North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests

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Conservation Management Zones of Australia

Prepared by the Department of the Environment Acknowledgements This project and its associated products are the result of collaboration between the Department of the Environment’s Biodiversity Conservation Division and the Environmental Resources Information Network (ERIN). Invaluable input, advice and support were provided by staff and leading researchers from across the Department of Environment (DotE), Department of Agriculture (DoA), the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) and the academic community. We would particularly like to thank staff within the Wildlife, Heritage and Marine Division, Parks Australia and the Environment Assessment and Compliance Division of DotE; Nyree Stenekes and Robert Kancans (DoA), Sue McIntyre (CSIRO), Richard Hobbs (University of Western Australia), Michael Hutchinson (ANU); David Lindenmayer and Emma Burns (ANU); and Gilly Llewellyn, Martin Taylor and other staff from the World Wildlife Fund for their generosity and advice.

Special thanks to CSIRO researchers Kristen Williams and Simon Ferrier whose modelling of biodiversity patterns underpinned identification of the Conservation Management Zones of Australia.

Image Credits Front Cover: Daintree Rainforest, Cooper Creek Wilderness – Daintree Rainforest PL, www.daintreerainforest.net Page 4: Mahogany Glider (Petaurus gracilis) – Wet Tropics Management Authority Page 10: Double-Eyed Fig-Parrot (Cyclopsitta diophthalma), Mossman Gorge, Daintree NP – James Niland Page 14: Azure Kingfisher (Alcedo azurea ruficollaris) – JJ Harrison Page 15: Southern Cassowary (Casuarius casuarius johnsonii) – Paul Ijsendoorn Page 17: Oliver Creek, Cape Tribulation, Daintree National Park – Simon Cunich Page 19: Lumholtz Tree Kangaroo (Dendrolagus lumholtzi) – Dave Watts Page 21: Daintree National Park – Oliver Strewe/Tourism Australia Page 22: Striped Possum (Dactylopsila trivirgata) – Mike Trenerry/Department of the Environment Page 23: Green Ringtail Possum (Pseudochirops archeri) – Dave Watts Page 26: Boyd’s Forest Dragon (Hypsilurus boydii), Mossman Gorge – Tourism Australia Page 28: Mossman Gorge, Daintree Rainforest – Tourism Australia Page 34: Cairns Birdwing Butterfly Ornithoptera( euphorion) – Saif Ismailji Page 35: Eucalyptus woodlands with tussock grass – Wet Tropics Images/Campbell Clarke Page 36: Tropical or sub-tropical rainforest, Wet Tropics of Queensland – Colin Totterdell, Department of the Environment Page 37: Warm temperate rainforest, Possum Valley, Ravenshoe – Simon Cunich Page 38: Eucalyptus open forests with a shrubby understorey – Wet Tropics Images/Campbell Clarke Page 39: Melaleuca open forests and woodlands – Wet Tropics Images/Campbell Clarke Back Cover: Daintree Rainforest, Cooper Creek Wilderness – Daintree Rainforest PL, www.daintreerainforest.net

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Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests Contents

Acknowledgement of Traditional Owners and Country ��2 Introduction ��2 Zone at a glance ��3 Population characteristics ��6 Employment, volunteering and incomes ��9 Agriculture, Natural Resource Management practices and sources of NRM advice ��11 Land tenure, land use, Native Title and Local Government Areas �� 13 Zone vegetation characteristics �� 16 Nationally Important Wetlands �� 18 World and National Heritage �� 19 Major National Reserve System properties �� 20 EPBC Act (1999) threatened ecological communities �� 21 EPBC Act (1999) threatened species ��22 EPBC Act (1999) migratory species �� 27 Threatened endemic species �� 29 Invasive species �� 32 Vegetation profiles and management recommendations ��34

Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests Acknowledgement of Traditional Owners and Country The Australian Government acknowledges Australia’s Traditional Owners and pays respect to Elders past and present of our nation’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. We honour the deep spiritual, cultural and customary connections of Traditional Owners to the Australian landscape, including Australia’s waterways, land and sea country.

Introduction The 23 Conservation Management Zones of Australia are geographic areas, classified according to their ecological and threat characteristics. The zones are also aligned with the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation of Australia.

The Conservation Management Zones provide a way of understanding Australia’s natural environment that will assist in long-term conservation planning and help the Australian Government to better design, deliver and report on Natural Resource Management (NRM) investments, including ensuring alignment of national NRM priorities with local action.

The Conservation Management Zones also provide a filter through which to make national environmental and socio-economic data more accessible and comprehensible, and a framework for gathering on-ground knowledge and expertise about the environment. This will improve information flow to the Australian Government about regional NRM requirements, best practice management, emerging NRM issues and knowledge gaps.

The Conservation Management Zones do not represent any change to existing administrative boundaries or governance structures, but aim to support the NRM and wider community to cooperatively manage environmental assets across boundaries, where they share common threats, ecological characteristics and stakeholders.

