Thomas Jefferson University Jefferson Digital Commons

Thomas Jefferson University - A chronological history and alumni directory, 1824 - 1990, edited by Frederick B. Wagner, Jr., MD, and J. Woodrow Jefferson History and Publications Savacool, MD, 1992.

January 1992

Part I: Jefferson Medical College 1855 to 1865 (pages 89-124)

Follow this and additional works at: https://jdc.jefferson.edu/wagner1

Part of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy

Recommended Citation "Part I: Jefferson Medical College 1855 to 1865 (pages 89-124)" (1992). Thomas Jefferson University - A chronological history and alumni directory, 1824 - 1990, edited by Frederick B. Wagner, Jr., MD, and J. Woodrow Savacool, MD, 1992.. Paper 17. https://jdc.jefferson.edu/wagner1/17

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Jefferson Digital Commons. The Jefferson Digital Commons is a service of Thomas Jefferson University's Center for Teaching and Learning (CTL). The Commons is a showcase for Jefferson books and journals, peer-reviewed scholarly publications, unique historical collections from the University archives, and teaching tools. The Jefferson Digital Commons allows researchers and interested readers anywhere in the world to learn about and keep up to date with Jefferson scholarship. This article has been accepted for inclusion in Thomas Jefferson University - A chronological history and alumni directory, 1824 - 1990, edited by Frederick B. Wagner, Jr., MD, and J. Woodrow Savacool, MD, 1992. by an authorized administrator of the Jefferson Digital Commons. For more information, please contact: [email protected]. ~ 1855 ~

This was an important year in world medical Aedes aegypti mosquito was the responsible vec­ history. Manuel Garcia first performed mirror tor. As an independent investigator his presen­ laryngoscopy; Thomas Addison published his tation before the International Sanitation Con­ memoir on diseases of the suprarenal glands; J. ference in Washington (February 13, 1881) Marion Sims founded the Woman's Hospital of elicited little response but in 1900 his observa­ New York and von Graefe introduced iridec­ tions were proven correct when the well-known tomy. experiment of the Walter Reed Yellow Fever In the large graduating class of 256 members, Board in Havana, Cuba, confirmed the Aedes William Thomson of Pennsylvania was destined mosquito as the responsible vector. Finlay was in 1895 to become the first Chairman of the De­ honored by Jefferson with a degree of Doctor of partment of Ophthalmology at Jefferson as it is Science in 1902 and a commemorative sympo­ known today (Fig. 56). In 1861 he began a dis­ sium on yellow fever was held in 1955, the cen­ tinguished military career in the Union Army in tenary of his graduation. which he was complimented by President Lin­ Edward Maris, of Pennsylvania, in addition to coln for his work at the Battle of South Mountain his medical practice became a giant pioneer in where he took sole charge of 2,500 wounded men. After serving as inspector of all hospitals of the Washington area, he contributed largely to the first descriptions of osteomyelitis and wounds of the joints for the newly organized Army Medical Museum of which John Hill Brin­ ton (JMC, 1852, Fig. 51) was the first curafor. He aided the establishment of a photographic bu­ reau in the Museum which evolved into the Med­ ical Illustration Service of the Armed Forces In­ stitute of . He pioneered in experimental photomicrography which led to prints of microscopic fields that could be mag­ nified 15 to 250 times. In later years he contrib­ uted to safety on railroads by developing tests for color blindness as well as acuteness of vision and hearing of the trainmen. The College of Phy­ sicians of houses his ophthalmo­ scopes, correspondence, 14 volumes of case books, and his portrait by Thomas Eakins (1907). Another eminent graduate of 1855 was the fa­ mous Cuban, Carlos Juan Finlay, who was cred­ ited with the discovery of the mosquito trans­ mission of yellow fever (Fig. 57). Dr. Finlay'S observations on the epidemiology of the fever in his native Cuba were carried out over several Fig. 56. William Thomson OMC, 1855), Professor of Oph­ thalmology (1895-97). During the Civil War he aided the decades. As early as 1881 he had proposed the establishment of a photographic bureau that evolved into conditions necessary for its propagation. He had the Medical Illustration Service of the Armed Forces Insti­ even during the same year pointed out that the tute of Pathology.

1855 89 the field of numismatics. In 1869 he published Omaha Medical College (with Dr. Victor F. Coff­ Coins of Large Cents of the U.S. and in 1881 His­ man, JMC, 1866, Fig. 75) which in 1902 became torical Sketch of Colonial Coins of New Jersey. the Medical Department of the University of Ne­ Jacob c. Denise, a native of Ohio, settled in braska. Dr. Denise was also a founder and Pres­ Nebraska and became one of its most prominent ident of the Nebraska State Medical Society. physicians. In 1869 he was a founder of the

FiAlili'S;;M Allen, Milton, PA Bartolette, T. Miles, NJ Allen, Thomas J., TN Bass, Robert E., VA Anawalt, James W., PA Basselleu, William F., sc Anthony, William, PA Beeler, Milton W., MS Asch, Morris J., PA Bell, Edwin R, OH Ashcraft, John H., PA Bell, George B., AL Backwell, Edward G., OH Bell, W. D., TX Banner, Constantine L., NC Bennett, Edmund, NJ Barham, R G., VA Beveridge, John L., GA Barr, Richard Rice, NC Blackford, Ben, VA Barr, W. F., VA Boies, Jeremich S., DE Boswell, Lewis A., VA Braford, Philip Spotswood, VA Brandt, Eli Bainbridge, PA Breed, William M., PA Breitling, Joseph, AL Brown, Bedford, MD Brown, Martin L., NC Brubaker, J. c., PA Bryan, Cyrus P., VA Buchanan, G. W., MO Buffington, John F., MD Buffington, John N., VA Butler, Anselm B., OH Cahall, Lawrence M., DE Callaghan, Arthur, MO Campbell, Westlee M., NC Cato, James F., GA Chew, Henry B., Jr., MD Chrisman, Burke, VA Clark, Hobson, VA Cole, John P., NJ Comfort, William A., CANADA Cowan, George, KY Cowell, J. George, MA Craven, Edmund R., PA Crothers, Robert W., IL Curd, John R, VA Dalton, George 0., MA Davies, William B., VA Davis, James S., MS Dean, Samuel Henry, GA Fig. 57. Carlos Finlay OMC, 1855) who in 1881 ascribed DeBarres, Ph., CUBA yellow fever to the bite of a mosquito. Denise, Jacob c., OH

90 1855 Dickerson, Robert J0' AL Hume, Quintus R, VA Dickson, Lycurgus Ao, TN Hunt, David G., GA Diffenbacher, Philip L., IL Hunt, , KY Dobyns, R L.Ho, VA Hunter, Samuel B., ME Donnelly, Charles Henry, CA ADA Ingram, So L., VA Dreher, Jurias G., PA Irvin, George, PA Failor, Benjamin Mo, OH Irvin, William, PA Fant, Samuel F., sc Jackson, John 5., VA Feay, John, PA Jennings, Robert Bo, VA Finlay, Carlos Jo, CUBA Jernigan, Charles Ho, AL Finlayson, William H., NC Johnston, James, PA Finley, Calvin G., sc Jones, Denwood T., MD Fischer, Wo Emil., PRUSSIA Jones, James Y., VA Fisler, Jacob T., NJ Jones, Joseph Addison, VA Fleming, Andrew, PA Jones, R Augustus, AL Flournoy, David, VA Jones, William WO, GA Ford, George W., PA Kahn, Louis DeBarth, PA Freas, H. L., PA Kane, John K., PA Frederick, Edward J., sc Kay, Isaac Fo, PA Gabby, R SO, OH Kennedy, Maxwell, PA Garnett, O. v., KY King, John F., DC Garnett, Thomas N., VA Leitch, J. Lewis, VA Graham, Leonidas J., AL Lewis, James Eo, VA Gray, Alexander R, PA Lewitt, William, MI Gray, John W, AL Lindsay, Andrew, PA Groome, Evan Jo, PA Logan, Samuel, PA Gross, Ferdinand H., PA Lowman, William G., PA Guild, James, Jr., AL Lumpkin, Samuel P., GA Gwin, Robert Do, TN Lynn, B. W, IN Hagenbuch, William A, OH Mackey, Alexander 5., VA Hall, George WO, IL Maddox, John ZO, GA Hall, R Fo, GA Madill, Thomas F., PA Hamilton, John W, PA Magill, Thomas, PA Hamilton, Swithen No, VA Maris, Edward, PA Hanley, Michael A, PA Markle, John Gideon, PA Harding, Philander H., ME May, John R, VA Hardwick, J. R, GA McClellan, Freeman, PA Harriss, Samuel Go, VA McCorkle, William A, VA Harriss, William H., PA McDowell, George M., GA Harvey, William c., MO McEwan, Christopher, PA

Haslett, John D.S., PA McKinney, J 0 W, IL Haynie, James Mo, AL McLeod, John, AL Hebble, Joseph, OH McMullin, James, PA Heddens, William So, Jro, PA McPherson, George E., PA Herbst, William 5., Jr., PA McPherson, John H., VA Hill, Joseph, sc Miller, James SO, PA Hinchman, B., PA Mills, Nathaniel J., KY Hitt, Willis M., I Milton, Harvey Oliver, AL Holman, Henry W., VA Moody, Milus WO, MS Hopkins, Benjamin c., DE Moore, Alexander P., AR Hopkins, Benjamin Fo, VA Moore, John Ao, C Hoskins, William, VA Morgan, James, PA Houston, John, PA Morrow, William L., PA Hudson, William M., CT Moss, William, PA

