DOCSLIB.ORG

Classification and Genomic Diversity of Enterically Transmitted Hepatitis Viruses

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Classification and Genomic Diversity of Enterically Transmitted Hepatitis Viruses Downloaded from http://perspectivesinmedicine.cshlp.org/ on October 2, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Classification and Genomic Diversity of Enterically Transmitted Hepatitis Viruses Donald B. Smith1,2 and Peter Simmonds2 1Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom 2Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom Correspondence: [email protected] Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) are significant human pathogens and are responsible for a substantial proportion of cases of severe acute hepatitis worldwide. Genetically, both viruses are heterogeneous and are classified into several genotypes that differ in their geographical distribution and risk group association. There is, however, little evidence that variants of HAVor HEV differ antigenically or in their propensity to cause severe disease. Genetically more divergent but primarily hepatotropic variants of both HAVand HEV have been found in several mammalian species, those of HAV being classified into eight species within the genus Hepatovirus in the virus family Picornaviridae. HEV is classified as a member of the species Orthohepevirus A in the virus family Hepeviridae, a species that additionally contains viruses infecting pigs, rabbits, and a variety of other mammalian species. Other species (Orthohepevirus B–D) infect a wide range of other mammalian species including rodents and bats. epatitis Avirus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus ease in humans. However, the two viruses are H(HEV) show moderate genetic diversity, quite distinct in terms of their replication strat- both being classified into several genotypes in- egy, virion structure, and taxonomy (see Kenney fecting humans, and several additional species and Meng 2018; McKnight and Lemon 2018). infecting a wide range of other mammalian HAV is classified as a member of the Hepatovi- hosts. The genetic diversity of both viruses has rus genus in the large family Picornaviridae (Zell been extensively used as a tool to investigate et al. 2017). Although HAV is spread by the www.perspectivesinmedicine.org their molecular epidemiology and transmission. fecal–oral route, it is not known whether HAV Further studies have sought to determine the replicates within tissues of the gastrointestinal existence of differences between genotypes in tract, and its disease manifestations arise from their clinical presentations and pathogenicity the spread of virus infection to the liver. and will be reviewed. HEV is classified as a member of the Ortho- hepevirus genus in the family Hepeviridae (Em- erson and Purcell 2003; Purdy et al. 2015). Vi- CLASSIFICATION rions of hepeviruses are structurally distinct HAV and HEV are positive-stranded RNA vi- from picornaviruses (see Kenney and Meng ruses that share a propensity to cause liver dis- 2018) and their structural proteins are translated Editors: Stanley M. Lemon and Christopher Walker Additional Perspectives on Enteric Hepatitis Viruses available at www.perspectivesinmedicine.org Copyright © 2018 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; all rights reserved; doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031880 Cite this article as Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018;8:a031880 1 Downloaded from http://perspectivesinmedicine.cshlp.org/ on October 2, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press D.B. Smith and P. Simmonds from a separate subgenomic RNA expressed nucleotide sequence divergence ranges from during virus replication rather than as part of 3.8% among members of Hepatovirus A to a single polyprotein as in the picornaviruses. 29% among members of Hepatovirus G (mean Although there is detectable homology between intraspecies divergence of 16%), compared with the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and heli- 30%–42% among members of different species case genes of picornaviruses and hepeviruses, (mean, 38%). The respective amino acid se- they have been assigned to different RNA virus quence divergence ranges are 0.8%–26% supergroups (I and III, respectively) (Koonin (mean, 11.6%) compared with 31%–48% 1991), indicating an extremely distant evolu- (mean, 41%). tionary relationship between them. Members of these new hepatovirus species share a number of genome characteristics with HAV, such as low G+C content (37.0%–37.8% DIVERSITY AND TAXONOMY OF HAV within HAV genotypes) compared with 33.7%– AND RELATED VIRUSES 39.3% in members