DOCSLIB.ORG

Tropical Forest Resources and Extraction

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tropical Forest Resources and Extraction Tropical forest resources and extraction – in Tsaratanana forest, Midongy, Madagascar Ellen Winberg Degree project for Master of Science (Two Years) in Biology 2009 Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences Göteborg University Tropical Forest Resources and Extraction; Ellen Winberg; Master of Science in Biology; Göteborg University; 2009 Abstract Tropical forests are lost at an alarming rate globally. In Madagascar the forests only cover fragments of what they once used to. Conservation in the form of participatory forest management (PFM) is one of the tools that have been put in place to manage and preserve the remaining forests. In Tsaratanana forest in the south eastern part of the country PFM has been introduced by WWF. The community is taking over the management of the forest. This study aimed at looking at the extraction levels and what determines them, the utility fields of the trees and to get an estimate of the forest area that is affected by this extraction. The result shows selection for some tree species in large sizes and a high outtake of small trees. Factors that determine the outtake levels of trees are vegetation structure at the edge and distance to villages from the location in the forest.The largest utility fields are firewood and construction wood but an important compartment of the outtake is also for medicinal purposes. The study further estimates between 31 and 50% of the forest as being disturbed by this extraction. The outtake is not sustainable at the rate it is carried out today and thus needs to be lessened to guarantee the continuance of the forest. The study concludes that the exotic species Lantana camara can be beneficial for the protection of the forest as well as in easing reforestation. Svensk sammanfattning Skogstacket i tropikerna minskar I snabb takt. I Madagascar tacker numera skogarna bara spillror av vad de en gang gjorde. Att bevara skogarna I form av “Participatory Forest Management (PFM) ar en av strategierna som har satts in for att skota och bevara de skogar som finns kvar. I skogen Tsaratanana i sydostra delen av landet har WWF introducerat PFM for att bidra till losningen. Befolkningen i omradet kommer nu ta over skotseln av skogen. Denna studie syftar till att studera uttaget av trad och vad for faktorer som paverkar uttagsnivaerna. Aven anvandningsomradena for dessa trad studerades. En uppskattning av hur stort andel av skogen som ar paverkad av traduttaget gjordes ocksa. Resultatet visar selektion av vissa arter i deras storre diametrar och i ovrigt ett stort uttag av yngre trad. De faktorer som visade sig paverka uttagsnivaerna var strukturen av vegetationen gransande till skogen och avstandet fran bebyggelse till platsen I skogen. De viktigaste och storsta anvandningsomradena for de uttagna traden var ved och virke men en viktig del utgjordes aven av medicinalsyfte. Studien uppskattade att mellan 31 och 50% av skogen ar paverkad av detta uttag. De uttagsnivaer som tillampas idag ar inte langsiktigt hallbara utan maste minska for att garantera skogens fortlevnad. Studien kommer till slutsatsen att den exotiska arten Lantana camara kan vara av nytta for skyddet av skogen liksom for att aterskoga forlorade omraden. 2 Tropical Forest Resources and Extraction; Ellen Winberg; Master of Science in Biology; Göteborg University; 2009 Content Introduction ................................................................................................................... 5 Importance and challenges of tropical forests.............................................................. 5 Madagascar a diverse island and country.................................................................... 6 Madagascar’s ecology of international importance ...................................................... 6 Madagascar’s forests and their declining area............................................................. 7 Poverty, population growth and social institutions related to deforestation .................. 8 Tavy, a sustainable land use or the method of deforestation?..................................... 9 Edges and fragmentation affecting forests and their diversity.................................... 12 Introduced invasive species posing a threat to indigenous species or a way to reforest? ................................................................................................................................... 15 Conservation the goal for forest remnants of Madagascar ........................................ 17 Participatory Forest Management outside Midongy du Sud National Park ................ 17 Motives to this Study.................................................................................................. 19 Methods ....................................................................................................................... 21 Location and site description...................................................................................... 21 Field Surveys ............................................................................................................. 22 Data and map analysis .............................................................................................. 23 Results .........................................................................................................................26 Slope and vegetation affects basal area in type I tests .............................................. 26 Vegetation and total accessibility affects the extraction in Type III regression test .... 26 Vegetation, village and edge distance correlate to tree extraction ............................. 