Each Conservation Management Zone profile contains a standard suite of nationally available ecological and socio-economic information. We hope that this information will enable Australians of all ages and backgrounds to engage with, understand and appreciate Australian landscapes, and support all Australians to manage our natural resources more effectively.

The profile information provides an indicative, high-level stock-take of the environmental and socio-economic landscape and it is not intended to be comprehensive. It should also be noted that, at present, the profiles contain only limited information on aquatic ecosystems, coastal assets and Indigenous land management practices. In future, consultation and comprehensive literature reviews will enable us to provide more complete information.

2 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests Zone at a glance

Area of zone: Population density: 2,980,351 hectares

% of Australia: 12.07 people 0.39% per square kilometre

Zone population characteristics Zone employment characteristics 250,000

5.6% 236,911 200,000

150,000

Number of people 100,000

50,000

0 otal T er 65 Ov a second language English as 94.4% ndigenous I outh (15–24) Y

Employed Unemployed

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

3 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests Cities and major towns Population Top five agricultural commodities Value (millions)

Cairns 142,528 Other broadacre crops $295 Atherton 6,673 Fruit $287 Gordonvale 5,491 Beef $38 Ingham 4,706 Dairy $27 Innisfail 7,172 Vegetables for consumption $25 Regional centres Population Total value of agricultural commodities (including other $706 Allingham 1,229 commodities not listed here) Babinda 1,075 Climate characteristics* Cardwell 1,181 Mean annual temperature 22.6 Celsius Cooktown 2,339 Mean Maximum of the Hottest Month 30.3 Celsius Kuranda 2,169 Mean Minimum of the Coldest Month 13.9 Celsius Malanda 1,678 Mean Annual Rainfall 1895.3 mm Mossman 1,730 Dominant rainfall season Summer Palm Island 2,339 * The figures are interpolated 75-year means (1921 to 1995) Port Douglas – Craiglie 3,930 representing the period prior to the onset of rapid climatic warming. Cited in: Williams KJ, Belbin L, Austin MP, Stein J, Ferrier S (2012) Tully 2,265 Which environmental variables should I use in my biodiversity model? Wongaling Beach 1,066 International Journal of Geographic Information Sciences 26(11), 2009–2047. (Data derived from Australian Climate surfaces version 2.1 Yarrabah 2,406 for the ANUCLIM-BIOCLIM package). For future climate projections please refer to: http://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/ Natural Resource Management (NRM) regions Cape York NRM QLD Terrain NRM QLD NQ Dry Tropics NRM QLD

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

4 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests Native Title area National Reserve System area

15%

44%

56%

85%

Native Title area Other area NRS area Other area

Native vegetation clearance level Number of threatened species by class

5 2 16% 8

16 84

84%

Cleared (ha) Uncleared (ha) Plants Mammals Birds Reptiles Frogs Sharks Fish

Status of EPBC Act listed threatened species, communities and migratory species

Vulnerable species 77

Endangered species 56

Critically endangered species 6

Migratory species 66

Threatened ecological 4 communities

01632486480

Source: Based on data from the National Native Title Register; Collaborative Australian Protected Area Database (CAPAD); National Vegetation Information System (NVIS); Species’ Profile and Threats Database (SPRAT).

5 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests Population characteristics

Population

Population by age group Indigenous population by age group

4% 12% 21%

24% 34%

12% 35%

21% 20% 17%

0–14 years 15–24 years 25–39 years 0–14 years 15–24 years 25–39 years 40–64 years 65 years and over 40–64 years 65 years and over

Farmer and farm managers by age group Gender of farmers and farm managers

3% 14% 25% 760

2,148

58%

15–24 years 25–39 years Male Female 40–64 years 65 years and over

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

6 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests Languages spoken at home English 83.31% Other languages 9.34% Not stated 6.58%

Non-English languages spoken at home* Indigenous languages spoken at home**

7.18% 12.85% 21.13% 0.46% 14.12% 1.03%

20.19% 42.75%

17.62% 0.84% 3.88%

36.12% 7.85% 13.99%

Northern European Cape York Peninsula Languages (including Scandinavia, Celtic, Germanic, Dutch) Torres Strait Island Languages Southern European Other Australian Indigenous Languages Eastern European Central Asian, Turkic, Iranic and Semitic ** Please note, these gures are based on the proportion of the population who indicated in the 2011 ABS Census Southern Asian, Dravidan and Indo-Ayran that they spoke an Indigenous language at home. South-East Asian East Asian Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander African Paci c / Oceanic Sign language

* Please note, these gures are based on the proportion of the population who indicated in the 2011 ABS Census that they spoke a language other than English at home.