1855 91 Murry, John Y., MS Simms, H. c., DC Myers, W. H., OH Sims, Joseph B., KY Nash, Miles H., FL Smith, Chauncey M., NY Newman, William H., KY Smith, Hosea H., NH Nichol, John, NY Smith, Joseph F., MS Nicholson, John c., TN Spears, Abraham Kellar, KY Ogburn, John F., VA Spencer, Cadwallader c., OH Ohl, Josiah G., PA Sproul, Samuel M., MO Osgood, William, PA Stavely, William R., PA Overton, William S., VA Stewart, David P., PA Park, William H., OH Stewart, Samuel F., PA Patton, Thomas, OH Strachan, Joseph Blackmam, VA Payzant, Elias N., NOVA, SCOTIA Strother, Robert c., VA Peeples, P. W., MS Swift, D. D., PA Pinkard, H. M., VA Tate, John M., VA Pinson, Washington S., sc Thomas, David B., NC Plaisted, E. Freeman, NH Thomas, Robert Y.H., sc Plummer, Gardiner H., IN Thompson, Kimbro, VA Pope, Chandler M., GA Thompson, William, PA Pope, Willis, AL Todd, William c., PA Porter, Benjamin F., PA Townsend, A. R.P., ME Price, Robert A., VA Turner, Edward, Jr., VA Quinn, John H., OH Turner, Thomas, Jr., VA Ramsey, William P., PA Upshaw, William T., TN Ramsey, Wilson c., NC Vansant, John, VA Ransberry, John, Jr., PA Wallace, R. S., PA Ranyon, Thomas H., KY Warden, Jacob B., VA Ratliff, Charles c., MS Washington, H. W.M., VA Rawls, Elijah H., GA Weiser, Josiah S., PA Reese, Charles E., AL Welch, Samuel M., KY Reeve, James T., NY Wells, J. Ralston, PA Riley, John G., GA Whalley, James G., GA Ringwalt, Samuel, PA White, James L., VA Rogers, James Henry, NY White, Walter T., MS Rowland, William A., GA Wilkerson, William W., AL Rucker, William P., VA Willcoxon, Levi J., GA Russell, Leonidas, I Willett, E. Miles., KY Rutledge, Jacob 1., MD Willis, George M., GA Sarver, William, PA Winsborough, Joseph w., VA Scott, Christopher H., MS Wolfe, David E., DE Scott, Daniel S., AR Wood, Sidney S., C Selman, David, MS Woodson, Philip T., GA Shepherd, James B., VA Woodward, William W., MO Sherrod, John 1., TN Worthington, Thomas E., KY Shreve, J. Ridgway, NJ Young, Alexander H., TN Simmons, W. A., NC Young, William P., DC

92 1855 ~ 1856 ~

At the Commencement Exercises held in Mu­ was assistant secretary of the International Med­ sical Fund Hall, 215 classmates received their di­ ical Congress in 1876 and corresponding secre­ plomas. Among the members was Richard J. tary of the Centennial Medical Commission the Dunglison who had studied under his famous same year. Like his father, he served as President father, Robley Dunglison, who was presiding as of the Musical Fund Society of Philadelphia, in Dean at this time. the hall of which he had graduated. Richard J. Dunglison followed in his father's Another outstanding graduate of this class was footsteps by pursuing an editorial career, al­ William Henry Pancoast (Fig. 59) whose father though he did not join a medical faculty (Fig. was Joseph Pancoast, the Professor of . 58). He was one of the originators of the Phila­ In pursuit of a career as surgeon-anatomist he delphia Medical Times, edited Gray's Anatomy in initiated courses in visceral and surgical anatomy 1884, and continued his father's Medical Diction­ in Jefferson's "Summer Course" which started ary to its 22nd edition in 1900. (The final edition in 1866 and attracted students from other of Robley Dunglison's Dictionary was published schools. In 1874 he succeeded his father in the by Thomas Stedman, A.M., M.D., in 1903.) In Chair of Anatomy (Fig. 60). In this year (1874) addition to writing many medical articles, he was Thomas Eakins studied anatomy at Jefferson un­ assistant secretary of the American Medical As­ der both the elder and younger Pancoasts, prior sociation in 1876 and its treasurer in 1877. He to painting the Gross Clinic (1875).

Miiiiiili..i1M

Alexander, Charles T., KY Cantrell, James Henry, PA Allen, James M., AL Carlton, Henry H., GA Anderson, D. R., sc Carpenter, A. Jackson, PA Banks, John L., VA Carswell, B.S., GA Baxter, John 5., GA Castleberry, Jesse R., PA Beall, R. L., NC Chubb, Charles H., PA Beeler, George, KY Coad, Joseph R., PA Bennett, J. W., NC Cochran, Henry King, VA Bloxom, John H., AL Cock, J. Walter, TX Boucher, James H., NY Cole, Lorenzo 5., ME Bowen, Julius M., NY Collett, W. A, NC Bower, Franklin H., PA Cooper, Alfred M., NJ Bowman, John Davis, PA Cotton, David B., OH Branch, John L., GA Crain, J. R., TX Brawner, Lucius W., GA Crawford, William M., VA Brawner, William M., GA Cropp, J. T., VA Brewster, T. Fort, GA Crymes, A c., AL Britton, George W., NJ Cummiskey, James, PA Bruce, J. D., NC Cunning, Samuel R., GA Buck, Horatio B., ME Dorsey, Frederic, MD Bunting, Ross R., PA Dozier, Allen 5., sc Burroughs, Richard, GA Druet, John T., OH Burton, William H., VA Dulaney, Nathaniel T., TN Butts, James A, GA Dunglison, Richard J., PA Byrd, W. B., sc Espy, Kirk, PA

1856 93 Etheridge, John H., GA Green, Bennett W., VA Eubank, William G., AL Greene, J. M., AL Everett, P. Root., OH Gresham, Henry, VA Farrar, George W., GA Griesemer, John B., PA Fenn, M. B., AL Haley, James, MS Fisher, William, VA Halley, H. Joseph, VA Foote, George A., NC Hammond, J. W., OH Foote, W. W., NC Hanna, E. 5., OH Freeman, Ingraham B., NOVA SCOTIA Hardesty, J. R.L., VA Garland, Wilson, NC Hardy, William B., MO Garnett, Algernon 5., VA Harnish, Tobias, PA Ghent, Henry c., AL Harris, Richard M., AL Gibson, John J., IL Hathaway, Joseph Cushman, MA Good, Samuel M., MD Herron, Levi R., T Goodall, C. Parke, VA Hickerson, James, C Gordon, David c., MS Hildreth, Isaac F., OH Gorgas, Albert c., PA Hill, John, OH Grant, William L., VA Hill, William, IL Hinkson, John F., BARBADOES Hobson, George Fearn, MS Hoey, James W., PA Holman, J. c., GA Hornet, Volney, PA Hooper, Philo 0., AR Hough, Thomas L., J Howe, William R., PA Hubbell, S. J., VA Hudders, George W., PA Humphreys, George H., PA Humphreys, James P., T Hunt, J. Spofford, IL Huntley, Oscar Hamilton, NH James, Jesse Y., PA Jenkins, John F., GA Jennings, Napoleon B., Johns, Lynch D., VA Johnson, Joe H., GA Johnson, John D., VA Jones, R. R., VA Jones, U. R., AL Jordan, William F., AL Keating, John L., GA Key, Thomas T., GA Kibler, Benjamin H., VA Lanier, I. D., AL Laughlin, J. H., OH Lawson, H. M., GA Lazzell, James M., VA LeHardy de Beaulieu, J. c., GA Lewis, Robert 5., VA Fig. 58. Richard J. Dunglison OMC, 1856), son of Professor Long, Solomon, NC Robley Dunglison, continued later editions of his father's Longsdorf, W. Harry, PA medical dictionary. (Courtesy Historical Collections, Col­ Love, John 5., PA lege of Physicians of Philadelphia.) Lumpkin, James M., GA

94 1856 Lunn, Lewis Thomas, OH Scott, J. Turner, MS Malone, Joseph H., GA Scott, Robert, FL Marbourg, J. L., PA Selfridge, James N., Y Mathews, Thomas P., VA Semple, James, VA May, David G., VA Shaw, Daniel, TX May, John W., NC Simpson, Thomas W., MD McCartney, J. S., PA Smith, G. Selden, IL McChesney, Robert Aurel, VA Smith, Hugh G., KY McClellan, Ely, PA Snead, John D., VA McClintic, H. D., VA Spencer, W., IN McCollester, John Q.A, H St. Clair, W. P., KY McGlaughlin, Charles c., PA Stanley, Augustin 0., GA McKethan, J. c., NC Sternberg, J. Herkimer, Y McKneely, J. F., LA Stevenson, W. Morton, IN McLeod, Alexander, AL Stewart, Jordan, PA McMahan, R. w., OH Strudwick, James W., AL McMullin, Thomas, PA Stuckslager, Cyrus R., TN McNair, F. L., GA Sturdevant, S. Burton, PA McNeil, Bernard A., PA Sullivan, John M., PA Mease, Levi A, IL Taylor, Joseph Sheppard, VA Miller, Samuel P.H., VA Mitchell, J. W., PA Mobley, Samuel Goode, sc Moffett, Charles J., GA Moore, J. Boardman, VA Nash, J., VA Nebinger, A R., PA Nottingham, Southey S., VA Nunn, William c., VA Pancoast, William H., PA Park, Frank, AL Patterson, Samuel D., PA Payn, Frederick G., NY Perry, Joseph W., AL Pfister, Benjamin, Jr., PA Philson, C. F., sc Pim, Louis T., MO Prall, Claudius R., NJ Pryor, William T., TN Reber, Charles T., PA Reeves, Samuel, NC Richardson, John M., NC Richardson, Moses, GA Rihl, Jacob L., PA Robertson, R. M., AL Robertson, William S., IA Robinson, Henry c., NC Rutherford, Alexander D., PA Sabine, Andrew, OH Sankey, J. w., PA Savidge, Aaron Raker, PA Saxon, C. A., sc Fig. 59. William Henry Pancoast OMC, 1856), Chairman Sayle, Robert, TN of Anatomy 1874 to 1886), and son of Professor Joseph Schively, George P., PA Pancoast.

1856 95 Terrell, J. E.G., GA Weatherly, W. E., MS Thom~son, George 1(, PA Whitmire, James S., IL Torbet, George A., I Williams, Thomas F.J., VA Trout, William H., PA Williamson, William T., DE Tucker, John A., GA Wills, Alexander F., VA Tucker, William D., PA Wills, James L., VA Tupman, P. M., VA Winchester, Edgar, IL VanHorne, Augustus K., IL Yates, T. Wesley, MS Watson, John W., sc Young, Henry ., MS Watt, William, TX

Fig. 60. Professor William Henry Pancoast with his anatomy class (ca. 1870).