of the new species. They also share the massive suppression of CpG dinucleo- Hepatovirus Species tide frequencies (10%–34% of frequencies ex- Until very recently, the genus Hepatovirus in- pected from their G+C content). Although there cluded a single species, HAV, whose members is some variability in genome length and posi- comprise a group of viruses known to infect tions of cleavage sites for the different structural humans and various nonhuman primate spe- and nonstructural proteins, members of all hep- cies. The species was renamed Hepatovirus A atovirus species generally show comparable ge- in 2014 for consistency with nomenclature nome organization and features. The latter in- conventions adopted elsewhere in the picorna- cludes their universal possession of internal virus family. Since 2015, however, a wide range ribosomal entry sites (IRES) in the 50-untrans- of further, genetically divergent hepatoviruses lated region (50UTR), of which most resemble have been described in seals (Anthony et al. the type III IRES of HAV in sequence and pre- 2015), shrews, and hedgehogs (order Eulipoty- dicted structure (Anthony et al. 2015; Drexler phla), several different rodent (Rodentia) and et al. 2015; Yu et al. 2016). However, viruses bat (Chiroptera) host species (Drexler et al. belonging to Hepatovirus C and Hepatovirus E 2015), and, most recently, woodchucks (Yu (infecting a bat and rodent species, respectively) et al. 2016; and see Sander et al. 2018). Collec- possessed a type IV IRES (Drexler et al. 2015), tively, these viruses are substantially more diver- structurally resembling those of certain other gent from each other and from HAV than are picornavirus genera (e.g., Tremovirus, Duck hep- www.perspectivesinmedicine.org existing human and nonhuman primate HAV atitis virus, and Sapelovirus). Hepatovirus spe- strains, consistent with them being assigned to cies are hepatotropic (Drexler et al. 2015), infect several additional species. Using translated se- a wide range of hosts, but show limited evidence quences from the structural gene region, VP2, for host specificity. Although members of the variants showing >7% divergence from all other species Hepatovirus A are restricted to humans variants might be assigned to as many as 13 and primates (macaques and African green new species (Drexler et al. 2015). In 2017, the monkey), related hosts such as hedgehogs and ICTV accepted the proposal to create new spe- shrews (order Eulipotyphla) are infected with cies to classify those hepatovirus variants for members of other hepatovirus species (Hepato- which (near-) complete genome sequences virus H and Hepatovirus I), as are rodents and were available and that clustered separately on bats. Conversely, members of a single species phylogenetic analysis. Accordingly, the genus (Hepatovirus H) can infect three quite different Hepatovirus now includes nine species (Hepato- hosts—hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus), tupias virus A–I) based on phylogenetic groupings (Tupaia belangeri chinensis), and bats (Eidolon (Fig. 1). Although distance thresholds have not helvum). Although the distribution of hepatovi- been specified in the current species definition, rus species is consistent with frequent jumps 2 Cite this article as Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018;8:a031880 Downloaded from http://perspectivesinmedicine.cshlp.org/ on October 2, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press A Phylogeny SubgenotypesGenotypes Species Host EF406357 LC049342 JQ425480 EU526089 EU131373 A HM769724 X75216 X75214 LC128713 I HQ246217 M20273 KX088647 KY003229 B Hepatovirus A KX228694 AY644676 A II AY644670 B AB300205 B 0.5 AB279734 FJ227135 AB973400 A III AB279732 FJ360732 FJ360730 KT819575 D00924 V EU140838 KT452637 KT452641 Hepatovirus D KT452644 KT452685 KT229611 Hepatovirus F KT229612 KT452742 Hepatovirus C KT452735 Hepatovirus E KT452729 Hepatovirus G KT452730 KR703607 Hepatovirus B KT877158 KT452714 KT452691 Hepatovirus H KT452695 KT452698 KT452658 Hepatovirus I KT452661 B Sequence divergence 5′UTR VP4 VP2 VP3 VP1 2A 2B 2C 3A3B 3C 3D 3′UTR 1 Within genotype 0.9 Between genotype Hepatovirus B 0.8 Hepatovirus C Hepatovirus D 0.7 Hepatovirus E Hepatovirus F Hepatovirus G 0.6 Hepatovirus H Hepatovirus I 0.5 0.4 Amino acid sequence divergence 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 www.perspectivesinmedicine.org 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 Genome position Figure 1. Phylogeny and sequence divergence of hepatitis A viruses (HAVs). (A) Phylogenetic analysis of the complete coding sequences of representative variants of HAV (species A) and of all available sequences of other nonhuman hepatoviruses infecting other mammalian species, labeled as in the key. (The coding region spans positions 723–7407 in the HAV-MBB sequences, M20273 [Paul et al. 1987].) The tree was constructed by maximum likelihood using an optimal substitution model (general time reversible and γ distribution). Robustness of branches was indicated by bootstrap resampling supported by ≥70 from 100 replicate samples. The tree was rooted using sequences from the most closely similar
