning Committee appointed under the Hon. E.D. Fulton as Minister of Justice prepared the introduction of penal reform in Canada.

1960 Penitentiary Act revised.

1962 Penitentiary Regualtions revised. ■•••• .11.1M

(a) PHYSICAL:

1943 Survey on utilization of leisure time disclosed that, in some peniten- tiaries, free exercises still consisted of walking around the prison yard in single file in enforced silence. Following the survey, inmates allowed to walk in pairs (in double file) and permitted to converse during fresh air exercises. Still no recreation after 6 p.m.

1944 "Hand tennis" introduced in British Columbia Penitentiary - an improvisation due to lack of tennis raquets.

1945 Competition between playing teams (volleyball) allowed in Dorchester Penitentiary, on discovery through the survey that competitive games were practiced in Dorchester since 1934 despite prohibitive regulations.

The portion of fresh air exercises allowed for "free movements" extended from one half to two thirds of exercise period. Com- petitive games allowed in all penitentiaries. Bodily contact still not permitted.

Relaxation increased in non-working hours: smoking permitted during 10-minute breaks halfway through working hours and during fresh air exercises. Regulations became permissive (by implication) as to conversation.

1945 In the wake of the survey, volleyball, deck tennis, handball, rubber quoits, horseshoes, wooden bowls, introduced to all penitentiaries still during the half hour fresh air exercises.

1946 Checker-boards built and checkers made in British Columbia Penitentiary from scrap lumber for use by elderly and physically handicapped inmates. Exercise yard outside prison walls built in British Columbia Penitentia- ry.

1948 First Physical Training Instructors appointed to Kingston and Collin's Bay penitentiaries. Regular physical training programs gradually introduced. Softball introduced in St. Vincent de Paul, Montreal. Dumb-bell remedial training introduced at Collin's Bay.

1949 Softball on weekends introduced at Kingston Penitentiary with inmates acting as team managers, coaches, umpires.

1952 Inmates officially aoolwed to act as umpires, referees and judges at sports functions. 1950-60 On rare occasions, outside teams allowed to play within prisons.

1960 First inmate softball team allowed to play game outside institution: William Head Institution played against eC4M4PS at Royal Military College, Royal Roads, Victoria, B$CÎ

1961 Recreational Supervisors appointed in major penitentiaries; Physical Training Instructors in all institutions. Programs of physical training and recreation estabUshéd in all institutions. Evening recreation introduced in all institutions. Inmate sports committees established and allowed detailed administra- tion of sports and games: selection of teams, choice of activities, appointment of coaches, umpires, team captains, etc. In most institu- tions an inmate Sports Commissioner elected by inmate body and acts as an assistant to the Physical Training Instructor. 8

(a) Physical (Cont'd.)

The following organized activities carried out to a varying degree in all institutions: softball, volleyball, touch rugby, boxing, horseshoe pitching, soccer, hockey, handball, basketball, weight- lifting, tennis, floor hockey, badminton. In addition to these, games practiced within one single institution are: lacrosse, miniature golf, pushball trampoline, shuffle-board, curling. Field and track competitions are held in all penitentiaries. The variety of sport activities in any single institution ranges between nine and fifteen different games. Since the introduction of organized activities, the choice for games expanded 30percent.

During 1960-61, inmate teans were entered in outside leagues: basketball (Kingston); soccer (British Columbia Penitentiary); soccer and hockey (Saskatchewan Penitentiary); softball, basketball, volleyball, hockey (Federal Training Central, Montreal).

(h) EDUCATIONAL:

1939 Books of technical nature made available to inmates through libraries, sponsoring self-tuition of utilitarian subjects.

1944 Higher education through correspondence courses allowed to inmates in their leisure time; textbooks purchased by inmates at their own expense.

1946 Educational films permitted for showing throughout the year, at least once a month, and oftener if necessary, to inmates undergoing school or vocational training. Penitentiary staff trained as projectionists.

Entertainment films are still restricted to winter months only.

1948 Correspondence courses from the Department of Veterans Affairs made available, free of cost, to all inmates, veterans and non- veterans alike; for non-working hours only.