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

7 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests Education

Highest level of educational attainment Highest level of educational attainment – total population – Indigenous community

40 45

35 40

30 35 30 25 25 20 20 15 15 10 10

5 5

0 l 0 l e e e e w w ve ve Le Le ti cat ti cat /Not stated /Not stated ti cate ti cate ee/Graduat ee/Graduat ee/Advanced ee/Advanced ears 11 and 12 ears 11 and 12 Y Y Cer Cer ears 10 or belo ears 10 or belo Y Y Diploma and Diploma and School School nadequately described nadequately described I I School School No Educational Attainment No Educational Attainment Bachelor Degr Bachelor Degr ostgraduate Degr ostgraduate Degr Diploma & Graduate Cer Diploma & Graduate Cer P P 15–24 years 25–39 years 15–24 years 25–39 years 40–64 years 65 years and over 40–64 years 65 years and over

Highest level of educational attainment Post-school qualication types* – farmers and farm managers 10,000 70 9,000 60 8,000 7,000 50 6,000 40 5,000 4,000 30 3,000 20 2,000

10 1,000 0 0 l e e w ve 65 years Le ti cat and above /Not stated 40–64 years old 25–39 years old 15–24 years old ti cate ee/Graduat ee/Advanced ears 11 and 12 Y Cer ears 10 or belo Y Natural and Physical Sciences Diploma and School

nadequately described Agriculture, Environmental and Related Studies I School

No Educational Attainment Health and education Bachelor Degr ostgraduate Degr Diploma & Graduate Cer

P Architecture, building, society and culture and creative arts 15–24 years 25–39 years Information Technology, Management 40–64 years 65 years and over and Commerce and service industries

* Please note, this table omits quali cations of mixed eld, quali cations that are not adequately described, and information relating to census respondents who have not stated their quali cation or are not applicable (i.e. Not of age to have post-school quali cation). Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

8 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests Employment, volunteering and incomes

Employment

Employment status of general population* Employment by industry 90%

80% 2% 5% 11% 6% 70% 2% 60%

50% 16% 40% 16% 30%

20%

10%

0% 14% 20% 65 years

and above 8% 15–24 years old 25–39 years old 40–64 years old

Employed Agriculture, forestry and sheries Unemployed Mining Not in labour force or not stated Manufacturing Utilities, construction and transport Employment* Please note the %status gures are of relative general to each population* of the age groupings of the population. The categories above are Employmentaggregates of the following status Au ofstra Indigenouslian Bureau of Statis population*tics categories: Employed = Employed full-time;Health, Employed Social par Assistance,t-time; Education and training and Employed away from work. Unemployed = Unemployed looking for full-time work; and Unemployed looking for part-time 90%100% Public administration and safety work. Not in the Labour Force or Not Stated = Not in the Labour Force; and Not Stated. Please note the ‘not applicable’ 80% category has been omitted from the analysis. Not applicable applies to the proportion of the populationWholesale that is not and of r etail trade working age (e.g. 0–15 year olds and retired). ABS 2011 Census Labour Force data has been utilised for Serthisvices report, 70%80%as the national quarterly employment gures are derived from a relatively small sample of the population. Food, accommodation, arts and recreation 60% Unknown/not stated 50%60%

40% 40% 30%

20% 20% 10%

0% 0% 65 years 65 years and above and above ndigenous ndigenous ndigenous ndigenous I I I I 15–24 years old 25–39 years old 40–64 years old 15–24 years old 40–64 years old 25–39 years old

EmployeEmployed d UnemployeUnemployed d Not Notin labour in labour force fo orrce not or statednot stated * Please note the % gures are relative to each of the age groupings of the population. The categories above are aggregates of the following Australian Bureau of Statistics categories: Employed = Employed full-time; Employed part-time; and Employed away from work. Unemployed = Unemployed looking for full-time work; and Unemployed looking for part-time work. Not in the Labour Force or Not Stated = Not in the Labour Force; and Not Stated. Please note the ‘not applicable’ category has been omitted from the analysis. Not applicable applies to the proportion of the population that is not of working age (e.g. 0–15 year olds and retired). ABS 2011 Census Labour Force data has been utilised for this report, as the national quarterly employment gures are derived from a relatively small sample of the population.

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

9 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests Volunteering Income

Volunteering rates Total household income (% of households)*

80%

70% 12.7% 22% 60% 3.3% 50%

40% 11.7% 30%

20%

10%

65 years 50.3% and above 40–64 years old 25–39 years old 15–24 years old

Not a volunteer Under $20,800 $20,800–64,999 $65,000–$103,999 Volunteer Over $104,000 Not Stated/Partially Stated Not stated or not applicable * Please note these gures have been derived from the ABS Equivalised Total Household Income (HIED)Census 2011 data. ABS data categories have been aggregated for the purposes of this report. For more information see: http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/censushome. nsf/home/statementsdwellinghied?opendocument&navpos=430 In the 2011–12 nancial year, persons who earned $67,500 or less were eligible for Low Income Tax Oset. Human Services applied the following de nitions of “low income” as eligibility criteria for the Low Income Supplement in the 2012–13 nancial year: Income below $30,000 for singles, $45,000 combined for couples, or $60,000 combined for couples or singles with a dependent child.