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Towards the Improved Accuracy of Hepatitis E Diagnosis In
    healthcare Review Towards the Improved Accuracy of Hepatitis E Diagnosis in Vulnerable and Target Groups: A Global Perspective on the Current State of Knowledge and the Implications for Practice Jasminka Talapko 1 , Tomislav Meštrovi´c 2,3, Emina Pustijanac 4 and Ivana Škrlec 1,* 1 Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; [email protected] 2 University Centre Varaždin, University North, HR-42000 Varaždin, Croatia; [email protected] 3 Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr. Zora Profozi´cPolyclinic, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia 4 Faculty of Natural Sciences, Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, HR-52100 Pula, Croatia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a positive single-stranded, icosahedral, quasi-enveloped RNA virus in the genus Orthohepevirus of the family Hepeviridae. Orthohepevirus A is the most numerous species of the genus Orthohepevirus and consists of eight different HEV genotypes that can cause infection in humans. HEV is a pathogen transmitted via the fecal–oral route, most commonly by consuming fecally contaminated water. A particular danger is the HEV-1 genotype, which poses a very high risk of vertical transmission from the mother to the fetus. Several outbreaks caused by this genotype have been reported, resulting in many premature births, abortions, and also neonatal Citation: Talapko, J.; Meštrovi´c,T.; and maternal deaths. Genotype 3 is more prevalent in Europe; however, due to the openness of Pustijanac, E.; Škrlec, I. Towards the the market, i.e., trade-in animals which represent a natural reservoir of HEV (such as pigs), there is Improved Accuracy of Hepatitis E a possibility of spreading HEV infections outside endemic areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Seroprevalence of Anti-Hepatitis E Virus Antibodies in Domestic Pigs In
    García-Hernández et al. BMC Veterinary Research (2017) 13:289 DOI 10.1186/s12917-017-1208-z RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Seroprevalence of anti-hepatitis E virus antibodies in domestic pigs in Mexico Montserrat Elemi García-Hernández1, Mayra Cruz-Rivera2, José Iván Sánchez-Betancourt1, Oscar Rico-Chávez1, Arely Vergara-Castañeda3, María E. Trujillo1 and Rosa Elena Sarmiento-Silva1* Abstract Background: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is one of the most common causes of acute liver diseases in humans worldwide. In developing countries, HEV is commonly associated with waterborne outbreaks. Conversely, in industrialized countries, HEV infection is often associated with travel to endemic regions or ingestion of contaminated animal products. Limited information on both, human and animal HEV infection in Mexico is available. As a consequence, the distribution of the virus in the country is largely unknown. Here, we assessed the seroprevalence of HEV among swine in different geographical regions in Mexico. Methods: Seroprevalence of anti-HEV antibodies in swine herds in Mexico was evaluated in a representative sample including 945 pig serum specimens from different regions of the country using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: The overall prevalence of anti-HEV antibodies in swine was 59.4%. The northern region of Mexico exhibited the highest seroprevalence in the country (86.6%), while the central and southern regions in Mexico showed lower seroprevalence, 42.7% and 51.5%, respectively. Conclusions: In Mexico, HEV seroprevalence in swine is high. Importantly, northern Mexico showed the highest seroprevalence in the country. Thus, further studies are required to identify the risk factors contributing to HEV transmission among pigs in the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Recombination Events and the Origins of Hepatitis E Virus Andrew G