96 1856 ~ 1857 ~

In the medical world at large, it was the year terested in tumors and studied under the micro­ in which Carl Ferdinand von Graefe introduced scope all the ones he removed. He was one of the operation for strabismus; Eugene Bouchut the founders of the Philadelphia Academy of performed intubation of the larynx; and the Path­ (1879) and acted as its histologist. Also, ological Society of Philadelphia was founded he was President of the Pathological Society of with Samuel D. Gross as a founder and first Pres­ Philadelphia (1879), a fellow of the College of ident. Physicians of Philadelphia, one of the founders Samuel W. Gross (Fig. 61), son of the world­ of the American Genito-urinary Association and renowned Samuel D. Gross, was the most out­ prominent fellow of the American Surgical As­ standing member of this class which numbered sociation which his father had founded in 1880. 211. Having inherited the intellectual superiority In 1882, upon the resignation of the elder Gross of his father, he went on to achieve distinction from the Professorship of Surgery, he shared the in his writings, teaching, operative skill and divided Chair with John Hill Brinton OMC, 1852). membership in societies. He was especially in- In 1876 he married Grace Linzee Revere, the great-granddaughter of Paul Revere. During his last illness from pneumonia, which led to his death at the age of 52, he was seen in consul­ tation by Dr. William Osler who later married his ':Vidow. The legacy of Grace Revere Osler en­ dowed the Professorship of Surgery at Jefferson which bears her name. Another member of the class who achieved prominence was Robert Battey. Following his graduation he studied in for two years and then practiced in Rome, Georgia. An eminent gynecologist of his day, he was a founding mem­ ber and President (1889) of the American Gy­ necologic Society. He served as Professor of Ob­ stetrics in the Atlanta Medical College and was one of the most noted surgeons of the South. Other achievements were his improved opera­ tion for vesicovaginal fistula and the advocacy of iodized phenol against infection. Jefferson Med­ ical College granted him an LL.D. degree in 1890. A monument stands to his memory in Rome, Georgia. Austin Flint, Jr. entitled his graduation thesis Phenomena of the Capillary Circulation which had the merit to appear in the American Journal of the Medical Sciences July, 1857. For the next three years he was editor of the Buffalo Medical Journal which had been founded by his famous father. Fig. 61. Samuel W. Gross OMC, 1857), son of Samuel D. In 1858 he became Professor of Physiology in the Gross, served as Co-chairman of Surgery (1882-89) Medical School of Buffalo. The following year he

1857 97 removed to the same position at the New York of Man, an opus of eventually five volumes of Medical College and still a year later to the same 500 pages each, of which the last volume was position in the School of Medicine. released in 1874. He was awarded an LL.D. de­ He was the first physiologist in this country to gree at Jefferson in 1885. operate upon the spinal cord and spinal nerves Louis Elsberg became the founding President of the American Laryngological Association in in living animals. He discovered the production 1878. He was among the first in the nation to of cholesterol in the physiology of the brain and demonstrate in public the use of the laryngo­ nervous tissue, the elimination of cholesterol by scope in diagnostic and treatment situations, the liver, and its discharge in the form of ster­ thereby launching Jefferson's great tradition in corine in the feces. He was one of the founders the specialty which peaked with Chevalier Jack­ of the Bellevue Hospital Medical College in 1861 son 0MC, 1886) and Louis H. Clerf 0MC, 1912). and held the Chair of Physiology there for more He also invented a tongue depressor and sponge than 30 years. In 1868 he published the Physiology carrier.

-i@iiliiUh'M Aikins, M. H., CA ADA Curtis, Humphrey H., Jr., VA Ashton, Arthur, VA Dana, Robert 5., PA Baldridge, Alexander, T Daniel, A. B., GA Banks, John, w., MO DeChoudens, Joseph F., CORSICA Barbre, Jesse, IL Delano, Marcus F., MA Barclay, Robert G., VA Delaplane, James B., MD Battey, Robert, GA Dewberry, John H., GA Bauknight, Walter J., sc DeWitt, Manning F., PA Berrien, J. Hunter, GA Dickson, John, PA Berry, George W., MD Dinzey, John K., WEST INDIES Bibighaus, T. B., PA Drye, William 5., KY Blackwell, George W., MS Duval, C. A., MS Bomgardner, John E., PA Earl, J. Madison, NC Bowen, James H., GA Echols, Edward D.J., AL Bowyer, James H., VA Edmonds, Matthew w., NJ Boyd, Richard, Jr., VA Elsberg, Louis, PA Bracey, John R., VA Evans, Charles H., OH Branson, Jesse A., TN Farrell, William, GA Bryan, William 5., NC Fleming, Robert A., AL Buckner, Baldwin M., VA Flint, Austin, Jr., NY Buhot, William J., BARBADOES Fordham, John F., GA Butts, James J., GA Foster, David L., MS Camp, J. G., NC Foster, A. R., AL Carleton, George E., GA Fowler, A. 5., GA Castlen, F. G., GA Freeze, Peter H., PA Chase, William B., VT Fruit, John c., PA Chrisman, W. L., PA Frye, A. 5., ME Clark, Marcus A., VA Fuller, Daniel, PA Cline, Philip M., VA Gibbon, William H., NJ Coleman, John 5., GA Gill, Henry Z., OH Collins, William Thomas, DE Gillespie, Zadock R., T Coover, John 8., PA Gilliam, J. P., VA Coover, William H., OH Godfrey, J. T., FL Couch, William 5., VA Gray, Joseph, NY Crawford, William H., PA Gross, Samuel W., PA Credille, William H., GA Halisy, Dennis J., KY

98 1857 Hall, Samuel Ho, CT Newland, Jo Oscar, KY Hambrick, Joseph Mo, GA Nisbet, William M., AL Hamilton, Robert SO, VA Nobles, William H., AL Hanger, John Mo, VA Nowlin, John Bo W, VA Harrison, Eugene Bo, OH Orton, Henry, CA ADA Hartman, Ho B., LA Parker, George W., NC Hartman, Samuel 8., OH Parker, John R., VA Herndon, Thomas, VA Pattishall, Daniel, GA Hill, J. Ward, sc Payne, Ro L., C Hirons, Robert So Warren, DE Payne, Edward D., PA Hoke, Augustus Do, sc Peake, Humphrey, AR Holland, Thomas Walter, T Pearce, James Fo, VA Hollingsworth, Edwin Fo, NC Peebles, J. Ho, MS Holman, William A, VA Pepper, James R., VA Holt, William F., GA Pepper, John G., VA Houston, Joseph Willis, PA Perchment, John, Jr., PA Howard, Robert G., GA Phillips, W Eo T., KY Howerton, William Ho, NC Plummer, Orlando P. So, IL Hunt, John T., NC Poole, R. D'Orsay, MD Hursh, George R., PA Price, William Bo, IL Jennings, William K., VA Prince, Thomas H., TN Johns, A Benning, Jr., NC Raine, John R., VA Johnson, William L., KY Ravenscraft, William Ho, VA Johnson, Jesse WO, MO Redden, Joseph W, DE Joiner, Charles J., AL Reynolds, Samuel K., PA Jones, Daniel Chandler, GA Rhoads, Reuben B., PA Jordan, J. C, C Riegel, Henry H., PA Jordan, Mo D.L., TN Rieger, Francis A AT., MO Juett, David P., KY Rogers, J. W, T Kelly, Hiram N., PA Roy, Gustavus G., VA Kerr, Harvey, IN Rush, David G., PA Knipe, Francis Mo, PA Ruth, Daniel G., PA Lane, John T., GA Sample, Samuel R., PA Lennon, John, CANADA Sanderson, E. L., AL Lewis, Thomas Mo, VA Sandford, James, VA Lewis, George R., PA Sandford, John W, Jro, NC

Lyman, J 0 Baldwin, MA Scales, Samuel W., TN Mabry, Lucien L., sc Scott, George Ho, IL Marr, Charles, PA Scull, Benjamin F., AR

Maxwell, J 0 Marcellus, GA Sealy, James E., TN McAden, John H., NC Seawell, William To, VA McCleery, James P., PA Shannon, T. Jefferson, OH McConnell, William L. H., PA Sharp, Samuel C, Jr., PA McCulloch, Thomas Jo, VA Shropshire, James W., GA McFall, David M., IN Simpson, George W., TN McKelvey, Charles Eo, IL Smith, W R., GA McLeod, James P., AL Smith, Jacob, CANADA Miller, Thomas Mo, VA Solliday, Edwin S., OH Miller, William H., VA Spencer, Charles W., MO Mitchell, Benjamin W., MO Spratt, John B., KY Morey, Andrew C, NY Stark, Edwin A., MO Morrison, N. 8., MD Stark, Daniel P., KY Nagle, H. M., PA Stell, W W, TX Nesbit, Joseph A, IN Stephenson, Marcus P., NY

1857 99 Stokes, James S., MS Watlington, Thomas J., c Strudwick, Edmund, c Weaver, Junius W., VA Summers, Rowland T., I Wilburn, John c., AL Swartz, Joseph, PA Williams, K., MS Swiler, Wilham E., PA Williams, William A., sc Thomas, Charles E., NJ Wilson, James E., VA VA Thompson, Stephen B., PA Windsor, Norman, Thruston, R. Turnbull, sc Witherspoon, H. F., TX Wolf, Jacob G., IN Tigner, Leander, GA Wolfe, William E., DE Trist, H. B., PA Wood, Marcus M., Y T Upton, William A., Wooding, athaniel H., VA VanArtsdalen, Frank v., PA Wright, Mansur H., I Vineyard, John H., MS Yarbrough, Wiley, TX Walton, John J., GA Yerkes, John D., PA Ware, George G., TN Young, Alexander, NJ

THE

AMERICAN JOURNAL

OF THE MEDICAL SCIENCES

FOR JULY 1857.

llT. I.-Pknomena O/I~ Cap.llary Circvlation. By AUIITIN FLIlfT, Jr., 111. D.'

Ts% ltatement. which I eh&ll mak. from my OWll oheenation concerniJlg the capillary circulation, &l'O hued opon euminationl mad. from tim. to tim. during tho pu~ lummer, nine of wbicb bave been carefully recorded. Tbe recorded obeenationl were made on the web of ~b. frog, althoogb I haYe made examinationl of the nrioua other paN wber. tho circulac.ion caD be conYenientJy exhibi~, to wbicb I Iball refer. The microacope oaed w... ~b. lug. inltrument of N&Chet, a.od, lIDl.. othef­ wiae ltated, witb a magnifying power of 165 diame~n. I eball 6nt poin~ oo~ wba~ I hayo foood to be the moat convenient methoo. of conducting uaminationl of lb. circulation in the (rog, and then procood to cU.:ribe the MOlll pbenomena uf tb. circulation ... viewed by m_ of the lIIicroeoope, and then draw my deduetionl from tb_ obeenationa. Th. J*rla of the frog wbich I bue lobjected to examination, are the web of the foot, the tongue, tb. peritoneom, and tho langL All part& blU the peritoneom require to be eramined by transmit~d ligbt, bat, in u.o.m.ining the cin:ulalion in the latter lituation, we are compelled to laO reSeated light. It iI exceedingly inconyonient to mak. ohaernLionl wbil. tho frog baa the power of moLioo, a.od in secoring it to tho frog.plate in a proper poeiLion, we are apt to intenupt Of modify the circulation by oolUtrieting the v_II with the banda wbicb w. mlllt DIll. Under the.. circolllll&Dooa, w. are Dot able to epply medica~ IOlotiona oon1'lnieDtJy to tho entire surface, and mecba.oioal or cb,mic&l irritation of any pan oocuionl Itruggles which gnstJy in~

, An lAaacunl DiNerlauoo laid boto... the 1",,,11]' of JdVlO" HedIea1 Coli.,. III ltlmLuy, 1867. No. XLYII.-J"OLT 1857. 2

100 1857 ~ 1858 ~

The emergence of the era of scientific medicine cal. This classic, well known to generations of was heralded during 1858 by the publication of medical students, was later revised by Jefferso­ Rudolf Virchow's Cellular Pathology, a work des­ nians Richard J. Dunglison in 1884, W. W. Keen tined to provide the basis for a new understand­ in 1887, J. Chalmers DaCosta in 1905, and Ed­ ing of body changes incident to disease. This, ward A. Spitzka, Professor of Anatomy, in 1910 together with the ferment in physiology led by and 1913. Claude Bernard and Johannes Muller, would de­ John Kearsley Mitchell (Fig. 62), Chairman of Medicine, although in failing health, held a re­ velop the background for many of the momen­ ception for the 210 members of the graduating tous biological and medical advances late in the class at his home on Walnut Street just one nineteenth century. month before his death. Dr. Mitchell, father of The same year , age 33, a Lecturer S. Weir Mitchell, had contributed greatly to the in Anatomy at St. George's Hospital, , developing prestige of Jefferson Medical College and Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, as a member of the famous faculty of 1841 (Fig. published Gray's Anatomy, Descriptive and Surgi- 31).