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

10 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests Agriculture, Natural Resource Management practices and sources of NRM advice Australian farmers manage over 60% of the Australian continent and shoulder much of the burden of responsibility for maintaining and protecting Australia’s natural resource wealth. The information contained in this profile aims to assist the wider community, non-governmental organisations and government agencies to support Australia’s key environmental custodians.

Number of people employed in agriculture, shing, forestry and downstream industries

Agriculture industries (production) 4,366

79 Agriculture downstream industries ,including services, 2,671 food and beverage)

Fishing industries, including production and downstream seafood processing 492 and wholesaling 83 Forestry industry, including production, logging, sawmilling 444 and downstream wood and paper product manufacturing

Agricultural commodity values

Value of agricultural commodities^ $300

$250

$200

$150 illions M

$100

$50

$0 y y rk ool ruit ops Ha Po F Beef Nuts Eggs W Dair Lamb e cr or seed or grain Oilseeds oadacr Cereals for grain egume f or consumption L egetables f V ther br O Nurseries and cut owers egetables f V

^ Data obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics Value of Agricultural Commodities Produced. The value estimates in this publication are derived by the multiplication of price and quantity estimates of agricultural commodities. Price information is estimated based on the average unit value of a given commodity realised in the market place. For more information please refer to: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Lookup/7503.0Explanatory%20Notes12010-11?OpenDocument

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

11 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests Natural Resource Management practices and sources of NRM advice

Feral animal control*^ Native vegetation protection and regeneration* (% of agricultural holdings (% of agricultural holdings) 80% 6%

70% 5%

60% 4% 50%

40% 3%

30% 2% 20% 1% 10%

0% 0% e tio n ther O essur No dat a eral animals cluding stock of f No management Managing weeds

*^ Data for this region is incomplete. Feral animal Stopping mechanical management may be occuring on the remaining 21.8% or chemical destruc Reducing grazing pr encing o /ex

of agricultural holdings not identifed in this chart. F

* Data obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2012 Land Management Practices Survey (LaMPS) 2012. LaMPS collected land practices information from approximately 50,000 farm businesses across Australia. The data has been aligned to Conservation Management Zones from ABS Statistical Area 2 units and Australian Agricultural Environment units. The % figures presented here are indicative only. For more information on LaMPS please refer to: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/mf/4630.0

Sought advice when adopting Sources of advice**^ native vegetation management**

23.06% s s s s s s s No No No No No No No Ye Ye Ye Ye Ye Ye Ye 76.94% oup oup gion nment ch and ver tion gr e or farmer rmer gr Go Resear Fa A/NRM re tension o cer oduc ex CM pr ivate consultant or agribusiness agent eers or neighbours Landcar employed facilitator P Pr

Yes No elopment Corporation Dev

** The sample for the Drivers of Practice Change 2012 survey consisted of a random subsample of 1228 broadacre farm managers from the Australian Agricultural and Grazing Industries Survey (AAGIS) frame. The data has been aligned to Conservation Management Zones from ABS Statistical Area 2 units. For this reason, the figures presented here are indicative only. ^ This chart indicates the sources of advice utilised for native vegetation management from respondents who identified they sought advice. For more information please refer to http://www.daff.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/forestry/domestic-forestry/prep-for-future/drivers-practice-change.pdf

12 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests Land tenure, land use, Native Title and Local Government Areas

Land tenure Land use

9.43% 5%

23.04% 7% 1% 1% 2% 2%

34.24% 50%

1.77% 4.07% 31% 27.04% 0.06%

Crown Land – Private – Leased Conservation and Natural Environments Crown Land – Public Grazing Native Vegetation Crown Land – Public – Leased Production Forestry (native vegetation) Crown Land – Unknown – Leased Cropping and Horticulture Freehold – Public Water (natural) Freehold – Unknown Production from Irrigated Agriculture and Plantations No Data/Unknown Industry, Residential, Services and Mining Other Source: Land tenure data based on Environmental Resources Information Network (ERIN) categorisation of Public Sector Mapping Authority (PSMA) State Tenure 2012; Land use mapping based on Australian Collaborative Land Use and Management Program (ACLUMP) 2012. For more information on Australian land use and management information and classification please refer to: http://www.daff.gov.au/ABARES/aclump/Pages/Default.aspx

Indigenous Land Councils Cape York Land Council: www.cylc.org.au North Queensland Aboriginal Land Council: www.nqlc.com.au

Indigenous natural resource management North Australian Indigenous Land and Sea Management Alliance: www.nailsma.org.au Rainforest Aboriginal Peoples Alliance: [email protected]