    Kelly et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2016) 16:210 DOI 10.1186/s12862-016-0785-y RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Ancient recombination events and the origins of hepatitis E virus Andrew G. Kelly, Natalie E. Netzler and Peter A. White* Abstract Background: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an enteric, single-stranded, positive sense RNA virus and a significant etiological agent of hepatitis, causing sporadic infections and outbreaks globally. Tracing the evolutionary ancestry of HEV has proved difficult since its identification in 1992, it has been reclassified several times, and confusion remains surrounding its origins and ancestry. Results: To reveal close protein relatives of the Hepeviridae family, similarity searching of the GenBank database was carried out using a complete Orthohepevirus A, HEV genotype I (GI) ORF1 protein sequence and individual proteins. The closest non-Hepeviridae homologues to the HEV ORF1 encoded polyprotein were found to be those from the lepidopteran-infecting Alphatetraviridae family members. A consistent relationship to this was found using a phylogenetic approach; the Hepeviridae RdRp clustered with those of the Alphatetraviridae and Benyviridae families. This puts the Hepeviridae ORF1 region within the “Alpha-like” super-group of viruses. In marked contrast, the HEV GI capsid was found to be most closely related to the chicken astrovirus capsid, with phylogenetic trees clustering the Hepeviridae capsid together with those from the Astroviridae family, and surprisingly within the “Picorna-like” supergroup. These results indicate an ancient recombination event has occurred at the junction of the non-structural and structure encoding regions, which led to the emergence of the entire Hepeviridae family.
    [Show full text]
  • Robust Hepatitis E Virus Infection and Transcriptional Response in Human Hepatocytes
    Robust hepatitis E virus infection and transcriptional response in human hepatocytes Daniel Todta,b,c,1,2, Martina Frieslandb,1, Nora Moellera,b, Dimas Pradityaa,b, Volker Kinasta,b, Yannick Brüggemanna, Leonard Knegendorfa,b, Thomas Burkarda, Joerg Steinmannd,e, Rani Burmf, Lieven Verhoyef, Avista Wahidb, Toni Luise Meistera, Michael Engelmanna, Vanessa M. Pfankucheg, Christina Puffg, Florian W. R. Vondranh,i, Wolfgang Baumgärtnerg, Philip Meulemanf, Patrick Behrendtb,i,j, and Eike Steinmanna,b,2 aDepartment of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; bInstitute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), 30625 Hannover, Germany; cEuropean Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), 07743 Jena, Germany; dInstitute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; eInstitute of Clinical Hygiene, Medical Microbiology and Infection, Paracelsus Medical University, 90419 Nürnberg, Germany; fLaboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; gDepartment of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; hRegenerative Medicine and Experimental Surgery (ReMediES), Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; iGerman Centre for
    [Show full text]
  • Consensus Proposals for Classification of the Family Hepeviridae
    Journal of General Virology (2014), 95, 2223–2232 DOI 10.1099/vir.0.068429-0 Consensus proposals for classification of the family Hepeviridae Donald B. Smith,1 Peter Simmonds,1 members of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses Hepeviridae Study Group, Shahid Jameel,2 Suzanne U. Emerson,3 Tim J. Harrison,4 Xiang-Jin Meng,5 Hiroaki Okamoto,6 Wim H. M. Van der Poel7 and Michael A. Purdy8 Correspondence 1University of Edinburgh, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK Donald B. Smith 2Wellcome Trust/DBT India Alliance, Hyderabad, India [email protected] 3Special Volunteer, Retired Head Molecular Hepatitis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA 4University College of London, London, UK 5College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA 6Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi-ken, Japan 7Central Veterinary Institute, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Lelystad, The Netherlands 8Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV/Hepatitis/STD/TB Prevention, Division of Viral Hepatitis, Atlanta, GA, USA The family Hepeviridae consists of positive-stranded RNA viruses that infect a wide range of mammalian species, as well as chickens and trout. A subset of these viruses infects humans and can cause a self-limiting acute hepatitis that may become chronic in immunosuppressed individuals. Current published descriptions of the taxonomical divisions within the family Hepeviridae are contradictory in relation to the assignment of species and genotypes. Through analysis of existing sequence information, we propose a taxonomic scheme in which the family is divided into the genera Orthohepevirus (all mammalian and avian hepatitis E virus (HEV) isolates) and Piscihepevirus (cutthroat trout virus).