27 Sizes and species of tree stumps .............................................................................. 28 Different species most frequently extracted in different size classes ......................... 28 High degree of endemism among extracted tree species .......................................... 29 Construction and firewood for people or food for lemurs ........................................... 30 Up to half of the forest area affected by extraction leaving fragmented core areas ... 30 Discussion ................................................................................................................... 32 Edge vegetation structure and distance from villages and forest edges limit the outtake of wood.......................................................................................................... 32 3 Tropical Forest Resources and Extraction; Ellen Winberg; Master of Science in Biology; Göteborg University; 2009 Potentially selective outtake for size can have ecological implications ...................... 33 Diverse but selective outtake of tree species related to household needs but also to over exploitation......................................................................................................... 34 Fuel and construction wood as the largest utility fields brings implications for management.............................................................................................................. 36 Medicinal purposes fill an important role in tree extraction in Tsaratanana................ 37 Socially unsustainable and destructive honey extraction needs to be amended........ 38 Unsustainable fruit extraction and selection for trees competing with lemurs ............ 38 Risk of increasing pressure on Tsaratanana due to creation of Midongy du Sud National Park ............................................................................................................. 40 Incentives for managing the forest sustainably .......................................................... 42 Introduced invasive species a good or bad in Tsaratanana? ..................................... 45 A large part of the forest affected by selective tree extraction having implications for the ecosystem............................................................................................................ 46 Conclusions................................................................................................................. 48 What could have been done differently in this study and why did it turn out this way? ............................................................................................................................. 49 More extensive social information.............................................................................. 50 Satellite imagery ........................................................................................................ 50 Limitations in field work resources ............................................................................. 50 Acknowledgement....................................................................................................... 52 Abbreviations .............................................................................................................. 52 Reference list............................................................................................................... 52 Diverse....................................................................................................................... 52 Articles ....................................................................................................................... 52 Internet Links ............................................................................................................. 54 Literature...................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Brief Nomenclatural Review of Genera and Tribes in Theaceae Linda M
    Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Volume 24 | Issue 1 Article 8 2007 A Brief Nomenclatural Review of Genera and Tribes in Theaceae Linda M. Prince Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, California Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso Part of the Botany Commons, and the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons Recommended Citation Prince, Linda M. (2007) "A Brief Nomenclatural Review of Genera and Tribes in Theaceae," Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol. 24: Iss. 1, Article 8. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol24/iss1/8 Aliso 24, pp. 105–121 ᭧ 2007, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden A BRIEF NOMENCLATURAL REVIEW OF GENERA AND TRIBES IN THEACEAE LINDA M. PRINCE Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, 1500 North College Ave., Claremont, California 91711-3157, USA ([email protected]) ABSTRACT The angiosperm family Theaceae has been investigated extensively with a rich publication record of anatomical, cytological, paleontological, and palynological data analyses and interpretation. Recent developmental and molecular data sets and the application of cladistic analytical methods support dramatic changes in circumscription at the familial, tribal, and generic levels. Growing interest in the family outside the taxonomic and systematic fields warrants a brief review of the recent nomenclatural history (mainly 20th century), some of the classification systems currently in use, and an explanation of which data support various classification schemes. An abridged bibliography with critical nomen- clatural references is provided. Key words: anatomy, classification, morphology, nomenclature, systematics, Theaceae. INTRODUCTION acters that were restricted to the family and could be used to circumscribe it.