13 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests Native Title and Traditional Owners Traditional Owners Registered Native Title Body Corporate Hectares % of zone Eastern Kuku Yalanji People Jabalbina Yalanji Aboriginal Corporation RNTBC 125,239 4.20 Gamaay, Dingaal, Nugal, Dhubbi Warra Aboriginal Corporation RNTBC, Thuubi, Nguurruumungu, Hopevale Congress Aboriginal Corporation RNTBC, 109,864 3.69 Dharrpa, Binhthi, Walmbaar Aboriginal Corporation RNTBC Thiithaarr, Tha Jirrbal People Wabubadda Aboriginal Corporation RNTBC 82,235 2.76 Gugu Badhun People Gugu Badhun Aboriginal Corporation RNTBC 35,832 1.20 Wanyurr Majay People Wanyurr-Majay Aboriginal Corporation RNTBC 19,793 0.66 Dulabed and Dulabed Malanbarra and Yidinji Aboriginal 16,424 0.55 Malanbarra Yidinji People Corporation RNTBC Tableland Yidinji People 15,116 0.51 Choorechillum (Ngadjon Jii PBC) Ngadjon-Jii People 13,247 0.44 Aboriginal Corporation RNTBC The Djiru People Djiru Warrangburra Aboriginal Corporation RNTBC 8,850 0.30 Gunggandji People Gunggandji PBC Aboriginal Corporation RNTBC 8,137 0.27 Mandingalbay Yidinji- Gunggandji-Mandingalbay Yidinji Peoples PBC 8,121 0.27 Gunggandji People Aboriginal Corporation RNTBC Mandingalbay Yidinji People Mandingalbay Yidinji Aboriginal Corporation RNTBC 4,195 0.14 Tableland Yidinji People 3,973 0.13 Djabugay People Djabugay Native Title Aboriginal Corporation RNTBC 2,749 0.09 Jirrbal People Wabubadda Aboriginal Corporation RNTBC 1,306 0.04 Bar-Barrum People Bar-Barrum Aboriginal Corporation RNTBC 738 0.02 Girramay People Girramay People Aboriginal Corporation RNTBC 479 0.02 The Djiru People Djiru Warrangburra Aboriginal Corporation RNTBC 441 0.01 Jirrbal People Wabubadda Aboriginal Corporation RNTBC 61 –

Source: The Native Title Tribunal Register, October 2013. For more information please refer to: http://www.nntt.gov.au/Pages/Searchportal.aspx

14 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests Local Government Areas Local Government Areas Cairns Regional QLD Mareeba Shire QLD Cassowary Coast Regional QLD Palm Island Aboriginal Shire QLD Charters Towers Regional QLD Tablelands Regional QLD Cook Shire QLD Townsville City QLD Douglas Shire QLD Wujal Wujal Aboriginal Shire QLD Hinchinbrook Shire QLD Yarrabah Aboriginal Shire QLD Hope Vale Aboriginal Shire QLD

15 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests Zone vegetation characteristics

Major Vegetation Subgroups (MVS) with >1% original distribution within zone 35%

30%

25%

20%

15%

10%

0% , s a ey ey ey ey ey est est or or , esdges ests with ests with r r Mang rove Heathlands fo fo ests and open herbs r opical rainf s, fo rn -tr ests and woodlands ests and woodlands a grassy understor r r Ttemperate rainf a shrubby understor a shrubby understor fo rm Eucalypt woodlands with with a grassy understor tussock grass understor Eucalypt woodlands with ther fo Melaleuca open woodlands Wa Eucalyptus open woodlands Eucalyptus open Eucalyptus open O ests with fe rushes or wet tussock grasses r opical or sub fo Tr Eucalyptus tall open Melaleuca open

Pre 1750 percentage of CMZ area Present day percentage of CMZ area

16 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests The National Vegetation Information System (NVIS) framework is a nationally consistent vegetation classification system based on vegetation data collected by states and territories. It provides information on the extent and distribution of vegetation types across the Australian landscape.

Two products are used to provide the Zone Vegetation Characteristics graph. A modelled pre-European vegetation distribution (pre-1750), and extant (current extent) vegetation, which is based on contemporary vegetation mapping. The information presented here relates to Major Vegetation Subgroups (MVSs). There are 85 MVS types across Australia, describing the structure and floristic composition of dominant and secondary vegetation stratums (e.g. canopy and mid-storey species). Major Vegetation Subgroups only reflect the dominant vegetation type occurring in an area from a mix of vegetation types. Less-dominant vegetation groups which may also be present are therefore not represented.

It is important to note that the vegetation information is indicative only, as state and territory mapping in Australia is of variable resolution and scale. However, this data is the best available nationally consistent information on vegetation, and the dataset continues to evolve and increase in accuracy.