Mi@ijiiM,.#_ Ackley, Henry, J Alexander, W. C. S., PA Allison, James, KY Allison, J. A., C Applewhite, Louis J., GA Bacon, S. L., J Barksdale, William Leigh, VA Barrett, E. Calhoun, VA Bass, John N., KY Bear, Benjamin, Sr., PA Bell, George W., PA Bell, James Eugene, GA Bell, J. H., sc Bell, William, VA Berry, A. J., sc Bertolette, J. c., PA Bibb, Henry B., AL Bill, J. H., Jr., PA Black, John, NC Blount, T. M., Jr. DC Bogle, R. L., GA Bond, Francis E., MO TIVIDEO Bowyer, Edmund F., VA Bradford, F. Standish, Rl Branch, John H., C Branham, P. A., GA Fig. 62. John Kearsley Mitchell, Professor of Medicine Branin, Henry E., J (1841-1858). Bright, George H., sc Briscoe, Thomas W., VA

1858 101 Brooke, John B., PA Harrell, Richard A, VA Brown, N. M., OH Harris, William H., GA Brunson, Randolph, TN Harvey, Granville, MO Bryant, William M., AL Hauser, R A., NC Buehler, H. B., PA Hayslett, A J., VA Burks, Charles R P., VA Heath, William H., sc Butcher, George E., NJ Henderson, F. B., AL Cade, E. W., TX Herndon, Charles L. c., KY Caldwell, Samuel H., TN Hoffman, J. M., PA Campbell, J. M., NC Hoffman, J. R., TN Capers, LeGrand G., Jr., TX Holman, John N., MS Carson, Samuel M., TN Hoover, George W., PA Cessna, B. F., OH Hopkins, James Alfred, DE Christie, James, NEW BRUNSWICK Horner, S. H., NJ Clark, Isaac J., J Ingersoll, Charles J., Jr., MS Clinkscales, F., sc Jackson, LaFayette, VA Combe, C. B., KY Kent, Joseph W., VA Cook, Josepll. L., PA Kerr, William, AL Cooke, William T. B., VA Kimbrough, Andrew H., IL Coudrick, Charles R, NJ Kindleberger, David, OH Crawford, John c., sc King, A. M., MS Crawford, William, OH King, E. c., TX Crockett, R A, TN King, James T., NC Crump, Lawrence 5., VA King, T. Starke, MS Culler, J. P. H., GA King, William M., PA Cummins, J. M., PA King, W Norvel, OH Cummins, Lewis c., PA Kirksey, E. Jehu, AL Daniels, Henry A., ENGLAND Lee, Paul c., AL Davis, Jesse Hudson, PA Legge, Josiah H., MD DeYampert, T. J. L., AL Lewis, Charles I., VA Draper, Joseph, MA Lewis, Isaiah M., PA Drewrey, Henry Martyn, VA Leyburn, John, VA DuPont, Charles E., sc Lockwood, N. 5., NY Eades, Upson R, GA Madison, Charles P., IL Epes, Algernon 5., VA Marbourg, H. W., PA Epes, J. W., AL Marshall, N. 5., NY Evans, Edwin c., MO McCann Robert c., MS Ewing, George c., PA McCants, W J., sc Figgat, William F., VA McCluney, J. F., sc Franklin, J. W., VA McConaughy, D. W, PA Freyman, A. A., PA McCormick, Charles, VA Galt, William J., PA Mcfarland, R W, KY Gartrell, Homer L., GA McNemar, M. R., VA Gilkeson, James B., VA McQueen, S. F., AL Gilliam, James 5., VA Meredith, Joseph 5., VA Gilmore, J. T., MS Merriman, W. H., NY Good, D. R, PA Miller, John F., NC Goodgion, W H., SC Mitchell, John P., VA Gootee, Benjamin 5., MD Mitchell, R v., AL Graham, John A, VA Montgomery, John, PA Green, William, VA Moody, J. Monroe, TN Guerrant, T. D. F., VA Mooman, James P., VA Hale, Peter J., VA Moore, J. A., AL Haley, Argyle, VA Moore, E. D., MS

102 1858 Morrison, A. J., KY Snodgrass, William, VA Nelson, John A, VA Snow, J. B., IN Nordmann, L. E., PA Snowden, Harold, VA Oliver, James W., VA Stacy, R. Q., GA Paine, A. B., NC Stephenson, J. Thomas, KY Palmer, Valentine Jackson, NC Stewart, A E., IL Parberry, William, MO Stewart, John R., NC Pasley, E. c., sc Stover, John M., IN Patton, George E., TN Thatcher, John P., MO Payne, Philander W., IN Thomas, Jerome B., IL Pelot, J. Crews, FL Towle, Samuel Knapp, MA Peyton, Lawrence R., KY Townsend, George F., ME Phillips, P. Sanford, AL Tribou, N. M., Jr., MA Pomerene, Joel, OH Trippe, Henry W., GA Pope, Sampson, sc Trotman, Elisha, TN Randall, William, IN Turner, J. H., Jr., MS Rankin, A. H., PA Turner, J. D., VA Reeve, Stephen S., GA Vance, Thomas J., LA Reiber, William F., PA Vastine, J. H., PA Walker, T. F., GA Rice, Thomas c., VA Walker, Delavan N., NY Ricks, Fabius S., VA Ward, Daniel O'Connell, NJ Robinett, John R., MS Warnock, James. T., AL Rogers, James A, NC Warren, Orin, ME Scarburgh, George T., VA Watkins, Joseph F., VA Scearce, J. B., KY Webb, S. v., AL Scott, W. J., AL Webb, Joseph B., VA Sears, John H., VA Weever, John 8., IN VA Sencindiver, Lewis M., West, Hilborne, PA Seymour, Edward W., cr Wharton, John S., VA Sheets, Abraham, OH White, Demosthenes, MO Shotwell, C. H., MO Willetts, J. Howard, NJ Shurlock, William c., PA Williams, Urbane v., KY Sims, William B., VA Willis, T. Hayward, FL Smith, T. Albert, GA Wilson, John W., VA Smith, D. M., NC Wright, Astley Cooper, KY Smither, Charles G., MS Young, George Kemper, VA

Young men ought to come well prepared for the study of Medicine, by having their minds enriched with all the aids they can receive from the languages, and the liberal arts. John Morgan (1735-1789). "A Discourse Upon the Institution of Medical Schools in America".

1858 103 ~ 1859 ~

The matriculates in the College numbered 630, Professor Robley Dunglison, graduated in this exceeding all records of medical schools of any class and became a well-known Philadelphia country or time. The University of Pennsylvania physician. His brother, Richard J., preceded him had 528 matriculates, also its largest enrollment in the Class of 1856 (Fig. 58). to that time. Jefferson's gain in students was A major event of 1859 was the publication by chiefly from the country at large, while that at Charles Darwin of his great work On the Origin the University was mainly from Pennsylvania. of Species by Means of Natural Selection, a synthesis An 1859 graduate, James McMaster, joined the of observations and ideas destined to revolu­ Navy the same year and remained tionize scientific and philosophic thought. in the service until his death in 1873. He was first On the evening of December 23 of this year, attached to the Naval Academy at Annapolis for Dr. Hunter McGuire, a graduate of Winchester one year. His career included service in the Far Medical College in Virginia, led a body of over East and extensive experience in the Naval en­ 200 students from Jefferson and the University gagements of the Civil War. He attended Admiral of Pennsylvania to Richmond, Virginia (Fig. 64). David G. Farragut during the Admiral's last ill­ This exodus of southern medical students was ness at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. triggered by the hanging of John Brown in Charles Another class member, Aaron J. Steele, be­ Town on December 2, 1859, and the offer of free came a pioneer in orthopedic surgery, serving tuition by the Medical College of Virginia. This successively as Professor of Orthopedic Surgery crucial atmosphere which polarized Northern and at Beaumont Medical College, Missouri Medical Southern attitudes weakened Jefferson's enroll­ College, and Washington University, St. Louis, ment, but the reputation of the triumvirate of Missouri. Drs. Gross, Dunglison and Pancoast abetted its Thomas R. Dunglison (Fig. 63), another son of weathering of the storm.

-iAiiii_LB_ Adams, Martin, OH Bowers, Thomas c., CA ADA Alexander, Samuel L., PA Brewer, William T., C Alexander, Eli, MS Brinton, J. Bernard, PA Almond, Andrew J., VA Brown, W. c., AR Anderson, Edwin P., T Brown, Thomas H. B., VA Anderson, Peter E., VA Brumby, G. McDaffie, MS Bankhead, Robert A., MS Butler, Oliver H., NY Barr, James M., VA Campbell, William, PA Baskin, Robert H., GA Canfield, Augustus R., MS Beadles. Percival, VA Cam, Lewis M., FL Beman, Edward D., GA Caruthers, C. K., TN Benson, Douglas B., VA Caswell, Edward T., RI Bibb, Alexander L., MO Cauthorne, A. Hart, VA Bivins, Robert T., GA Cawood, J. c., TN Blackwell, Thomas J., NC Chandler, Isaac L., GA Blanton, William H., KY Cheyney, W. D., GA Bledsoe, Francis M., AL Clements, William N., TN Blick, Joseph A., VA Coard, William H., VA Boggs, Charles D., VA Comfort, Jonathan J., MJ Boon, William c., MO Cooper, Edward 5., IN

104 1859 Corbin, Philip S. P., VA Foote, Frederick, VA Cotten, James F., GA Foote, George c., PA Cox, George W., VA Frame, Robert, DE Crawe, J. Mortimer, NY Francis, G. M., TX Crawford, George G., GA Fulmore, Zachariah R., sc Crawford, James J., VA Fulton, James, PA Crews, O. 1., AL Fussell, Benjamin 1., PA Crigler, John L., MS Gee, Edward c., VA Cunningham, H. Clay, KY Gilkey, John H., C Davis, James F., sc Glass, W 1., NC Dean, James, Jr., GA Glenn, James Mallory, GA Deloach, A. B., MS Glover, Charles P., TN Dickson, John H., sc Goodwin, Thomas W., MS Dorset, Thomas B., Jr., VA Gordan, William H., PA Drennan, Horatio, SC Grafton, Joseph D., AR Dunglison, Thomas B., PA Graham, Joseph, NC Dysart, Benjamin G., MO Greene, Marshall 1., MI Dysart, William P., MO Gregory, Alfred B., GA Eads, Darwin D., KY Gregory, Flavius J., VA Eckert, John N., PA Gregory, Janius c., VA Edmonds, Nicholas c., VA Griffin, George c., GA Elder, William T., VA Grim George W., PA Fitzpatrick, William J., AL Grooms, Stephen H., KY Flagg, Samuel D., Jr., NY Gunn, Silas R., MS Flore, Frederick B., MI Gunn, William R., MS Flowers, John, PA Hall, Joseph 0., CA Foley, Thomas W, LA Happersett, John C. G., PA

Fig. 63. Thomas R. Dunglison OMC, 1859), son of Robley Dunglison, became a well-known Philadelphia physician. (Courtesy Historical Collections, College of Physicians of Philadelphia.)