    [Show full text]
  • Kenneth G. Karol the Lewis B
    Kenneth G. Karol The Lewis B. and Dorothy Cullman Program for Molecular Systematics Studies The New York Botanical Garden Bronx, New York 10458-5126 telephone: (718) 817-8615 e-mail: [email protected] Education Ph.D., Plant Biology. 2004. University of Maryland, College Park, MD Bachelor of Science, Botany. 1992. University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI Professional Experience Assistant Curator. 2007-Present. Cullman Program, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY Doctoral Faculty. 2007-Present. City University of New York, Plant Sciences Ph.D. Subprogram, Lehman College, Bronx, NY Chair - Phycological Section, Botanical Society of America. 2006-Present. Postdoctoral Fellow. 2006-2007. National Institutes of Health - National Research Service Award, Genomics/Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA LBNA Guest Researcher. 2005-present. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA Appointment runs concurrently with ongoing genome projects. Research Associate (post-doc). 2004-2006. US National Science Foundation Tree of Life Program, Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA Graduate Student. 1998-2004. Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD Research Assistant. 1999-2003. US NSF PEET Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD Graduate Admissions Committee. 2001 & 2002. Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD Executive Committee. 1999-2000. Green Plant Phylogeny Research Coordination Group Biological Research Technician. 1997-1998. Laboratory of Molecular Systematics, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC Contract Researcher. 1997. Laboratory of Molecular Systematics, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC Research Technician. 1993-1996. Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL Visiting Scientist.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnobotanical Survey in Tampolo Forest (Fenoarivo Atsinanana, Northeastern Madagascar)
    Article Ethnobotanical Survey in Tampolo Forest (Fenoarivo Atsinanana, Northeastern Madagascar) Guy E. Onjalalaina 1,2,3,4 , Carole Sattler 2, Maelle B. Razafindravao 2, Vincent O. Wanga 1,3,4,5, Elijah M. Mkala 1,3,4,5 , John K. Mwihaki 1,3,4,5 , Besoa M. R. Ramananirina 6, Vololoniaina H. Jeannoda 6 and Guangwan Hu 1,3,4,* 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; [email protected] (G.E.O.); [email protected] (V.O.W.); [email protected] (E.M.M.); [email protected] (J.K.M.) 2 AVERTEM-Association de Valorisation de l’Ethnopharmacologie en Régions Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse, 59000 Lille, France; [email protected] (C.S.); maellerazafi[email protected] (M.B.R.) 3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 4 Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China 5 East African Herbarium, National Museums of Kenya, P. O. Box 451660-0100, Nairobi, Kenya 6 Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Antananarivo, BP 566, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; [email protected] (B.M.R.R.); [email protected] (V.H.J.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Abstract: BackgroundMadagascar shelters over 14,000 plant species, of which 90% are endemic. Some of the plants are very important for the socio-cultural and economic potential. Tampolo forest, located in the northeastern part of Madagascar, is one of the remnant littoral forests Citation: Onjalalaina, G.E.; Sattler, hinged on by the adjacent local communities for their daily livelihood.
    [Show full text]
  • Species of Baobab in Madagascar Rajeriarison, 2010 with 6 Endemics : Adansonia Grandidieri, A
    FLORA OF MADAGASCAR Pr HERY LISY TIANA RANARIJAONA Doctoral School Naturals Ecosystems University of Mahajanga [email protected] Ranarijaona, 2014 O7/10/2015 CCI IVATO ANTANANARIVO Originality Madagascar = « megabiodiversity », with 5 % of the world biodiversity (CDB, 2014). originality et diversity with high endemism. *one of the 25 hot spots 7/9 species of Baobab in Madagascar Rajeriarison, 2010 with 6 endemics : Adansonia grandidieri, A. rubrostipa, A. za, A. madagascariensis, A. perrieri et A. suarezensis. Ranarijaona, 2013 Endemism Endemism : *species : 85 % - 90 % (CDB, 2014) *families : 02,46 % * genera : 20 à 25 % (SNB, 2012) *tree and shrubs (Schatz, 2001) : - familles : 48,54 % - genres : 32,85 % CDB, 2014 - espèces : 95,54 % RANARIJAONA, 2014 Families Genera Species ASTEROPEIACEAE 1 8 SPHAEROSEPALACEAE PHYSENACEAE 1 1 SARCOLAENACEAE 10 68 BARBEUIACEAE 1 1 PHYSENACEAE 1 2 RAJERIARISON, 2010 Archaism •DIDIEREACEAE in the south many affinities with the CACTACEAE confined in South America : Faucherea laciniata - Callophyllum parviflorum • Real living fossils species : * Phyllarthron madagascariensis : with segmented leaves * species of Dombeya : assymetric petales * genera endemic Polycardia, ex : P. centralis : inflorescences in nervation of the leaf * Takhtajania perrieri : Witness living on the existence of primitive angiosperms of the Cretaceous in Madagascar RAJERIARISON, 2010 Tahina spectabilis (Arecaceae) Only in the west of Madagascar In extinction (UICN, 2008) Metz, 2008) Inflorescence : ~4 m Estimation of the floristic richness (IUCN/UNEP/WWF, 1987; Koechlin et al., 1974; Callmander, 2010) Authors years Families Genera Species Perrier de la 1936 191 1289 7370 Bathie Humbert 1959 207 1280 10000 Leroy 1978 160 - 8200 White 1983 191 1200 8500 Guillaumet 1984 180 1600 12000 Phillipson et al.