    [Show full text]
  • Proposed Reference Sequences for Subtypes of Hepatitis E Virus (Species Orthohepevirus A)
    INSIGHT REVIEW Smith et al., Journal of General Virology 2020;101:692–698 DOI 10.1099/jgv.0.001435 Update: proposed reference sequences for subtypes of hepatitis E virus (species Orthohepevirus A) Donald B. Smith1,*, Jacques Izopet2, Florence Nicot2, Peter Simmonds1, Shahid Jameel3, Xiang- Jin Meng4, Heléne Norder5, Hiroaki Okamoto6, Wim H.M. van der Poel7, Gábor Reuter8 and Michael A. Purdy9 Abstract In this recommendation, we update our 2016 table of reference sequences of subtypes of hepatitis E virus (HEV; species Ortho- hepevirus A, family Hepeviridae) for which complete genome sequences are available (Smith et al., 2016). This takes into account subsequent publications describing novel viruses and additional proposals for subtype names; there are now eight genotypes and 36 subtypes. Although it remains difficult to define strict criteria for distinguishing between virus subtypes, and is not within the remit of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), the use of agreed reference sequences will bring clarity and stability to researchers, epidemiologists and clinicians working with HEV. INTRODUCTION Genotypes and subtypes of HEV have been shown to be asso- Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infects humans and a wide variety ciated with host species [3] and geographical origin, while some studies, but not others, have found correlations with of other mammalian hosts. HEV is classified as a member of clinical outcome [4–6]. the species Orthohepevirus A, genus Orthohepevirus in the family Hepeviridae and comprises a number of genetically While the proposed genotype and subtype assignments distinct genotypes, some of which can be divided further have epidemiological and potential clinical value, it has into subtypes.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Hepatitis E Virus in Rats: Evident Risk of Species Orthohepevirus C to Human Zoonotic Infection and Disease
    viruses Review Review of Hepatitis E Virus in Rats: Evident Risk of Species Orthohepevirus C to Human Zoonotic Infection and Disease Gábor Reuter * , Ákos Boros and Péter Pankovics Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; [email protected] (Á.B.); [email protected] (P.P.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +36-72-536252 Received: 13 August 2020; Accepted: 7 October 2020; Published: 9 October 2020 Abstract: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) (family Hepeviridae) is one of the most common human pathogens, causing acute hepatitis and an increasingly recognized etiological agent in chronic hepatitis and extrahepatic manifestations. Recent studies reported that not only are the classical members of the species Orthohepevirus A (HEV-A) pathogenic to humans but a genetically highly divergent rat origin hepevirus (HEV-C1) in species Orthohepevirus C (HEV-C) is also able to cause zoonotic infection and symptomatic disease (hepatitis) in humans. This review summarizes the current knowledge of hepeviruses in rodents with special focus of rat origin HEV-C1. Cross-species transmission and genetic diversity of HEV-C1 and confirmation of HEV-C1 infections and symptomatic disease in humans re-opened the long-lasting and full of surprises story of HEV in human. This novel knowledge has a consequence to the epidemiology, clinical aspects, laboratory diagnosis, and prevention of HEV infection in humans. Keywords: hepatitis E virus; hepevirus; orthohepevirus; rodent; rat; zoonosis; reservoir; cross-species transmission; hepatitis; human 1. Introduction Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the most common pathogens causing acute hepatitis in tropical and subtropical areas and an increasingly recognized pathogen in acute, chronic hepatitis and extrahepatic manifestations in developed countries [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Hepatitis E Virus