1859 105 Harper, Seborn, A, MS Jackson, John w., NC Harvey, Leon F., NY Jackson, Thomas L., VA Hawthorn, Samuel W., VA Johnston, Thomas W., NC Henderson, Nat, C Jolly, M. A, AL Herrington, C. P., PA Jordan, Reuben Elm, AL Hickman, Joseph T., VA Karsner, Charles, PA Higgins, William F., NC Keith, N. c., VA Hillsman, John A, VA Kelly, John B., AL Hines, Harvey L., C Kimbrough, Locket M., GA Hines, William H., GA King, George M., VA Hite, Benjamin H., VA Kirkwood, H., NOVA SCOTIA Hoard, Robert L., VA Knorr, Matthias, PA Hoffman, Robert H., VA Kuder, Joseph S., PA Holloway, Thomas P., KY Lachenour, Henry D., PA Hopkins, James A., NC Leary, William B., VA Hudgens, Thomas A, sc Lide, William R., AL Hudson, Gilbert L., GA Lindsay, James E., NC Hull, John A, VA Linthicum, Rufus, Jr., KY Hulse, John I., FL Logan, John E., NC Hunter, Horatio D., PA Longnecker, Benjamin F., IL Jackson, L. D., DE Magruder, George W., VA Main, Elijah w., NJ Maney, Samuel B., TX Marbourg, M., PA Marlow, Nicholas P., AL Marshall, Samuel D., DE Matlack, William H., PA Maurer, Jacob S., PA McCondichie, Wiley G., AL McCurdy, John M., OH McEwan, Joseph W., PA McFadyen, A R., NC McKinley, Charles A., GA McLees, Joseph H., sc McMaster, James, PA Mechling, John, PA Merritt, Daniel R., Jr. KY Miller, Thomas W., MS Mitchell, William, NOVA SCOTiA Mitchell, William, G., KY Monteith, William H., GA Montfort, William J., NC Murfree, James B., TN Murphy, Daniel, PA Nannelee, Virgil T., GA Neal, Harrison, PA Neel, James D., sc Neff, Isaac P., PA Newcomer, David, PA Newell, Joseph B., GA Newell, William L., NJ Fig. 64. Hunter McGuire, M.D. led Philadelphia medical Newton, Edwin D., GA students to Richmond, Virginia, to aid the South in the Civil Nicholson, Malcolm J., GA War that was imminent. Norris, J. W. Stump, PA

106 1859 Norwood, John, NC Stallings, C. H., NC Pancoast, George 1. A, VA Steele, A J., NY Parkes, A. H., TN Stevenson, Joseph M., PA Parr, William P., IN Stewart, David F., TX Peacock, John 1. c., GA Stockdell, Hugh, VA Perry, Turner Hunt, AL Sudler, Arthur E., Jr., MD Perry, Van Lear, MD Swayze, George B. H., PA Peyton, Edwin 0., VA Taylor, John H., MD Plimpton, Albert F., ME Taylor, William H., KY Potteiger, Jonathan B., PA Thomas, Alfred N., MS Powell, William J., MD Thrush, David E., AL Prentiss, John Hart, ME Tracy, George D., PA Prewitt, J. B., TX Triplett, W. H., VA Purifoy, John H., AL Vanhook, James D., KY Quinn, John P., DC Waddill, John M., VA Randolph, Lewis c., VA Walker, Walter, NY Rea, Charles T. I., MA Walker, George S., VA Read, Clement H., VA Walker, Charles W., VA Redd, John T., VA Walker, Z. J., VA Reddish, Thompson K, MO Walter, Barnet c., PA Reed, Thomas B., PA Ward, Richard William, NC Richardson, David R., GA Warren, A. 1., AL Rigg, W. Cochrane, KY Waugh, James R, NC Roberts, Rufus A., NC Welborne, W. Pinckney, IN Robertson, J. Royall, VA Wells, Thomas, sc Rodes, William R, MO West, Thomas S., MS Rogers, W. F., AL White, James A, TN Rowe, Thomas, VA White, Thomas c., MS Scott, Jesse F., KY Whitehead, Peter F., KY Scott, Robert W., TN Whitner, Hiram K, PA Scruggs, Richard F., TN Williams, John F., MS Seip, William H., PA Williamson, John H., NC Shands, Thomas E., VA Williamson, Lea Z., MS Sharp, William T., OH Wilson John B., ME Sheppard, James 1., NC Wilson, 1. James, MS Slaughter, Thomas G., AL Wilson, Adolphus J., AL Smith, James, PA Winne, Charles K, NY Smith, A. Harvey, CANADA Wisley, Leonard A, MO Snow, George W., MA Wood, George J" OH Somers, Job Braddock, NJ Young, S, F., MS Spencer, R M., VA Young, Elisha, AL Spicer, John Daniel, NC Young, Thomas R, KY Sprague, Albert G., Jr., R1 Young, Matthew H., KY

1859 107 ~ 1860 ~

The titles of theses of the graduating students whole, however, there appeared to be a signif­ underwent gradual changes during the Civil War icant change toward involvement of physicians period. Previously, titles tended toward pro­ in public issues. It would be several decades be­ vincial interests or appeared to relate to subjects fore these interests would lead to organized ac­ which might have been introduced in the lec­ tion. tures. The changes during the early 1860's in­ The number of graduates of 1860 diminished dicated more concern with infections such as ty­ sharply from 255 of the previous year to 170, phoid fever, pneumonia, "enteric fever", yellow largely the result of the migration of students to fever, and tuberculosis, the latter still referred to aid the Southern cause in the impending conflict. as phthisis pulmonalis, tubercular phthisis, or Albert W. Fischer (Fig. 65) served as an Assis­ consumption. During the War, more of the titles tant Surgeon in the Union Army and was es­ related to epidemic infections such as scarlet fe­ pecially commended for his services in. 1862 at ver, diphtheria, dysentery, and to gunshot Harrison's Landing, Virginia. He became a mem­ wounds, matters of public concern and medical ber of the U.S. Pension Board of Examiners as ethics. An increasing number of theses related well as Health Officer of the city of Toledo, Ohio. to syphilis and gonorrhea as well as to methods He served as Quarantine Officer of the port of of clinical diagnosis. Although the work of Oliver Toledo and wrote on The Sanitary Conditions of Wendell Holmes, Ignaz Semmelweis and others Cities. For five years he was Dean of Toledo Med­ had led to new concepts of the prevention of ical College as well as Professor of Nervous childbed fever, there were surprisingly few ref­ Diseases and Clinical Surgery. In 1880 he served erences to this important development. On the as President of the Toledo Medical Association.

Mi@{iii_W _ ' Abercrombie, George A., AL Butler, L. M., FL Adair, J. Todd, PA Butts, Judson A, GA Adams, Patrick H., sc Campbell, Marcus, TX Addison, William J., MD Campbell, Robert, VA Andrews, A E., GA Chandler, Joseph H., DE Arnold, A E., LA Childs, Benjamin F., GA Atkins, William L., KY Clendenin, William G., NC Bache, Dallas, DC Cline, Godfrey H., PA Bailey, L. Philip, VA Coates, Benjamin F., OH Barksdale, M. S., VA Cochran, E. c., TN Bass, Joseph F., VA Collins, May B., MO Bass, James P., TN Comstock, Lucius L., OH Beesley, James P., MS Cooper, James D., VA Bigelow, Robert J., FL Cooper, John Atchison, KY Bishop, Milton, GA Cowin, John H., AL Blackwell, Nicholas, MS Crawford, John D., VA Blanck, George A, PA Cunningham, John S., PA Blocker, John E., GA Davis, William N., PA Brinton, Daniel G., PA Deane, James S., AR Burkhalter, Charles M., sc Delaney, Alfred, PA Buterbaugh, John, MD Dennis, Jacob M., VA Butler, Matthew M., TN Dixon, John, AL

108 1860 Dula, F. G., C Hagerson, Angus c., GA Duncan, Thomas F., PA Hanks, George M., GA Dunlap, B. G., NC Harris, Alonzo F., AL Dunlap, James c., VA Hatler, Morris, MI Elkin, Thomas B., MS Hedgepeth, Josiah, NC Evans, William E., MI Henderson, C. R., MS Fairleigh, Robert M., KY Hendry, Bowman, NJ Farnham, Horace P., MA Hereford, Thomas P., Jr., VA Ferguson, James E., VA Hinds, S. Houston, TN Fischer, Albert W., PA Hoover, David W., PA Foster, Z. N., MS Hornback, William, MI Fulton, Saunders, C Hunter, Charles J., VA Gaines, John M., VA Hunter, George W., VA Gaither, W. w., NC Ingalls, P. P., ME Gano, R. Ewing, KY Ingram, William A., NC Gibboney, S. Rush, PA Jackson, G. A., VA Gordon, John, MS Johnson, F. F., IL Graham, Daniel MeL., NC Jones, Montfort, VA Greene, Frank M., KY Jones, John M., PA Judkins, George B., AL Kelley, William I., OH Kerns, George M., GA King, William, Jr., GA Knickerbocker, Boliver, PA Lackey, Benjamin F., TN Langenderfer, J. R., NJ Lester, James R., TN Lever, John D. F., sc Lewis, Daniel W., NC Loftin, James Merrill, GA Mace, William G., sc Mann, Augustine, A., MA Mapp, John L., GA Martin, Robert 5., MI Matthews, Fleming J., GA Maynard, S. 5., MD McAdory, James 5., AL McCullough, Joseph, w., DE McHatton, A. H., MI McKinney, David, PA McNite, William P., PA Mitchell, G. w., PA Moffitt, William J., T Morgan, Ellington J., GA Morris, William Wade, VA Morton, Charles B., VA Mulholland, David, MI Nelson, Thomas W., VA Nelson, William W., lA Nichols, Pennock J., PA Nicholson, Hugh W., GA Fig. 65. Albert Weiser Fisher OMC, 1860) served as Dean Norris, Alonzo, NY of Toledo Medical College and Professor of Nervous Dis­ Owen, George A., VA eases and Clinical Surgery. Owen, W. T., VA