    [Show full text]
  • From Cacti to Carnivores: Improved Phylotranscriptomic Sampling And
    Article Type: Special Issue Article RESEARCH ARTICLE INVITED SPECIAL ARTICLE For the Special Issue: Using and Navigating the Plant Tree of Life Short Title: Walker et al.—Phylotranscriptomic analysis of Caryophyllales From cacti to carnivores: Improved phylotranscriptomic sampling and hierarchical homology inference provide further insight into the evolution of Caryophyllales Joseph F. Walker1,13, Ya Yang2, Tao Feng3, Alfonso Timoneda3, Jessica Mikenas4,5, Vera Hutchison4, Caroline Edwards4, Ning Wang1, Sonia Ahluwalia1, Julia Olivieri4,6, Nathanael Walker-Hale7, Lucas C. Majure8, Raúl Puente8, Gudrun Kadereit9,10, Maximilian Lauterbach9,10, Urs Eggli11, Hilda Flores-Olvera12, Helga Ochoterena12, Samuel F. Brockington3, Michael J. Moore,4 and Stephen A. Smith1,13 Manuscript received 13 October 2017; revision accepted 4 January 2018. 1 Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 830 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048 USA 2 Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 1445 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA 3 Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK 4 Department of Biology, Oberlin College, Science Center K111, 119 Woodland Street, Oberlin, OH 44074-1097 USA 5 Current address: USGS Canyonlands Research Station, Southwest Biological Science Center, 2290 S West Resource Blvd, Moab, UT 84532 USA 6 Institute of Computational and Mathematical Engineering (ICME), Stanford University, 475 Author Manuscript Via Ortega, Suite B060, Stanford, CA, 94305-4042 USA This is the author manuscript accepted for publication and has undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record.
    [Show full text]
  • SBBG Research Publications, 1940‐Present
    SBBG Research Publications, 1940‐present The following bibliography includes publications of the staff and Research Associates of the Santa Barbara Botanic Garden as well as publications that were directly facilitated by the Garden. 2019: Books and Book Chapters: Gill, K.M., M. Fauvelle, and J.M. Erlandson, eds. 2019. An archaeology of abundance: Reevaluating the marginality of California’s islands. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 326 pages. Gill, K.M., J.M. Erlandson, K. Niessen, K. Hoppa, and D. Merrick. 2019. Where carbohydrates were key: Reassessing the marginality of terrestrial plant resources on California’s islands. Pages 98‐134 in: Gill, K.M., M. Fauvelle, and J.M. Erlandson, eds. An archaeology of abundance: Reevaluating the marginality of California’s islands. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Journal Articles (peer reviewed): Escudero, N., J. Gasca‐Pineda, R. Bello, C.M. Guilliams, and M.C. Arteaga 2019. Genetic and phenotypic diversity of Branchinecta sandiegonensis in the vernal pools of Baja California, México. Zootaxa 4646(1): 145‐163. Kofron, C.P., C. Rutherford, L.E. Andreano, M.J. Walgren and H.E. Schneider. 2019. Status of the endangered Indian Knob mountainbalm Eriodictyon altissimum (Namaceae) in central coastal California. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 118: 21‐41. Reese Næsborg, R., Peterson, E.B., Tibell, L. 2019. Chaenotheca longispora (Coniocybaceae), a new lichen from coast redwood trees in California, U.S.A. The Bryologist 122: 31–37. N:\Commons\Conservation General Documents\Conservation & Research\Research and Researchers 1 Wilken, D. 2019. Reassessment and circumscription of Ipomopsis multiflora and Ipomopsis polyantha (Polemoniaceae).
    [Show full text]
  • Asteropeia and Physena (Caryophyhales): a Case Study in Comparative Wood Anatomy
    Asteropeia and Physena (CaryophyHales): A case study in comparative wood anatomy SHERWIN CARLQUIST Carlquist, S. (Santa Barbara Botanic Garden. 1212 Mission Canyon Road. Santa Barbara. California 93105. U.S.A.; e-mail: [email protected]). Asteropeia and Physena (Caryophyllales): A case study in comparative wood anatomy. Brittonia 58: 301-313. 2006.—Previous analyses of Asteropeia and Physena have not compared the wood anatomy of these genera to those of Caryophyllales 5.1. Molecular evidence shows that the two genera form a clade that is a sister group of the core Caryophyl­ lales. Synapomorphies of the Asteropeia—Physena clade inelude small circular alter­ nate pits on vessels, presence of vasicentric tracheids plus fiber-tracheids. presence of abaxial-confluent plus diffuse axial parenchyma, and presence of predominantly uniseriate rays. These features are analyzed with respect to habit and ecology of the two genera. Solitary vessels, present in both genera, are related to the presenee of va- sieentric tracheids. Autapomorphies in the two genera seem related to adaptations by Physena as a shrub of moderately dry habitats (e.g., narrower vessel elements, abun­ dant vasicentric tracheids. square to erect cells in rays) as compared to alternate char­ acter expressions that seem related to the arboreal habit and humid forest ecology of Asteropeia. The functional significance of vasicentric tracheids and fiber-tracheids in dicotyledons is briefly reviewed in the light of wood anatomy of the two genera. Key words: Asteropeiaceae. Caryophyllales. ecological wood anatomy, liber- tracheids, functional wood anatomy. Physenaceae, vasicentric tracheids. Two genera that comprise monogeneric by cladistic analysis of DNA data.