    HEPATITIS E VIRUS Prepared for the Swine Health Information Center By the Center for Food Security and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University November 2015 SUMMARY Etiology • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus in the genus Orthohepevirus in the family Hepeviridae. • There is a single HEV serotype but the genus Orthohepevirus contains four subgenera based on species affected. Within the subgenus Orthohepevirus A, there are at least seven different genotypes. HEV-3 and HEV-4 are zoonotic with swine serving as the reservoir host. Cleaning and Disinfection • Little is known about virus survival outside the host; however, HEV is thought to be somewhat stable in the environment since feces are an important source of infection. • Heating pork products to an internal temperature of 71°C (160°F) for 20 minutes is required to completely inactivate HEV. • HEV is potentially susceptible to disinfection with acids like acetic acid, aldehydes like glutaraldehyde, alkalis like sodium hydroxide, and oxidizing agents like Virkon-S. Epidemiology • HEV can be isolated from many different species including pigs. • HEV is zoonotic. The severity of infection in humans varies from subclinical to fulminant hepatitis, along with reproductive effects. Pigs are the most important animal reservoir for genotypes capable of infecting people. • The virus can be found in nearly every region in the world. Genotypic niches occur, with HEV-3 and HEV-4 occurring in the United States. • In the United States, 80 to 100% of commercial swine farms show evidence of infection with HEV. Although morbidity can be high, especially in pigs 2–4 months of age, death is uncommon.
    [Show full text]
  • Proposed Reference Sequences for Subtypes of Hepatitis E Virus (Species Orthohepevirus A)
    HHS Public Access Author manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author J Gen Virol Manuscript Author . Author manuscript; Manuscript Author available in PMC 2020 November 30. Published in final edited form as: J Gen Virol. 2020 July ; 101(7): 692–698. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001435. Update: proposed reference sequences for subtypes of hepatitis E virus (species Orthohepevirus A) Donald B. Smith1,*, Jacques Izopet2, Florence Nicot2, Peter Simmonds1, Shahid Jameel3, Xiang-Jin Meng4, Heléne Norder5, Hiroaki Okamoto6, Wim H.M. van der Poel7, Gábor Reuter8, Michael A. Purdy9 1Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 2INSERM, UMR1043, Toulouse F-31300, France 3The Wellcome Trust/DBT India Alliance, Hyderabad, India 4College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA 5Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden 6Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi-k en, Japan 7Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands 8Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary 9Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV/Hepatitis/STD/TB Prevention, Division of Viral Hepatitis, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Abstract In this recommendation, we update our 2016 table of reference sequences of subtypes
    [Show full text]
  • The Genetic Divergences of Codon Usage Shed New Lights On
    Infection, Genetics and Evolution 68 (2019) 23–29 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Infection, Genetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/meegid Research paper The genetic divergences of codon usage shed new lights on transmission of hepatitis E virus from swine to human T ⁎ Jian-hua Zhoua,b,c, Xue-rui Lic, Xi Lanc, Sheng-Yi Hana,c, Yi-ning Wangc, Yonghao Hua, , ⁎ Qiuwei Panb, a College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China b Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Room Na-1011, s-Gravendijkwal 230, NL-3015 CE, Rotterdam, the Netherlands c State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an important pathogen causing public health burden. Swine has been recognized as a Hepatitis E virus main reservoir. Interestingly, genotype 1 HEV only infects human; whereas genotype 3 and 4 are zoonotic. Transmission However, there is a lack of in-depth understanding in respect to the transmission from swine to human. Codon Codon usage pattern usage patterns generally participate in viral survival and fitness towards its hosts. We have analyzed codon usage Host patterns of the three open reading frames (ORFs) for 243 full-length genomes of HEV genotypes 1, 3 and 4. The Natural selection divergence of synonymous codon usage patterns is different in each ORF for genotypes 1, 3 and 4, but the genotype-specific codon usage bias in genotype 1 is stronger than those of genotypes 3 and 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Detection of Hepatitis E Virus RNA in Rats Caught in Pig Farms from Northern Italy