Analysing this information at Conservation Management Zone, rather than national level provides greater discrimination for decision makers, as clearance levels of vegetation types are not uniform across Australia. For example, eucalypt woodlands with a tussock grass understory is a vegetation type found across Australia. In the Brigalow Woodlands Conservation Management Zone, eucalypt open woodlands with a tussock grass understory originally covered approximately 36% of the zone, but today it only covers only 14.5 % of the zone (58.7% of this vegetation community has been cleared in the Brigalow). In the Northern Australia Tropical Savannah zone, this vegetation type originally occupied 19.6% of the zone. Today, it occupies approximately 19.4% of the zone (only 2.3% of this vegetation type has been cleared). It should be noted that this data only provides an indication of change in extent, and not vegetation condition.

For more information on the National Vegetation Information System (NVIS) please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/science-and-research/databases-and-maps/national-vegetation-information-system

17 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests Nationally Important Wetlands

Nationally Important Wetlands Jurisdiction Hectares Criteria Cape Flattery Dune Lakes QLD 43,949 1, 2, 3 Herbert River Floodplain QLD 41,421 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Tully River – Murray River Floodplains QLD 39,171 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 Great Barrier Reef Marine Park QLD 23,014 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Herbert River Gorge QLD 18,269 1, 2 Hinchinbrook Channel QLD 18,036 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 Edmund Kennedy Wetlands QLD 10,969 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 Cowley Area QLD 8,365 1, 3, 5 Port of Cairns and Trinity Inlet QLD 5,561 1, 2, 3 Cape Melville – Bathurst Bay QLD 5,270 1, 5 Lower Daintree River QLD 5,264 1, 2, 3, 5 Missionary Bay QLD 5,166 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 Bambaroo Coastal Aggregation QLD 4,836 1, 3, 5 Russell River QLD 2,290 1, 5 Eubenangee – Alice River QLD 1,992 1, 3, 5 Wyvuri Swamp QLD 1,491 1 Ella Bay Swamp QLD 1,309 1, 3, 5 Innisfail Area QLD 1,221 1, 5 Laura Sandstone QLD 1,088 1 Alexandra Bay QLD 861 1, 5 Kurrimine Area QLD 650 1, 3 Yuccabine Creek QLD 529 1, 6 Marina Plains – Lakefield Aggregation QLD 268 1, 2, 3, 5 Russell River Rapids QLD 235 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 Licuala Palm Forest QLD 232 1, 2, 3, 5 Alexandra Palm Forest QLD 146 1, 2, 5 Princess Charlotte Bay Marine Area QLD 114 1, 2, 3, 5 Lake Barrine QLD 99 1, 2, 6 Bromfield Swamp QLD 63 1, 3, 6 Clack Reef Complex QLD 59 1, 3, 5, 6 Lake Eacham QLD 43 1, 6 Birthday Creek QLD 43 1 Sunday Creek Broad-leaved Paperbark Site QLD 39 1, 2, 5 The Jack Lakes Aggregation QLD 37 1 Nandroya Falls QLD 19 1, 2, 5 Zillie Falls QLD 16 1, 3, 5 West Mulgrave Falls QLD 7 1, 5 Hilda Creek Headwater QLD 5 1, 2, 4, 5

Nationally important wetlands are defined according to the following criteria: 1. It is a good example of a wetland type occurring within a biogeographic region in Australia. 2. It is a wetland which plays an important ecological or hydrological role in the natural functioning of a major wetland system/complex. 3. It is a wetland which is important as the habitat for animal taxa at a vulnerable stage in their life cycles, or provides a refuge when adverse conditions such as drought prevail. 4. The wetland supports 1% or more of the national populations of any native plant or animal taxa. 5. The wetland supports native plant or animal taxa or communities which are considered endangered or vulnerable at the national level. 6. The wetland is of outstanding historical or cultural significance. Please note, the above are a subset of all the Nationally Important Wetlands found within the Zone. For more information on Nationally Important Wetlands please see: http://www.environment.gov.au/resource/directory-important-wetlands-australia-third-edition

18 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests World and National Heritage

Heritage Heritage values World or National type Jurisdiction Hectares % of zone Great Barrier Reef World and National Natural QLD 34,981,026 n/a Natural and Wet Tropics of Queensland World and National QLD 897,301 30.11% Indigenous Please refer to the Australian Heritage Database for detailed information on listing criteria for these heritage values: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/publications-and-resources/australian-heritage-database For more information on Australia’s world and national heritage please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/about-australias-heritage

19 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests Major National Reserve System properties

Major National Reserve System properties IUCN Name Property type Jurisdiction Hectares % of zone category Girringun Indigenous Protected Area QLD 324,345 10.88 Girringun National Park II QLD 171,446 5.75 Cape Melville National Park II QLD 146,179 4.90 Daintree National Park II QLD 119,212 4.00 Wooroonooran National Park II QLD 114,970 3.86 Jack River National Park II QLD 77,669 2.61 Paluma Range National Park II QLD 73,057 2.45 Tully Gorge National Park II QLD 60,006 2.01 Ngalba Bulal National Park II QLD 40,435 1.36 Hinchinbrook Island National Park II QLD 39,377 1.32 Eastern Kuku Yalanji Indigenous Protected Area QLD 39,240 1.32 Mount Windsor National Park II QLD 34,616 1.16 Girramay National Park II QLD 33,753 1.13 Koombooloomba National Park II QLD 29,248 0.98 Kuranda National Park II QLD 27,092 0.91 Mount Lewis National Park II QLD 25,210 0.85 Japoon National Park II QLD 24,794 0.83 Dinden National Park II QLD 20,165 0.68 Kalpowar Nature Refuge VI QLD 18,828 0.63 Kirrama National Park II QLD 17,463 0.59