    [Show full text]
  • Dryland Tree Data for the Southwest Region of Madagascar: Alpha-Level
    Article in press — Early view MADAGASCAR CONSERVATION & DEVELOPMENT VOLUME 1 3 | ISSUE 01 — 201 8 PAGE 1 ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/1 0.431 4/mcd.v1 3i1 .7 Dryland tree data for the Southwest region of Madagascar: alpha-level data can support policy decisions for conserving and restoring ecosystems of arid and semiarid regions James C. AronsonI,II, Peter B. PhillipsonI,III, Edouard Le Correspondence: Floc'hII, Tantely RaminosoaIV James C. Aronson Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 631 66-0299, USA Email: ja4201 [email protected] ABSTRACT RÉSUMÉ We present an eco-geographical dataset of the 355 tree species Nous présentons un ensemble de données éco-géographiques (1 56 genera, 55 families) found in the driest coastal portion of the sur les 355 espèces d’arbres (1 56 genres, 55 familles) présentes spiny forest-thickets of southwestern Madagascar. This coastal dans les fourrés et forêts épineux de la frange côtière aride et strip harbors one of the richest and most endangered dryland tree semiaride du Sud-ouest de Madagascar. Cette région possède un floras in the world, both in terms of overall species diversity and des assemblages d’arbres de climat sec les plus riches (en termes of endemism. After describing the biophysical and socio-eco- de diversité spécifique et d’endémisme), et les plus menacés au nomic setting of this semiarid coastal region, we discuss this re- monde. Après une description du cadre biophysique et de la situ- gion’s diverse and rich tree flora in the context of the recent ation socio-économique de cette région, nous présentons cette expansion of the protected area network in Madagascar and the flore régionale dans le contexte de la récente expansion du growing engagement and commitment to ecological restoration.
    [Show full text]
  • DATING PHYLOGENETICALLY BASAL EUDICOTS USING Rbcl SEQUENCES and MULTIPLE FOSSIL REFERENCE POINTS1
    American Journal of Botany 92(10): 1737±1748. 2005. DATING PHYLOGENETICALLY BASAL EUDICOTS USING rbcL SEQUENCES AND MULTIPLE FOSSIL REFERENCE POINTS1 CAJSA LISA ANDERSON,2,5 KAÊ RE BREMER,3 AND ELSE MARIE FRIIS4 2Department of Systematic Botany, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, NorbyvaÈgen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden; 3Stockholm University, Blom's House, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; and 4Department of Palaeobotany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden A molecular dating of the phylogenetically basal eudicots (Ranunculales, Proteales, Sabiales, Buxales and Trochodendrales sensu Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II) has been performed using several fossils as minimum age constraints. All rbcL sequences available in GenBank were sampled for the taxa in focus. Dating was performed using penalized likelihood, and results were compared with nonparametric rate smoothing. Fourteen eudicot fossils, all with a Cretaceous record, were included in this study for age constraints. Nine of these are assigned to basal eudicots and the remaining ®ve taxa represent core eudicots. Our study shows that the choice of methods and fossil constraints has a great impact on the age estimates, and that removing one single fossil change the results in the magnitude of tens of million years. The use of several fossil constraints increase the probability of approaching the true ages. Our results suggest a rapid diversi®cation during the late Early Cretaceous, with all the lineages of basal eudicots emerging during the latest part of the Early Cretaceous. The age of Ranunculales was estimated to 120 my, Proteales to 119 my, Sabiales to 118 my, Buxales to 117 my, and Trochodendrales to 116 my.