1950-60 Steady growth in educational activities carried out in non-working hours. Regular tuition available in penitentiaries during evening periods on voluntary basis. School boards and universities cooperate fully in providing corres- pondence course. Several inmates obtaines university degrees following studies carried out in prisons.

(c) SOCIAL:

(i) Contacts within the prison community:

1945 Regulations became permissive as to conversation between inmates - rules of silence in prison finally abolished.

1952 Inmates allowed to converse while at work. 1950-60 Inmate Committees introduced for welfare and entertainment, giving limited participation by inmates in the organization and administra- tion of their leisure time activities.

1951 First publication of prison periodical "Tele-Scope" at Kingston. 1950-60 Inmate publications established in all major penitentiaries: "Transition" in British Columbia; "Pathfinder" in Saskatchewan; ■■•■

(c) Social (Cont'd.)

"Mountain Echoes" in Manitoba; "CB Diamond" in Collin's Bay, Ontario; "Telescope" in Kingston, Ontario; "Pen-O-Rama" in St. Vincent de Paul, Montreal.

These publications are subsidized in part by the penitentiary admi- nistration but are supported by subscriptions and are planned, written, edited and printed by inmates. Contributing inmates are provided with means of free expression of opinions on pertinent subjects including penal reform in general.

(ii) Contacts with families:

1944 Letters to relatives permitted at a rate of one per week.

1960 Restrictions removed from correspondence; postage provided from public funds for four letters per month; additional letters allowed at own expense. Censorship ceased to be compulsory and may be exercised in accordance with the requirements of the good administration of prison.

1960 Visits by relatives, friends and social workers allowed with generous limits.

(iii) Contacts with society-at-large:

1943 Listening to CBC news programs allowed at noon and in the evening - censored within institutions.

1944 CBC cooperated with penitentiaries in regard to "Undesirable" news not to be included in general CBC releases; and censorship of CBC news ceased in penitentiaries. (This referred specifically to reports of riots and disturbances in other penitentiaries, Canadian and American).

1950-60 Beginning of activities by Alcoholics Anonymous And Dale Carnegie

classes within prisons - outside instructors admitted.

1960 Inmate president of Dale Carnegie Alumni Association from William Head Institution invited to speak at the banquet of Pacific Region Dale Carnegie institutes, held at Empress Hotel, Victoria, B.',- C$

1961 Graduating class of 16 inmates from William Head Institution invited to a civic banquet held in Pacific Club, Victoria, B.C.

1960 ”Open House organized on Dominion Day in William Head Institution, field day and picnic-lunch arranged for invited relatives and guests. All preparations and arrantements left to the initiative and ingenuity of inmates.

(d) ENTERTAINMENT:

1940 Radio programs in penitentiaries extended to sport broadcasts and drama.

1943 National Film Board films shown in penitentiaries, free of charge; film projectors rented locally.

1943 Survey on the usage of radio in penitentiaries. Listening allowed one hour at noon and one hour in the evening with extended times on Sundays. "Lights out" time still at 9 p.m. and all recreation ceases at that time. During N.H.L. games radio permitted on Saturday nights still the end of broadcasts, approximately 10 p.m. - 10 -

(d) Entertainment (Cont'd)

1944 Use of Inmates Entertainment Fund for purchases of radio equipment disal- lowed; radio sets provided from public funds.

1944 Film shows returned to penitentiaries, being allowed during the winter months, without expenàe to the public (Showing of silent films petered out in 1930). 1948 Film projectors supplied through War Assets Disposal Corp. 1949 Extension of recreation time till 10 p.m. ("lights out").

1950-60 Loudspeakers eliminated from penitentiaries, system of individual

earphones for each bed installed - recreational use of radio broadcast made inoffensive to others and left to individual's desire.

1954 First appearance of T.V. in prison: three television sets donated to Federal Training Centre, Montreal, by Knights of Columbus.

1956-57 T.V. sets, on loan, brought into British Columbia Penitentiary, Dor- chester and Collin's Bay for viewing of Grey Cup and World Series.

1957 T.V. sets purchased from public funds for inmates enjoyment.

1950-60 Concerts, plays, variety shows, lectures for inmates by outside agencies became a regular feature of institutional program of treatment. Restrictions removed barring female performers and lecturers.