1860 109 Parham, R. J., MS Taylor, Daniel w., I Perchment, Albert H., PA Taylor, Frederick S., y Phillips, N. D., MS Thomas, William T., sc Pusey, Robert B., KY Thompson, Davis, TN Pyles, Newton C, T Thompson, W. P., AL Ralston, Robert G., PA Tilman, Joel S., IN Roberts, George H., MD Tilman, J. R., IN Roberts, William H. H., GA Van Buskirk, Joseph T., VA Robinson, L. W., NC Walker, Fleetwood, GA Walker, Frank, VA Rowell, E. H., AL Walker, William J., AL Rudisill, Benjamin F., GA Wallis, Robert S., MI Rushing, Greenwood, MI Wallis, Hugh Maxwell, MD Sale, John Alexander, VA Warren, Llewellyn P., NC Saunders, Samuel A., AR Warren, William C, VA Sellers, Hiram F., PA Watson, Andrew J., KY Seydel, Arthur, NICARAGUA Watts, David A., KY NC Shaffer, John F., Weldon, Andrew J., TN NC Shaw, Daniel w., Wheeler, Levi L., PA Silvis, George W., PA Willcoxon, James, GA Sim, J. Thomas, MD Wingo, Thomas R., TN Spang, Frederick K., PA Wood, Eason B., AL Stewart, Clayton M., IL Word, James C, MS Stewart, Elam L., IL Wright, Joseph P., PA Stuart, Robert, KY Yantis, Robert H., KY Taggart, John F., IN Yeomans, George, PA Tate, Thomas J., AL Zacharias, J. Forney, MD

"] would wish the young practitioner, especially, to have deeply impressed on his mind, the real limits of his art, and that when the state of his patient gets beyond these, his office is to be a watchful, but quiet spectator of the operations of nature, giving them fair play by a well-regulated regimen, and by all the aid they can derive from the excitement of good spirits and hope in the patient." Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)

110 1860 ~ 1861 ~

The Civil War brought about major changes at led the withdrawal in 1859, became a prominent Jefferson Medical College. Southern medical stu­ physician, President of the American Medical dents had constituted a large portion of the total Association in 1893, and was awarded an hon­ enrollment. Even before the outbreak of hostil­ orary degree by Jefferson in 1888 (Fig. 64). ities, many of the southern students withdrew. An outstanding member of the class was Phi­ In spite of the pressures, many Southerners did neas S. Connor, a native of West Chester, Penn­ remain north. The Class of1860 which numbered sylvania (Fig. 66). He was raised and educated 170 still graduated 26 Virginians, 18 Georgians in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he began the study and 13 North Carolinians. In 1861 in a class of of medicine at the Medical College of Ohio in 187, there were 26 from Virginia, 12 from North 1858 but came to Jefferson in 1860 to complete Carolina, and 6 from Georgia. The major impact his medical studies. After wartime service he re­ of the War occurred in 1862 when the number turned to Cincinnati as Professor of Sur­ of graduates diminished to 77, and in 1863 when gery. He also held appointments in Chemistry 82 graduated. The following year the total was and Anatomy and from 1900 to 1902 s~rved as 124 and soon thereafter enrollment stabilized. Dean. The Medical College of Ohio became the It is of interest that Dr. Hunter Holmes Mc­ Medical Department of the University of Cincin­ Guire, although not a Jefferson graduate, who nati in 1887.

Wi4{iii_Lid_

Abernethy, James M., NC Cochran, John L., VA Alger, Luther w., MA Coe, Thomas Upham, ME Alter, David, PA Conkwright, Allen H., MO Appel, Charles H., PA Conner, Phineas 5., OH Armfield, David A., NC Cook, George R., FL Atkins, T. w., GA Covington, Thomas H., KY Baker, John A.P., VA Crossley, George w., IL Balsbaugh, George 5., IL Culver, Lucius Pitt, OH Barclay, John, PA Daniel, Thomas W., VA Beckham, Henry c., VA Davies, William H., VA Bell, John 8., VA Davis, Nicholas E., VA Bickley, Lloyd Wharton, PA Delaney, William T., TN Blackburn, Cary B., MS Duff, Edmund, PA Blalock, N. G., NC Duke, James E., VA Bowdon, P. M., MS Dupuy, Joseph T., VA Bowers, E. D., OH Dye, Henry, TX Brothers, Oscar c., MS Earnest, J. Tate, TN Brown, M. A., MO Eaves, Spencer, C Brown, Ignatius c., TN Elder, Samuel M., PA Brunner, Frank R., PA Embree, John w., TX Buford, Smith, MS Engelman, Joseph P., PA Burges, Richard U., VA Eves, Abram E., DE Bush, Dudley, KY Ewing, W. D., VA Bushong, Israel, PA Farley, John c., AL Chambers, William D., KY Finney, Edward B., VA Clark, Patrick B., TX Flint, John Felix, PA

1861 111 Fox, Addison c., VA Hetzell, David G., J Frantz, John H., MD Higgins, Samuel J., GA Fulkerson, Albert P., MO Hill, Lauriston H., NC Gamble, Hamilton M., VA Hitch, William S., DE Garrett, Lewis T., PA Horton, Samuel M., PA Gidney, J. Chauncey, NC Howard, Thomas Henry, VA Gilman, Uriah, AR Hugg, Joseph, NJ Goolrick, P., Jr., VA Jones, E. W., AL Grant, John, CANADA Jones, La Fayette J., VA Greene, Lorenzo S.S., AL Keely, Thomas J., PA Gross, Chester L., PA Keene, Robert Wilson, KY Hammond, Alfred F., C King, William Coffield, T Hanger, Cornelius, MO Knott, Thomas M., KY Hanly, John A.c., PA Kuykendall, William c., MS Harrill, Lawson, NC Lane, Sidney W., MD Haughton, Richard E., IN Lea, John G., NC Haupt, Frederick L., PA Lineaweaver, John K., PA Hawkins, John W., MO Logan, P. W., KY Henry, David H., I Lowry, Squire M., KY Herr, Ambrose J., PA Marley, H. B., NC Herrick, George H., NH Marsh, Joseph W., DE Martin, James, OH Massie, James W., KY Mathis, Aylesbury, GA McClarty, Hugh G., TX McGee, J. P., TN Metheny, David, PA Michler, William H.H., PA Miller, Victor Davis, PA Milloy, John, MS Miner, James, IL Montanye, Lester de la, PA Morley, J. R., T Morris, John, OH Morrison, Joseph B., PA Moses, Thomas Freeman, ME Mosley, Benjamin J., GA Munford, Samuel E., IN NaIl, Burr F., KY Nicholson, John, PA Noble, James D., PA Norman, John P., PA Notson, William Morrow, PA Nottingham, Severn P., VA O'Bryan, William R., KY Oldmixon, George Scott, PA Parker, William H.H., VA Parker, D. Reid, NC Pease, Loren H., CT Picot, Mitchell H., PA Pomerene, Peter P., OH Powell, H. B., OH Fig. 66. Phineas S. Conner OMC, 1861) Professor of Sur­ Price, William Frederick, VA gery and Dean of Medical College of Ohio. Pulliam, John D., VA

112 1861 Pyatt, K. A, TN Spencer, William Canfield, NY Quarterman, Keith A, GA Stewart, Samuel Shaw, PA Ragsdale, Joseph, MO Stowe, Charles H., PA Rhinehart, Alexander K., GA Thomas, Richard c., KY Rhoads, Thomas J. B., PA Thompson, Thomas c., TX Rice, Albert R, NY Thompson, William B., PA Richey, James A., PA Thomson, James W., PA Riggs, David w., PA Totten, John Baldwin, OH Ritter, Nathaniel F., PA Trego, Albert, PA Robbins, Joseph, IL Tyson, Andrew R, PA Roberts, William H., IN Vaughan, Joseph H., VA Robertson, AT., AR Wailes, Leonard A., MS Robertson, T. L., AL Wallis, Walter, MD Roller, William c., PA Warren, Francis G., ME Ross, Elijah W., PA Washington, James S., AR Rugeley, Henry L., TX Way, William Henry, GA Sanders, William H., AL Webb, Charles E., VA Satterfield, Benjamin F., MO Weist, J. R, OH Saunders, John B., KY Welch, Stanton A, PA Savage, William E.F., VA White, Horace M., PA Seargeant, Henry H., VA Williams, Junius S., NC Senseny, William D., PA Williams, Emmet, MS Shackelford, William, KY Willson, John, PA Shackleford, James, KY Wilson, Lucien Strain, GA Shankle, E. A, GA Wilson, W. Stockton, MD Short, Wesley, IN Windle, Isaac, IA Simmons, Thomas W., MD Wood, J. Bestor, AL Simpson, Joseph Hawkins, NC Woolsey, William F., PA Slough, G. B., PA Wortham, John B., AL Smoot, John H., VA Wymond, Richmond, I ------...,

A MANUAL .11lHI'H

MILITARY SURGERY; ~IILlTARY SURGERY;

fu:LD. CAW' AND HOSPITAL Pi.\C'TlCE. m.LD, LIMP. A~D UOSflTlL fK ll'Th'[

B\" 8 P. ..\lIlOlli •. )j.ll-.·.: UY 8 lJ UKOoli. "'1.1. - ._...-Mf .;..".a..,,-_. •- _- <4_••• '.::.. : ; : .

·---_ .. _ ..e_ ,~._--.--_ .. _._._-

J • L""ICOTT & CU lit. I ... ~ ,.r, ~:- lIJ T f • (,' II....

Manual of Military Surgery written by Samuel D. Gross in 1861.

1861 113 ~ 1862 ~

William Williams Keen, Jr., in the 77 graduates Nerves in 1864 and stimulated Dr. Keen's interest of this class, was destined for the Chairmanship in neurological surgery. Perhaps his most notable of Surgery at Jefferson (1889-1907). He was the accomplishment was the successful removal of most outstanding graduate of the decade (Fig. an intracranial tumor, the first in America, per­ 67 & 68). His medical education was interrupted formed in 1887. He was a member of the surgical by appointment as an Acting Union Army Sur­ team that operated upon President Grover geon in July, 1861, by Dr. John Hill Brinton. He Cleveland in 1893. Keen was among the most returned in time to complete graduation require­ decorated and honored of Jefferson's alumni. He ments and was immediately commissioned as an received eleven honorary degrees and was a fel­ Acting Assistant Surgeon to the United States low of numerous American and foreign societies. Army. His innovative approach to military hos­ John Edward Owens, a native of Maryland, pital organization was recognized by appoint­ became a well-known surgeon in the Middle ments to Army Hospitals in the Philadelphia area West. In 1877 he was appointed Professor of Sur­ where for a time he served with Drs. S. Weir gery at Women's Medical College of Chicago and Mitchell and George Morehouse (both JMC, two years later Professor of Orthopedic Surgery 1850). Experiences there cresulted in their pub­ at Rush Medical College. In 1891 he was named lication of Gunshot Wounds and Other Injuries of Professor of Surgery at Chicago Medical College.