The IUCN categories are as follows: Ia Strict Nature Reserve IUCN protected area management categories Ib Wilderness Area classify protected areas according to their II National Park management objectives. The categories are recognised by international bodies such as III Natural Monument or Feature the United Nations and are utilised by many IV Habitat/Species Management Area national governments, including the Australian V Protected Landscape/ Seascape Government, as the global standard for VI Protected area with sustainable use of natural resources defining and recording protected areas.

Please refer to the IUCN website for further explanation: http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/gpap_home/gpap_quality/gpap_pacategories/ For more information on Australia’s National Reserve System please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/land/national-reserve-system

Source: Collaborative Australian Protected Area Database 2012.

20 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests EPBC Act (1999) threatened ecological communities

Threatened ecological communities Name Listing status % of total distribution* % of zone** Mabi Forest Critically Endangered 100 0.05 (Complex Notophyll Vine Forest 5b) Littoral Rainforest and Coastal Vine Thickets Critically Endangered 63.46 0.78 of Eastern Australia Broad leaf tea-tree (Melaleuca viridiflora) woodlands in high rainfall coastal Endangered 55.92 4.83 north Queensland Semi-evergreen vine thickets of the Brigalow Belt (North and South) Endangered 0.04 0.004 and Nandewar Bioregions * % of the total national distribution describes the proportion of the total national distribution of the Threatened Ecological Community that is found within the zone. ** % of the total zone area describes the proportion of the zone that the Threatened Ecological Community is likely or known to occur in.

It should be noted that the identification of any given Threatened Ecological Community above does not imply that the Threatened Ecological Community (TEC) is found uniformly across the Conservation Management Zone. Rather, the % of the TEC’s total distribution (*) within the zone is an indication of its importance to that zone in terms of conservation efforts. The % of the zone (**) indicates how rare, or difficult the ecological community may be to find within the zone.

The threatened ecological communities above are listed underThe Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act), which is the Australian Government’s principal environmental legislation. For more information, please refer to http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/communities

21 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests EPBC Act (1999) threatened species

Threatened mammals % of total % of Common name Scientific name Status distribution* zone** Mahogany Glider Petaurus gracilis Endangered 100 4.11 Northern Bettong Bettongia tropica Endangered 72.58 14.57 Spotted-tailed Quoll or Yarri Dasyurus maculatus gracilis Endangered 64.02 31.82 (North Queensland subspecies) Yellow-bellied Glider Petaurus australis Vulnerable 55.98 13.07 (Wet Tropics), Fluffy Glider unnamed subsp. Spectacled Flying-fox Pteropus conspicillatus Vulnerable 40.57 92.87 Rhinolophus philippinensis Greater Large-eared Horseshoe Bat Endangered 13.93 16.25 (large form) Saccolaimus saccolaimus Critically Bare-rumped Sheathtail Bat 7.26 80.20 nudicluniatus Endangered Northern Quoll Dasyurus hallucatus Endangered 3.61 73.85 Koala (combined populations of Phascolarctos cinereus Queensland, New South Wales and (combined populations of Vulnerable 0.67 9.44 the Australian Capital Territory) Qld, NSW and the ACT) Semon’s Leaf-nosed Bat, May be May be Hipposideros semoni Endangered Greater Wart-nosed Horseshoe-bat present present Brush-tailed Rabbit-rat, May be May be Conilurus penicillatus Vulnerable Brush-tailed Tree-rat, Pakooma present present May be May be Grey-headed Flying-fox Pteropus poliocephalus Vulnerable present present May be May be Water Mouse, False Water Rat, Yirrkoo Xeromys myoides Vulnerable present present May be May be Burrowing Bettong (Shark Bay), Boodie Bettongia lesueur lesueur Vulnerable present present Blue Whale Balaenoptera musculus Endangered n/a n/a Humpback Whale Megaptera novaeangliae Vulnerable n/a n/a

