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Development of the Human Adrenal Zona Reticularis: Morphometric and Immunohistochemical Studies from Birth to Adolescence

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Development of the Human Adrenal Zona Reticularis: Morphometric and Immunohistochemical Studies from Birth to Adolescence 241 Development of the human adrenal zona reticularis: morphometric and immunohistochemical studies from birth to adolescence Xiao-Gang Hui1,3, Jun-ichi Akahira1, Takashi Suzuki1, Masaki Nio3, Yasuhiro Nakamura1,2, Hiroyoshi Suzuki4, William E Rainey2 and Hironobu Sasano1 1Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan 2Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA 3Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan 4Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai 983-8520, Japan (Correspondence should be addressed to H Sasano; Email: [email protected]) Abstract Age-related morphologic development of human adrenal in outer zona fasciculata (ZF) before 4 years of age and in ZR zona reticularis (ZR) has not been well examined. Therefore, after 4 years of age, but the number of these cells markedly in this study, 44 human young adrenal autopsy specimens decreased around 20 years of age. The number of BCL2- retrieved from large archival files (nZ252) were examined for positive cells increased in ZR and decreased in ZF during immunohistochemical and morphometric analyses. Results development. Adrenal androgen synthesizing type 5 17b- demonstrated that ZR became discernible around 4 years of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD17B5 or AKR1C3 as age, and both thickness and ratio per total cortex of ZR listed in the Hugo Database) was almost confined to ZR increased in an age-dependent fashion thereafter, although of human adrenals throughout development. HSD17B5 there was no significant increment in total thickness of immunoreactivity in ZR became discernible and increased developing adrenal cortex. We further evaluated immuno- from around 9 years of age. Results of our present study reactivity of both KI67 and BCL2 in order to clarify the support the theory of age-dependent adrenocortical cell equilibrium between cell proliferation and apoptosis in migration and also indicated that ZR development is not only the homeostasis of developing human adrenals. Results associated with adrenarche, but may play important roles in demonstrated that proliferative adrenocortical cells were an initiation of puberty. predominantly detected in the zona glomerulosa and partly Journal of Endocrinology (2009) 203, 241–252 Introduction Functionally, the ZR-specific or preferential steroid metabo- lizing enzymes have been proposed to play important roles in Human adrenarche is generally characterized by the the biosynthesis of DHEA and DHEAS (Suzuki et al. 2000). appearance of axillary hair, pubarche, and a transient Dhom was the first to carefully examine the appearance and acceleration of linear growth and bone maturation. Adre- continuous development of ZR and suggested the possible narche has also been defined as the increased production of correlation between adrenal androgen productions and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA-sulfate morphologic development of the ZR in human adrenal (DHEAS) in human adrenal cortex, which occurs between glands (Dhom 1973). Results of other published histomor- 6 and 8 years of age (Parker & Odell 1980, Voutilainen et al. phologic studies demonstrated a reduction in histologically 1983). The onset and characteristics of adrenarche are also identifiable ZR width, which is proportional to the width of well known to be associated with alterations in both cytochrome b5 immunopositive cortical cells. (Dharia et al. adrenocortical functions and morphology (Parker et al. 2005); however, the total cortical width remained the same 1983, Gell et al. 1996). The zona reticularis (ZR) is generally throughout the ages, suggesting that ZR regression in elderly considered the site for DHEA and DHEAS synthesis population may account for the diminished production of (Deperetti & Forest 1976, Hyatt et al. 1983, Endoh et al. DHEAS, a phenomenon also termed ‘adrenopause’ (Parker 1996, Rainey & Nakamura 2008). Therefore, an increment of et al. 1997). In our present study, we used immunohisto- adrenal androgen production has been considered to be chemical analysis for adrenocortical steroidogenic enzymes in closely associated with temporal and spatial morphologic order to fully characterize the morphometric and functional changes in the ZR during adrenarche (Dhom 1973, Parker changes of human adrenocortical ZR in both males and et al. 1983, Suzuki et al. 2000, Rainey et al. 2002). females from infancy to adolescence. Journal of Endocrinology (2009) 203, 241–252 DOI: 10.1677/JOE-09-0127 0022–0795/09/0203–241 q 2009 Society for Endocrinology Printed in Great