Fig. 67. William Williams Keen, Jr. OMC, 1862), Co-chair­ man of Surgery (1889-1907).

114 1862 -ii4iiiML1!tM Andrews, J. Charles, PA Maury, Frank F., KY Angle, John S., PA McClung, Leigh, OH Applegate, Joseph W., IN McCormick, S. Carson, PA Baldwin, Louis K., DE McGuigan, James A, PA Barnes, Ira Norton, NH McHenry, Thomas, PA Barton, J. Hervey, PA Miller, Jacob M., PA Bates, John William, MD Mitchell, H. Hedge, MA Beane, William H., PA Montrnollin, James M., KY Berg, J. Frederick, Jr., PA Mosser, M. Breneman, PA Blaydes, James E., TN Myers, Isaac N., IN Bower, Henry J., PA Neblett, Henry M., VA Brooks, Edward, NY Norris, John Clements, MD Burg, S. Wesley, PA Okie, William T., PA Burnett, Joshua V., NEW BRUNSWICK Owens, John Edward, MD Cantrell, William A, PA Patterson, James B., IL Carroll, Thomas, PA Perry, Marshall S., MA Conklin, Gustavus, PA Porter, George 1., PA Cook, William Harvey, PA Purcell, Wallace M., IN Duffell, Charles 1., NJ Raker, Henry M., PA Edwards, James 1., IL Reed, J. Farley, PA Fitch, Pelatiah, NJ Reeves, William H., OH Gast, John Reynolds, PA Reinholdt, John B., PA PA Girvin, Robert M., PA Robins, Lorenzo D., Rogers, Ebenezer, PA Graham, Samuel, PA Rumbold, F. Frazier, WI Grant, John, NOVA SCOTIA Seip, George W., PA Hayes, Joseph H., PA Shearer, James, PA Healy, James, KY Smurr, Thomas A., OH Hidden, William Buffet, H Snyder, Peter c., PA Hoffman, Christian N., PA Steckel, Edmund F., PA Keen, William W., Jr., PA Sternberg, A Irving, NY PA King, Cyrus B., Stewart, Jeremiah S., PA Knipe, Jacob 0., PA Strawn, Benjamin F., MO Lane, Edward G., DC Strode, John T., KY Lewis, Edward c., OH Stubbs, Joseph H., PA Litz, Jefferson, PA Taylor, Brent W., KY Marchand, James I., PA Thompson, Michael, PA Marchand, William King, PA Thompson, Ebenezer, NEWFOUNDLAND Martin, Joseph R., PA Treadwell, Passmore, NH

A foreign war is like a scratch on the elbow; a civil war is an ulcer which eats away your liver. Victor Hugo (1802-1885)

1862 115 Fig. 68. Clinic of w.w. Keen in "pit" of 1877 Hospital.

116 1862 ~ 1863 ~

Jerome Keating Bauduy, in this class of 82 both. Dr. Stewart was a widely experienced sur­ graduates, was educated at Georgetown College geon including skills in abdominal surgery which in Washington, D.C. and at the University of was just in the process of development. Louvain, Belgium. He began his three-year med­ William T. Beach was a typical example of the ical education at the University of Pennsylvania excellent community general practitioner for but completed it at Jefferson in 1863. After Civil which Jefferson Medical College had gained such War service he settled in St. Louis where he be­ a favorable reputation (Figure 69). After service came Professor of Nervous and Mental Diseases in the Union Army he entered practice in Schuyl­ and Medical Jurisprudence in the Missouri Med­ kill County, Pennsylvania, a region dominated ical College. He was the author of a well-known by the anthracite coal industry. He became in­ work on nervous diseases and was an early mem­ terested in community affairs outside his pro­ ber of the American Neurological Association. fession. In later life he conducted a drug store William H. Ford, whose prior education in­ and also served as Secretary of the Schuylkill cluded Lawrenceville School and Princeton Col­ County Medical Society. lege, served in the Civil War (author of Gunshot Wounds of the Chest) but was able to complete his graduation requirements at Jefferson this year. He then studied in Europe for three years in­ cluding languages in his pursuit of medical ex­ perience at Bonn, Vienna, Heidelberg, Paris and London. He established a practice in Philadel­ phia in 1868 and joined the Pathological Society, the College of Physicians, and in 1874 the Amer­ ican Public Health Association. His medical and literary erudition was promptly demonstrated with publications and studies in vital statistics, public health, and sanitation. He served as Sec­ retary of the Board of Health of Philadelphia dur­ ing a period when many new concepts in the field of public health were developing. In 1876 he was a member of the Centennial Medical Commission and a delegate to the International Medical Congress held in association with the Centennial Celebration. William Shaw Stewart was a graduate of Jef­ ferson College, Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, in which Jefferson Medical College was established as its Medical Department in 1824. Following service in the Civil War as Assistant Surgeon with the Army of the Potomac, he established a practice in Philadelphia and soon became in­ volved in medical societies as well as in cultural pursuits. He was Professor of Obstetrics and Clinical Professor of Gynecology at Medico­ Chirurgical College of Philadelphia for ten years, Dean for five years and later Emeritus Professor. He was a delegate to the Ninth and Tenth World Fig. 69. William Thomas Beach OMc, 1863), highly re­ Medical Congresses and presented papers at spected in practice and community affairs.

1863 117 Mi4{iiiM~iW

Albert, David, PA Lightner, Samuel B., PA Applegate, Frederick c., OH Loller, William B., OH Barndt, Solomon K., PA Longwill, Robert L., PA Bauduy, Jerome Keating, PA Loper, William F., NJ Beach, William T., PA Mackey, James W., PA Boughman, George W., DE Maines, Robert G., NJ Boyd, George B., PA Marshall, Robert c., PA Bradley, John, PA McCandless, Jas. Newton, PA Brittain, Richard James, PA McCandless, Josiah G., PA Brown, Richard E., NJ McDonough, James, PA Cadwell, Joseph w., IL Miller, Oliver L., PA Campbell, Thomas F., PA Morrison, John B.G., OVA SCOTIA Canfield, Ira D., Jr., PA Murphy, Samuel M., PA Carroll, William, PA Pigott, Charles J., PA Clark, Vachal M., TN Pulsifer, Horatio 8., PA Clarke, George W., NOVA SCOTIA Reber, William M., PA Coles, John W., NJ Richards, Daniel W., PA Coover, Joseph H., PA Rittenhouse, George W., NJ Corbit, William 8., DE Robinson, Charles, CANADA Crawford, Cornelius C.V.A., PA Sackrider, Charles H., Ml Crosby, James A., KY Say, Eli J., PA Dayton, Samuel W., PA Seiler, Robert H., PA DeWitt, John Wilson, PA Snively, 1. N., PA Donor, William J., CANADA Stephenson, Robert Amasa, OH Dougherty, Matthew c., VA Stewart, William S., PA Eagleson, David S., PA Stone, Brinton, PA Etter, D. Frank, PA Stubbs, Charles H., PA Fawcett, Charles L., OH Terry, Henry R., PA Foote, Herschel, PA Townsend, Ellis P., PA Ford, William H., PA Trumbauer, Henry T., PA Free, Jared, PA Tuft, Reuben H., MD Gale, John Witten, OH Turnbull, John, OH Gerry, James, Jr., PA Turner, Theophilus H., Griffith, David S., PA Vaill, Charles H., CT Handrick, Edgar L., PA Way, Walter R., PA Hays, William L., MD Whitford, Lorenzo D., OH Huff, Isaac, PA Wiles, C. Hamer, OH Huston, John M., PA Williams, Abraham D., OH Johnson, Charles M., NY Willson, David B., PA Kelly, William R., OH Wilson, Charles P., OH Lehr, George Y., PA Woods, James M.B., CANADA

118 1863 ~ 1864 ~

William Wallace McClure, in this class of 124, Demonstrator of Anatomy from 1875 to 1879 had already served for three years during the under Professor William Henry Pancoast. Civil War as an Assistant Surgeon. During this Abraham S. Raudenbush, in addition to more time he was associated with Dr. D. Hayes Agnew than 40 years in general practice, served as Pres­ (later of the famous Agnew Clinic painted by ident of the Berks County Medical Society in 1877 Thomas Eakins in 1889). His residency at Phil­ and for 15 years as its treasurer (Fig. 71). adelphia General Hospital led to acquaintance The wartime aspects of teaching at Jefferson with Drs. Joseph Pancoast, Samuel D. Gross and were underlined by the comment in the 1864 Jacob Mendes DaCosta. This was followed by an College catalogue: "Great attention will be paid appointment as Resident Surgeon at Wills Eye to instruction in all the departments of Medicine and Surgery, which have special relation to mil­ Hospital and studies in ophthalmology in Lon­ itary and naval service." The same year marked don, Paris and Vienna. He became a noted the loss of another member of the famous 1841 ophthalmologist, and as Senior Surgeon at Wills faculty, Dr. Franklin Bache, great grandson of he designed several instruments as well as teach­ Benjamin Franklin and Professor of Chemistry ing devices for use in the courses of lectures (Fig. 34). His successor, Professor Benjamin (Fig. 70). Howard Rand (JMC, 1848), went on to equally Thomas Hollingsworth Andrews served as a important accomplishments in his long career.