    [Show full text]
  • Forchhammeria and Stixis (Brassicales)
    Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Volume 31 | Issue 2 Article 2 2013 Forchhammeria and Stixis (Brassicales): Stem and Wood Anatomical Diversity, Ecological and Phylogenetic Significance Sherwin Carlquist Santa Barbara Botanic Garden, Santa Barbara, California Bruce F. Hansen Institute for Systematic Botany, Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa Hugh H. Iltis Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison Mark E. Olson Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, México DF, Mexico Daniel L. Geiger Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso Recommended Citation Carlquist, Sherwin; Hansen, Bruce F.; Iltis, Hugh H.; Olson, Mark E.; and Geiger, Daniel L. (2013) "Forchhammeria and Stixis (Brassicales): Stem and Wood Anatomical Diversity, Ecological and Phylogenetic Significance," Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol. 31: Iss. 2, Article 2. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol31/iss2/2 Aliso, 31(2), pp. 59–75 ’ 2013, The Author(s), CC-BY FORCHHAMMERIA AND STIXIS (BRASSICALES): STEM AND WOOD ANATOMICAL DIVERSITY, ECOLOGICAL AND PHYLOGENETIC SIGNIFICANCE SHERWIN CARLQUIST,1,6 BRUCE F. HANSEN,2 HUGH H. ILTIS,3 MARK E. OLSON,4 AND DANIEL L. GEIGER5 1Santa Barbara Botanical Garden, 1212 Mission Canyon Road, Santa Barbara, California 93105; 2Institute for Systematic Botany, Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, ISA 2015, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620; 3Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; 4Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Me´xico; Me´xico DF 04510, Mexico; 5Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol, Santa Barbara, California 93105.
    [Show full text]
  • Progress and Problems in the Assessment of Flower Morphology In
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by RERO DOC Digital Library Plant Syst Evol (2012) 298:257–276 DOI 10.1007/s00606-011-0576-2 REVIEW Progress and problems in the assessment of flower morphology in higher-level systematics Peter K. Endress • Merran L. Matthews Received: 1 September 2011 / Accepted: 21 November 2011 / Published online: 7 January 2012 Ó Springer-Verlag 2012 Abstract Floral features used for characterization of Introduction higher-level angiosperm taxa (families, orders, and above) are assessed following a comparison of earlier (pre- Plant species, genera, families, orders, and even higher cladistic/premolecular) and current classifications. Cron- categories have long been characterized by structural fea- quist (An integrated system of classification of flowering tures, mainly by floral morphology. Certain features have plants. Columbia University Press, New York, 1981) and generally been regarded as of special value to characterize APG (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group) (Bot J Linn Soc higher-level taxa (families and above) in traditional clas- 161:105–121, 2009) were mainly used as the basis for this sifications, with the assumption that they are relatively comparison. Although current circumscriptions of taxo- stable. Earlier, classifications were developed whereby nomic groups (clades) are largely based on molecular larger primary groups were formed based upon shared markers, it is also important to morphologically charac- structural similarity. These groups then constituted the terize these new groups, as, in many cases, they are com- nuclei around which other groups were assembled by pletely novel assemblages, especially at the level of orders concatenation according to their least dissimilarity.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Placement of Two Enigmatic Genera, Borthwickia And
    TAXON 61 (3) • June 2012: 601–611 Su & al. • Phylogenetic placements of Borthwickia and Stixis Phylogenetic placement of two enigmatic genera, Borthwickia and Stixis, based on molecular and pollen data, and the description of a new family of Brassicales, Borthwickiaceae Jun-Xia Su,1,2,3 Wei Wang,1 Li-Bing Zhang4,5 & Zhi-Duan Chen1 1 State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China 2 Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China 3 College of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, Shanxi 041004, China 4 Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China 5 Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 63166-0299, U.S.A. Jun-Xia Su and Wei Wang contributed equally to this paper. Author for correspondence: Zhi-Duan Chen, [email protected] Abstract Capparaceae (Brassicales) as traditionally circumscribed is heterogeneous, and several genera have been segregated from it based on molecular and/or morphological data. However, Borthwickia and Stixis, two Southeast Asian endemic genera of Capparaceae with controversial positions, have not previously been evaluated in a molecular phylogenetic study. Here, we used four plastid DNA regions (matK, ndhF, rbcL, trnL-trnF) and pollen data to determine their phylogenetic relationships within core Brassicales. Our results showed that neither Borthwickia nor Stixis is a member of Capparaceae. The two genera, together with Forchhammeria, Gyrostemonaceae, Resedaceae, and Tirania, formed a clade with strong support. Stixis is closely related to Tirania, a relationship that is also supported by morphological characters, such as six sepals and three- or four-locular ovaries.
    [Show full text]