Britain Online version via http://www.endocrinology-journals.org Downloaded from Bioscientifica.com at 09/25/2021 06:53:36PM via free access 242 X-G HUI and others . Development of human adrenal zona reticularis Adrenal tissue represents a cell renewal system in which the (nZ8 in male; nZ5 in female); group 13–20 years of age adaptive structural remodeling is accomplished by a balance (nZ12 in male; nZ10 in female). From these paraffin- between cell proliferation and apoptosis (Leblond 1964). embedded specimens, 3 mm thickness tissue sections were However, the cellular dynamics underlying postnatal develop- prepared for immunostaining. This protocol was approved by ment of the ZR during adrenarche has remained unknown. Institutional Review Board of Tohoku University School of Therefore, we further evaluated alterations of immunoreactivity Medicine (2004-355) and National Hospital Organization, of KI67 (listed as MKI67 in the Hugo Database) and BCL2 Sendai Medical Center. in human young adrenal cortex during ZR development in order to obtain a better understanding of cytogenesis of ZR. Antibodies The correlation of adrenarche with the initiation of puberty has also not been well evaluated. In particular, the The polyclonal antibodies for steroid sulfotransferase type 2A1 morphologic correlation between adrenarche and puberty has (SULT2A1) (1:1000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, remained still unknown. Therefore, we evaluated 17b- CA, USA, sc-18725), HSD3B2 (1:2500, rabbit antiplacental hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD17B5) during ZR HSD3B2) employed in this study, have been previously development with attempt to study the relationship between described. Briefly, the antibody directed against HSD3B2 has alterations within the adrenal during adrenarche and the age been characterized as specific for immunohistochemical and of puberty. Results of a recent study have demonstrated that western analyses (Doody et al. 1990, Lorence et al. 1990, Sasano HSD17B5, which plays an important role in the conversion of et al. 1990). The antibody SULT2A1 was a goat polyclonal IgG sex steroids, is also expressed in human adrenal gland (Petry preparation against a peptide mapping within an internal et al. 2007). HSD17B3 provides w50% of the total amount of region of SULT2A1 of human origin, and has been testosterone in men by synthesizing testosterone from demonstrated to be specifically expressed in human liver and androstenedione (Geissler et al. 1994, Labrie et al. 2005), adrenal tissues using both western blot and immunohisto- but the same enzymatic reaction is catalyzed in peripheral chemical evaluations (Otterness et al. 1992, Comer et al. 1993, target tissues via HSD17B5 and HSD17B1, not through Forbes et al. 1995). In addition, the monoclonal antibodies HSD17B3. HSD17B5 has been reported to be most KI67 (MIB-1, 1:100 DAKO, Glostrup, Denmark) and BCL2 abundantly expressed in the human adrenal compared to (1:80 DAKO) were also used in this study. A monoclonal HSD17B1 and HSD17B3 (Dufort et al.1999, Qin & anti-human HSD17B5 antibody (also called AKR1C3, 1:200 Rosenfield 2000, Nakamura et al. 2009). In addition, Sigma) was obtained from Sigma–Aldrich. This antibody was HSD17B5 has also recently been reported to be expressed previously reported not to cross react with human AKR1C1, at higher levels in human ZR using quantitative PCR and AKR1C2, or AKR1C4 (Lin et al. 2004). immunohistochemistry (Nakamura et al. 2009). Therefore, in this study, we included the chronological analysis of Immunohistochemistry HSD17B5 expression during ZR development in human adrenals using immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed by the streptavidin–biotin amplification method using a Histofine kit (Nichirei, Tokyo, Japan). Briefly, after deparaffinization, tissue sections were treated with 0.3% hydrogen peroxidase Materials and Methods in methanol for 30 min at room temperature to quench endogenous peroxidase activity and then treated with 1% Tissues and age groups normal rabbit or goat (when the primary antibody was Human adrenal autopsy specimens from birth to adolescence developed in rabbit) serum for 30 min at room temperature (nZ252, from postnatal 7 months to 20 years of age) were in a moisture chamber. The sections for KI67 and BCL2 retrieved from autopsy files of Tohoku University Hospital immunostaining were immersed in citric acid buffer and National Hospital Organization, Sendai Medical Center (0.002 M citric acid and 0.009 M trisodium citrate from 1990 to 2007 (Sendai, Japan). Forty-four specimens dihydrate, pH 6.0) and heated in autoclave for 5 min at were selected for this study from the large group of archival 127 8C and were then allowed to cool for w1 h at room tissue specimens following careful histological or morpho- temperature for antigen retrieval. The diluted
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