-i"iiil'Lid_ Andrews, T. H., PA Dean, John W., IN Ashton, Asa S., OH Dodge, William Campbell, Jr., VT Barr, David Miller, MD Dougherty, J. Drake, KY Bartles, William H., NJ Dundor, Adam B., PA Bell, Joseph G., MD Edwards, Thomas J., CA Bell, James, OH Engleman, David, PA Bese, Frederick, PA Ferguson, Lewis L., KY Blanton, Carter, KY Forsythe, Matthew Leander, KY Boyer, Samuel S., PA Fress, William 8., PA Brown, William A, OH Fuller, Amos B., OH Brownfield, B. F., PA Geddes, Clarence, PA Buckner, Garrett Davis, KY Gemmill, Robert B., PA Burden, Jesse R., PA Gibbs, Henry L., PA Butcher, Samuel, NJ Gibson, Lycurgus, PA Caldwell, William Spencer, IL Gillespie, Robert, PA Caldwell, Daniel G., PA Gray, John w., IN Campbell, William H., MO Grimes, Louis A, OH Cary, Ezra H., PA Gumbes, Charles W., PA Case, James B., PA Hill, Walter B., KY Christie, William, NEW BRUNSWICK Hittle, Benjamin F., PA Christopher, Howard L., KY Hogendobler, Israel, PA Clements, Christopher c., KY Howes, Daniel L., CANADA Clinkinbeard, Allen K., KY Jack, William, PA Davis, Harden A, IN Jackson, John, PA De Ford, Harry S., PA Jones, James, MD

1864 119 Jordy, George H., PA McKenzie, George I., OVA SCOTIA Keeley, Jerome, PA McLaughlin, James A., MA Krecker, Frederick, PA Miller, Robert, KY Lapsley, John B., KY Miller, Lloyd T., MO Leaman, Henry, PA Miller, David P., PA Leaman, Brainerd, PA Millikan, Robert H., OH Leighton, Walter H., MA Mullen, Henry, PA Lineaweaver, Simeon T., PA Nelson, George W., MO Lippincott, Franklin B., NJ Newcomer, Joseph W., PA Lippincott, Henry, OVA SCOTIA Parker, William 5., OH Lowndes, Charles T., wv Pennsyl, Philip H., PA Martin, Edwin, PA Phillips, Edwin, IL Massey, Isaac, PA Phillips, Thomas H., PA Maupin, William T., MO Pitcher, Stewart c., I Maxwell, J. Gordon, Jr., PA Price, William H., IN McArthur, John A., PA Pritchett, James W., KY McClure, William Wallace, PA Raudenbush, Abraham 5., PA McCormick, J. F., PA Reed, T. J., CANADA McCoy, Henry W., IL Richardson, Newton M., PA McIntyre, John H., IN Richardson, William, CANADA

Fig. 70. William W. McClure OMC, 1864), noted Phila­ Fig. 71. Abraham S. Raudenbush OMC, 1864), general delphia ophthalmologist. practitioner for 40 years, served as President of the Berks County Medical Society.

120 1864 Ridgway, Thomas Edwin, PA Thomson, Benjamin F., KY Seagrave, Joseph S., J Tucker, James E., KY Senseman, John, OH Underwood, Warren J., PA Sharples, Abram, PA Van Kirk, Theophilus R., PA Shew, Abraham Marvin, NJ Vannuys, D. H., IN Simon, William 1., PA Verner, Chittick, PA Smith, John R., IL Wallace, James P., IN Smith, Henry A.M., PA Weaver, Charles H., NY Smith, Jacob Jontz, IN Webster, John R., IL Steckel, Alfred P., PA West, Theodore S., VA Stewart, Joseph F., PA White, Elisha M., MA Stockton, James Clark, PA Wiley, Charles, NJ Stokes, J. Spencer, NJ Willis, Samuel W., KY Sudler, William T., DE Witman, Harrison T., PA Taylor, Robert W., KY Woods, William S., MO Thompson, James F., PA Woodward, Charles E., NJ Thomson, A. Agnew, PA Worthington, William E., MO

Gl:NSHOT WOUNDS

.... ~ lIT....

l~.TrRIES OF ~ERYES.

~ Wt:IR 30IITCBELL lI.D. la:llU.;r. n. :IIORE1l0l·,E. K.ll.

"·ILLI.UI w. ~Er.~. )l.ll. • 'r·.-·'':'••• ~·.• r •• ...... • •• ...... -- .., .., ~....,.."'"U ~...... - ... ~u....

''''LAD.U'.'a: J. II. LIf>"I~I'IITT l nl. I.' ~.

1864 121 ~ 1865 ~

J. Ewing Mears, (Fig. 72), son of George W. and in 1898, President of the Philadelphia Acad­ Mears (JMC, 1827), a native of Indianapolis, In­ emy of Surgery. As an Attending Surgeon at St. diana, served as a military cadet and later as an Mary's and St. Agnes Hospitals, he along with executive officer in Civil War hospitals. Upon Dr. W. W. Keen were the first surgeons in Phil­ graduation in this class of 136 members he be­ adelphia to adopt Lister's antiseptic method, an came an instructor in Dr. W.W. Keen's Philadel­ event commemorated by a tablet at St. Mary's. phia School of Anatomy and soon organized the His legacy to Jefferson was the establishment of new surgical laboratory at Jefferson (Fig. 73). He the J. Ewing Mears Training and Research Fel­ also lectured in gynecology. From 1870 to 1898, lowship. His portrait may be found in the Gross he occupied the Chair of Anatomy and Surgery Room of the Philadelphia College of Physicians. at the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery. The first rumblings of a new era in medicine Mears was a charter member of the American and surgery were signaled by the observation of Surgical Association in 1880 and later its Presi­ Joseph Lister in 1865 (and introduced by him in dent. He was also a founding member, Secretary 1867) that carbolic acid had merit in the treatment

EDreAl

SU OleAI. ROOMS.

SES ION OF ,87;--.'-

----.------

...... ~~lo

'Y :'~'-';:·-:f:~-:' ~---; 14.1 till. "'t'; ~ Iflli' rNt14, "/ ~",;rlt",

Fig. 72. J. Ewing Mears OMC, 1865), gynecologist and a Fig. 73. Certificate given by J. Ewing Mears for his course founder of the Philadelphia Academy of Surgery. in operative surgery at Jefferson.

122 1865 of compound fractures. This first specific ap­ quentiy graduated from Jefferson in 1865. In 1868 proach to antisepsis and later asepsis based upon he received a second M.D. degree from the Col­ the "germ theory" of Pasteur would assure the lege of Physicians and Surgeons of New York. lasting fame of its discoverer even though years In 1875 he took special training in orthopaedic would elapse before these principles would gain surgery and devoted the rest of his professional general acceptance. career in that specialty. He became Assistant to Adoniram B. Judson received a Master of Arts the Chair of Orthopaedic Surgery in the Univer­ degree from in 1859 and sity of New York and Orthopaedic Surgeon to started his study of medicine in the Harvard the Bellevue Hospital Out-Patients, as well as Medical School under J.H. Bigelow and Oliver Lecturer on Orthopaedic Surgery to the Wom­ Wendell Holmes. He then entered Jefferson an's College of the New York Infirmary. He made Medical College in 1861, but was caught up in significant contributions to the literature in the the Civil War at which time President Lincoln fields of public health and orthopaedic surgery commissioned him as an Assistant Surgeon in (Fig. 74). In 1891 he delivered the President's the U.S. Navy. In 1864 he was promoted to the address before the American Orthopaedic As­ post of Passed Assistant Surgeon and subse- sociation in Washington, D.C.

Mi4iiiiM~i;h.

Alexander, Robert M., KY Armstrong, John Maclay, IL Bacon, James, MD Bailey, John 5., KY Bair, John B., PA Barbour, William, PA Barnes, Henry R., PA Barr, Abraham M., PA Beidelman, Abraham c., PA Bigler, William B., PA Bishop, Jacques A., wv Blount, Cyrus N., IN Book, William P., PA Book, James Burgess, CANADA Bowman, John F., PA Bradley, James, PA Bradley, William H., PA Budlong, William Hague, RJ Bullock, William T., RJ Burchfield, John P., PA Burgner, Samuel H., OH Carson, Thomas, PA Craig, Alexander, PA Davis, Benjamin F., MO De Kalb, Benjamin Drew, VA De Witt, Calvin, PA Deal, Lemuel J., Y Dellenbaugh, Christian w., OH Diller, Martin H., PA Downey, Joseph B., PA Duerson, Charles, KY Fig. 74. Adonirarn B. Judson OMC, 1865), pioneer in Dunkel, Thomas A., PA orthopaedic surgery. Dunmire, George B., PA

1865 123 Evans, George W., KY Potts, James F., IL Finkbiner, S. Sylvanus, PA Raub, Michael, W., PA Forster, O. Douglass, PA Rea, Alexander M., PA French, Charles H., OH Reichard, Philip L., PA Frick, Thomas, IL Remondino, Peter Charles, MN Glanden, Andrew P., N] Reynolds, Samuel, PA Gosling, William Eugene, T Richards, John c., PA Grady, Robert R., KY Richardson, John B., KY Greene, WiJlard H., RJ Riecker, George A., NEW BRUNSWICK Grindly, Thomas R., KY Roberts, Thomas H., MD Groves, John W., KY Robinson, Lemuel A., TN Gulick, Henry, PA Rodman, William B., KY Gwynn, William, PA Roth, Theodore, PA Hall, George Henry, MD Ruger, Henry H., WI Haller, Francis B., IL Scholfield, David Thorburn, CANADA Harralson, Benjamin F., KY Schrack, David, PA Hatfield, Nathan, PA Seem, Albert A., PA Herbein, Isaac S., PA Shankland, William L., MO Higgins, Richard M., MO Sherman, Austin B., PA Hill, Robert T., TN Shrawder, John S., PA Hoadley, Robert, OH Simmons, John F., TN Hood, Richard French, KY Simpson, James, PA Hood, Joseph Turner, KY Slack, Clarence M., N] Hoover, Nicholas M., PA Smith, Henry J., KY Huber, Samuel Senseny, PA Solliday, B. F., OH Hunt, Sylvester H., N] Sparks, George W., N] Judson, Adoniram 8., u.s. AVY Stewart, Howard P., PA Karsner, Daniel, PA Taylor, James, PA Keith, Ezekiel, IA Throckmorton, William S., PA Kirk, Richmond M., PA Todd, Orrin D., KY Koch, John G., PA Townsend, Stephen, PA Laforce, Howard c., IN Vansant, Joseph B., N] Landis, Isaac R., PA Vest, John W.H., IA Litch, Wilbur F., PA Walker, Horace, KY KY Lovell, Albert G., PA Walker, James S., Wallace, John S., PA Lupfer, Samuel P., PA Wallingford, Alvin M., KY Mavity, William K., IN Waples, Marshall H., IA McClean, William J., PA Weaver, Jacob G., PA McComb, James, MO Wenrich, William H., PA McLanahan, Johnston, PA Wentz, William J., PA Mears, James Ewing, MO White, Alonzo, MO Melick, Daniel Ramsey, PA Wiley, John S., WI Metcalfe, Thomas Norris, KY Wilkins, Thomas, IL Miller, John A., PA Wilson, David H.H., KY Moore, Samuel Grant, PA Wilson, Charles M., PA Morton, Tower D., OH Winton, Horace, IN Nash, Joseph D., PA Wintter, WiJliam, PA O'Hara, Robert H., KY Wise, Kenneth D., IN Ozias, Herman W., PA Witherspoon, Oran H., KY Perchment, Peter D., PA Zarracino, Ramon D., CUBA Pilsbury, John Milton, KY Zell, Amos B., PA

124 1865