Descrevendo Trachelomonas

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Descrevendo Trachelomonas GABRIELLE JOANNE MEDEIROS ARAUJO Euglenophyta de águas continentais do Estado de São Paulo: inventário taxonômico Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obtenção do título de DOUTOR em BIODIVERSIDADE VEGETAL E MEIO AMBIENTE, na Área de Concentração de Plantas Avasculares e Fungos em Análises Ambientais. SÃO PAULO 2016 GABRIELLE JOANNE MEDEIROS ARAUJO Euglenophyta de águas continentais do Estado de São Paulo: inventário taxonômico Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obtenção do título de DOUTOR em BIODIVERSIDADE VEGETAL E MEIO AMBIENTE, na Área de Concentração de Plantas Avasculares e Fungos em Análises Ambientais. ORIENTADOR: PROF. DR. CARLOS EDUARDO DE MATTOS BICUDO Ficha Catalográfica elaborada pelo NÚCLEO DE BIBLIOTECA E MEMÓRIA Araujo, Gabrielle Joanne Medeiros A663e Euglenophyta de águas continentais do Estado de São Paulo: inventário taxonômico / Gabrielle Joanne Medeiros Araujo. -- São Paulo, 2016. 308p. il. Tese (Doutorado) -- Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente, 2016. Bibliografia. 1. Euglenophyta. 2. Estado de São Paulo. 3. Levantamento florístico. I. Título. CDU: 582.26 II Dedico este trabalho ao meu precioso Deus, meu amável marido e nossa filhinha Flora que está sendo gerada com muito amor III “Talvez não tenha conseguido fazer o melhor, mas lutei para que o melhor fosse feito. Não sou o que deveria ser, mas Graças a Deus, não sou o que era antes” Marthin Luther King IV AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço imensamente ao meu queridíssimo orientador, Prof. Dr. Carlos Eduardo de Mattos Bicudo, pela atenção, disponibilidade, paciência, compreensão e carinho. Muito obrigada pela sua sabedoria que, com tanta humildade, é compartilhada com todos os que temos a honra de lhe conhecer. Muito obrigada pelos conselhos que exedem a elaboração deste trabalho e continuarão a me auxiliar em minha vida profissional e pessoal. Muito obrigada pelo apoio nas horas boas e, principalmente, nas difíceis. Palavras são insuficientes para demonstrar minha gratidão por tudo que esta oportunidade representou para minha vida. À Profª Drª Denise de Campos Bicudo pela forma acolhedora com que fui recebida, pela amizade, apoio, conselhos e pela companhia agradável em momentos preciosos para mim. A forma alegre com que nos ensina e motiva a querer conhecer cada dia mais e sermos profissionais apaixonados pelo que fazemos. À Profª Drª Luciana Gomes Barbosa pelo incentivo em buscar meus sonhos profissionais, pela amizade tão preciosa, pela confiança e pelos conhecimentos partilhados. À Profª Drª Carla Ferragut agradeço todo conhecimento transmitido nas aulas, no Laboratório de Ecologia Aquática e nos congressos; agradeço também pela paciência e pelos momentos muito agradáveis de descontração. Às funcionárias de apoio à pesquisa do Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ecologia, Dorinha, Amariles e Marli, pela imensa colaboração e pelo sorriso sempre presente que tornam a Ecologia um ambiente muito agradável. Ao Yukio Hayashi Silva pela ajuda em tantos momentos, pelas dicas valiosas e experiência compartilhada. A todos os colegas do Laboratório de Ecologia Aquática do Instituto de Botânica pela amizade e por tornarem o trabalho tão alegre e descontraído: Ana Margarita, Bárbara Pellegrini, Elaine Bartozek, Gisele Marquardt, Jeniffer Pereira, Jenifer Moyón, Krysna Morais, Lívia Costa, Lucineide Santana, Mariane Souza, Mayara Casartelli, Pryscilla Silva, Samantha Faustino, Simone Wengrat Ribeiro, Simone Oliveira, Stefânia Biolo, Stéfano Zorzal e Thiago Santos. Gostaria de enfatizar minha gratidão à minha madrinha de casamento e leal conselheira Simone Wengrat Ribeiro, a Stefânia Biolo e a Raquel Cordeiro, por termos partilhado de tantos momentos juntas, pela companhia e pela amizade tão preciosa. V Agradeço as amigas do quarto 5 do alojamento do Instituto de Botânica, Gisele Marquardt, Lucineide Santana e Ana Lívia Negrão e aos amigos de apartamento Camila Malone, Watson Junior e Stefânia Biolo, pela paciência, pelo apoio e pelos momentos alegres juntos. Ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade Vegetal e Meio Ambiente do Instituto de Botânica e a todos os professores e funcionários pela atenção e esforço em tornarem este um ambiente de excelência em Ensino e Pesquisa. À Luciana Benatti pelo auxílio com as fotomicrografias ao Microscópio Eletrônico de Varredura (MEV) do Instituto de Botânica, bem como à Universidade Federal de São Paulo pela metalização dos “stubs”. À Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) pela concessão de bolsa de doutorado (Processo nº 2012/06683-0). Aos meus pais, Hermes Neto e Gilma, ao meu irmão Gabriell e minha cunhada Monalisa por incentivo, força, preocupação, carinho incondicional e por tudo que representam para mim. Ao meu tio Gione e sua dedicada esposa, Maria da Conceição (Ceicinha) pelo apoio em todos os momentos, pelo acolhimento caloroso em Natal e por cuidar de minha família, em especial de minha mãe, nestes anos em que estive distante. Ao meu tio Genilson (in memorian) e sua esposa Graciete por me acolherem e ao meu esposo em Brasília; e pelos dias maravilhosos que passamos juntos antes de sua partida. À família de meu marido, em especial aos seus pais, Lelis e Veronica, por nos apoiarem sempre que precisamos e pelo cuidado conosco. Agradeço também aos meus cunhados Alberto, Alice, Maria Clara e Aurélio pelo carinho. À família Braga, pastor Antônio Braga, Dona Dalva e filhos pela hospitalidade e pelos momentos tão alegres, pelo “ticket” almoço/janta vitalício que usamos tantas vezes e por nos propiciarem momentos em família que sempre nos lembraremos com alegria. Aos amigos da igreja por chorarem e se alegrarem junto comigo sempre que precisei, pelas orações e pelo apoio com palavras de incentivo e de persistência. Ao meu esposo, Augusto Francener, por ser tão amável, atencioso, cuidadoso, paciente e compreensivo. Por me ajudar em todas as etapas, sempre com sorriso e carinho. Te amo muito. Ao meu precioso Deus que cuidou de mim todo esse tempo e me conduziu até aqui, dando-me força, esperança e perseverança. Agradeço a vida de cada um que Ele colocou em meu caminho e fizeram parte desta jornada junto comigo. “Debaixo de Tuas asas é meu abrigo, meu lugar secreto, só Tua graça me basta e Tua presença é meu prazer”. VI RESUMO A Divisão Euglenophyta é parte de uma linhagem eucariótica antiga e diversificada de protistas flagelados livre-natantes. Embora os euglenídeos possuam ampla distribuição geográfica em nível mundial, sua taxonomia ainda é assunto de bastante discussão. Nas últimas décadas foram publicados mais de 60 trabalhos utilizando técnicas da biologia molecular no intuito de elucidar questões taxonômicas e filogenéticas no grupo resultando em grandes mudanças em sua taxonomia e nomenclatura. Neste contexto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi fazer o levantamento taxonômico dos euglenídeos pigmentados e incolores que ocorrem no Estado de São Paulo, tomando como base os critérios propostos a partir dos estudos clássicos de morfologia, porém, atualizados de acordo com as propostas dos trabalhos filogenéticos recentes. Foram providenciadas a identificação e a descrição da flórula de algas da Divisão Euglenophyta a partir da análise de 107 unidades amostrais tombadas no Herbário Científico do Estado “Maria Eneyda P. Kauffmann Fidalgo” (SP) e dos materiais já publicados com possibilidade de reidentificação. Observou-se a presença de euglenídeos em 90 unidades amostrais que corresponderam a 89 municípios distintos do Estado de São Paulo. Foram identificados 147 táxons específicos e infraespecíficos distribuídos em 21 gêneros, 112 espécies, 41 variedades que não são as típicas de suas respectivas espécies e duas formas taxonômicas igualmente não típicas, porém, de suas variedades. Destes, 51 constituem nova citação de ocorrência no Estado de São Paulo, 30 na Região Sudeste e cinco no Brasil. O gênero Rhabdomonas Fresenius foi descrito pela primeira vez para o Estado de São Paulo e o gênero Calycimonas Christen para o Brasil. Quatro táxons constituem possíveis espécies ou variedades novas para a Ciência. A literatura especializada que apresenta descrição e ilustração dos táxons documentou, até o presente, a ocorrência de euglenídeos em apenas sete municípios do Estado. Com o presente levantamento florístico, 92 municípios passaram a ter descrições de representantes da Divisão Euglenophyta, o que corresponde a um aumento expressivo na distribuição do grupo no Estado de São Paulo, da ordem de 13 vezes. O presente estudo é uma contribuição, portanto, de considerável relevância para o Estado graças à sua significativa abrangência geográfica, por possibilitar a atualização nomenclatural dos táxons e, principalmente, pela abrangência taxonômica, levando em consideração que foram abordados materiais de toda a Divisão Euglenophyta. Palavras-chave: Euglenophyta, Estado de São Paulo, levantamento florístico VII ABSTRACT Division Euglenophyta is part of an ancestral and diversified eukaryotic lineage of free- swimming flagellate protists. Despite having a broad geographical distribution worldwide, its taxonomy still is subject to rich discussion. During the last decades over 60 papers were published using molecular biology techniques to elucidate taxonomical and phylogenetical questions in the group and bringing pronounced changes in its taxonomy and nomenclature. In this context, the main objective of the present study was the taxonomic survey
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