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Archivio istituzionale della ricerca - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna Received: 15 April 2019 | Revised: 9 September 2019 | Accepted: 17 September 2019 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12655 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Detection of hepatitis E virus RNA in rats caught in pig farms from Northern Italy Luca De Sabato1 | Giovanni Ianiro1 | Marina Monini1 | Alessia De Lucia2 | Fabio Ostanello2 | Ilaria Di Bartolo1 1Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore Abstract di Sanità, Rome, Italy Hepatitis E virus (HEV) strains belonging to the Orthohepevirus genus are divided 2 Department of Veterinary Medical into four species (A–D). HEV strains included in the Orthohepevirus A species infect Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy humans and several other mammals. Among them, the HEV‐3 and HEV‐4 genotypes are zoonotic and infect both humans and animals, of which, pigs and wild boar are the Correspondence Ilaria Di Bartolo, Department of Food Safety, main reservoirs. Viruses belonging to the Orthohepevirus C species (HEV‐C) have been Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, considered to infect rats of different species and carnivores. Recently, two studies Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.le Regina Elena, 299, Rome 00161, Italy. reported the detection of HEV‐C1 (rat HEV) RNA in immunocompromised and im‐ Email: [email protected] munocompetent patients, suggesting a possible transmission of rat HEV to humans. Funding information The role of rats and mice as reservoir of HEV and the potential zoonotic transmis‐ European Union's Seventh Framework sion is still poorly known and deserves further investigation.
    [Show full text]
  • Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Dromedaries, North and East Africa, United Arab Emirates, and Pakistan, 1983–2015
    Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Dromedaries, North and East Africa, United Arab Emirates, and Pakistan, 1983–2015 Andrea Rasche, Muhammad Saqib, knowledge on HEV-7 and its zoonotic potential relied Anne M. Liljander, Set Bornstein, Ali Zohaib, on these 2 studies, which provide no insight into the Stefanie Renneker, Katja Steinhagen, prevalence and distribution of HEV-7. To determine the Renate Wernery, Mario Younan, Ilona Gluecks, geographic distribution of HEV-7, we conducted a geo- Mosaad Hilali, Bakri E. Musa, Joerg Jores, graphically comprehensive study of HEV-7 prevalence Ulrich Wernery, Jan Felix Drexler, in dromedaries by testing 2,438 specimens sampled in 6 Christian Drosten, Victor Max Corman countries during the past 3 decades. A new hepatitis E virus (HEV-7) was recently found in The Study dromedaries and 1 human from the United Arab Emirates. Serum and fecal samples were collected from dromedary We screened 2,438 dromedary samples from Pakistan, camels in the UAE, Somalia, Sudan, Egypt, Kenya, and the United Arab Emirates, and 4 African countries. HEV-7 is long established, diversified and geographically wide- Pakistan during 1983–2015 (5–7). A total of 2,171 serum spread. Dromedaries may constitute a neglected source of samples and 267 fecal samples were tested for HEV RNA by zoonotic HEV infections. using reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) as previously de- scribed (8). Seventeen samples were positive for HEV RNA: 12 (0.6%) of 2,171 serum samples and 5 (1.9%) of 267 fe- epatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of acute hepa- cal samples (Table).
    [Show full text]