Concerts and shows organized by inmates within the institutions to which outside guests invited.

(e) CULTURAL AND OCCUPATIONAL:

1949 New program of recreation. Marked development of hobby activities as a recognized occupational therapy. Limiting factors: no hobby permitted which required cutting tools.

1949 Leatherwork (glove-making)started in British Columbia Penitentiary.

1950 Hobby work extended to activities requiring use of inoffensive tools: snub-nosed scissors, blunt tools, small toolong knives. Leatherwork, woodworking, copper-pictures developed as main hobby-crafts.

1950 Inmates' Welfare Fund established in all penitentiaries - a revolving fund financed from a small percentage collected on all hobby sales, and used promotionally for loans to impecunious inmates. Funds administrated by Inmates' Committees, accounting of fund carried out by penitentiary administration.

1950 First display and sale (by auction) of hobbycraft held at St. Vincent de Paul, Montreal: 115 articles sold for $465.00.

1951 First hobbycraft displayed to the public: in RCMP barracks, Ottawa, and at Kingston, the latter organized by the Elizabeth Fry Society.

1951 First art exhibition by inmate artists, held in LaSalle Hotel, Kingston, sponsored by Kingston Rotary Club.

1951 Fisrt full-time Hobbycraft Officer appointed at Kingston Penitentiary. - 11 -

(e) Cultural and Occupational (Cont'd)

1950-60 Rapid expansion of hobbycraft activities. Hobbycraft Officers established in all major institutions. Within reasonable limits, practically no restrictions as to the nature of hobby exercises.

1960-61 During the fiscal year, and from a population of under 7,000 inmates, there were 3,000 registered hobbyists, working in nearly 40 different occupations, and producing 26,400 finished articles. Activities engaged in included the following hobbycraft: (figures in brackets denote number of active hobbyists)

Leathercraft (718) Stamps (22) Copper-work (514) Plaster molds (22) Tapestry (petit-point & Albums (17) needlework) (413) Dolls (15) Woodcraft, incl. wood- Weaving (7) carving & driftwood (353) Sewing (women only) (6) Painting & Drawing (303) Beadcraft (5) Gemcraft (131) Dresdencraft (5) Cushion-making (107) Sculpture (4) Physical culture Crochet (women only) (4) (boxing, weightlifting) (100) Mosaics (4) Plastics (65) Toy repair (for cha- Music (56) rity) (4) Novelties (35) Radio repairs (3) Stuffed Toys (33) Fishing tackle (3) Knitting (31) Shirt-making (men) (2) Fly-tying (26) Lighter repair (2) Hooked rugs (1) Basketry (1) Artificial flowers (1)

1960-61 Displays of penitentiary hobbycraft now regular features at local and regional exhibitions, organized by the John Howard Society.

1961 Displays of hobbycraft, sponsored by central authority, were arranged at the Canadian Congress of Correction in Toronto, May 1961, and at the Central Canada Exhibition, Ottawa, August 1961.

SUMMARY: This period, culminating in the introduction of penal reform in Canada, brought the development of leisure time within prisons to the full height of constructive activities. Reformers have recognized the importance which planned and organi- zed recreation has in the formation of human personality, the built-up lf character, and in the attainment of contentment, enjoyment of modern living and the pursuit of happiness. The creation of minimum-security institutions (the so-called "open camps") removed all security restrictions within the boundaries of the insitution which resulted in practically unlimited use of indoor and outdoor recreation. Recreation in correctional institutions is considered a most essential part of prison life. It is regarded not only as entertainment, but as a tool of correctional treatment which is necessary to strengthen the soul, mind and body of the individual inmate. The program of recreation in correctional institutions is intended to absorb the inmate's non-working time that wouod otherwise be spent in idleness or brooding. The aim of correctional recreation is to keep an inmate physically fit by adequate outdoor and indoor exercises and to keep his mind occupied through engagement in games, hobbies, education and arts. iiiiiiiiitligiff11)511/3Ï'ili'll

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CAT. NO 24 165 PRINTED IN U.S.A