22 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests Threatened birds % of total % of Common name Scientific name Status distribution* zone** Southern Cassowary (Australian), Casuarius casuarius johnsonii Endangered 67.35 43.03 Southern Cassowary Masked Owl (northern) Tyto novaehollandiae kimberli Vulnerable 5.6 68.62 Red Goshawk Erythrotriorchis radiatus Vulnerable 2.9 99.89 Star Finch (eastern), Star Finch (southern) Neochmia ruficauda ruficauda Endangered 1.25 16.99 Squatter Pigeon (southern) Geophaps scripta scripta Vulnerable 1.17 14.04 Buff-breasted Button-quail Turnix olivii Endangered 0.81 0.29 Australian Fairy Tern Sternula nereis nereis Vulnerable 0.78 1.52 Black-throated Finch (southern) Poephila cincta cincta Endangered 0.61 1.32 Australasian Bittern Botaurus poiciloptilus Endangered 0.49 6.06 Australian Painted Snipe Rostratula australis Endangered 0.34 2.22 Crimson Finch (white-bellied) Neochmia phaeton evangelinae Vulnerable 0.31 0.08 Gouldian Finch Erythrura gouldiae Endangered 0.18 2.63 May be May be Golden-shouldered Parrot Psephotus chrysopterygius Endangered present present May be May be Regent Honeyeater Anthochaera phrygia Endangered present present White-bellied Storm-Petrel (Tasman Sea), May be May be Fregetta grallaria grallaria Vulnerable White-bellied Storm-Petrel (Australasian) present present * % of total distribution describes the proportion of the total national distribution of the threatened species that is found within the zone. ** % of zone describes the proportion of the zone that the threatened species is likely or known to occur in. The % of zone indicates how rare, or difficult the species may be to find within the zone.

23 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests Threatened reptiles % of total % of Common Name Scientific name Status distribution* zone** Atherton Delma, Legless Lizard Delma mitella Vulnerable 100 0.52 Yakka Skink Egernia rugosa Vulnerable 3.3 8.96 Olive Ridley Turtle, Pacific Ridley Turtle Lepidochelys olivacea Endangered 0.02 1.27 Leatherback Turtle, Leathery Turtle, Luth Dermochelys coriacea Endangered 0.01 1.27 Flatback Turtle Natator depressus Vulnerable 0.01 1.31 Loggerhead Turtle Caretta caretta Endangered 0.01 1.29 Green Turtle Chelonia mydas Vulnerable 0.01 1.31 Hawksbill Turtle Eretmochelys imbricata Vulnerable 0.01 1.29 May be May be Ornamental Snake Denisonia maculata Vulnerable present present

Other threatened fauna % of total % of Common name Scientific name Status distribution* zone** Critically Opal Cling Goby Stiphodon semoni 100 0.01 Endangered Critically Armoured Mistfrog Litoria lorica 100 0.15 Endangered Tinkling Frog Taudactylus rheophilus Endangered 100 1.18 Lake Eacham Rainbowfish Melanotaenia eachamensis Endangered 99.18 0.52 Lace-eyed Tree Frog, Australian Lacelid Nyctimystes dayi Endangered 97.62 53.08 Critically Mountain Mistfrog Litoria nyakalensis 97.61 8.89 Endangered Waterfall Frog, Torrent Tree Frog Litoria nannotis Endangered 67.25 0.09 Common Mistfrog Litoria rheocola Endangered 64.56 53.06 Magnificent Brood Frog Pseudophryne covacevichae Vulnerable 60.53 2.26 Kuranda Tree Frog Litoria myola Endangered 49.73 0.13 Largetooth Sawfish, Freshwater Sawfish, River Sawfish, Leichhardt’s Sawfish, Pristis pristis Vulnerable 0.1 4.11 Northern Sawfish Dwarf Sawfish, Queensland Sawfish Pristis clavata Vulnerable 0.04 0.30 Critically Speartooth Shark Glyphis glyphis n/a n/a Endangered Green Sawfish, Dindagubba, Pristis zijsron Vulnerable n/a n/a Narrowsnout Sawfish Whale Shark Rhincodon typus Vulnerable n/a n/a

24 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests Threatened flora % of total % of Common Name Scientific name Status distribution* zone** None Cyperus cephalotes Endangered 100 0.17 Cardwell Beard Orchid Calochilus psednus Endangered 100 0.02 None Vappodes lithocola Endangered 100 0.53 Canarium acutifolium None Vulnerable 100 0.66 var. acutifolium None Toechima pterocarpum Endangered 100 0.56 None Carronia pedicellata Endangered 100 4.49 None Oreogrammitis reinwardtii Vulnerable 100 0.24 None Drosera schizandra Vulnerable 100 0.25 None Vrydagzynea grayi Endangered 100 0.68 None Actephila foetida Vulnerable 100 0.07 None Phaleria biflora Vulnerable 100 4.21 None Endiandra cooperana Endangered 100 0.31 None Plesioneuron tuberculatum Endangered 100 1.08 None Sankowskya stipularis Endangered 100 0.20 a sedge Eleocharis retroflexa Vulnerable 100 0.22 None Drosera prolifera Vulnerable 100 1.08 None Hexaspora pubescens Vulnerable 100 0.67 None Crepidium lawleri Endangered 100 0.35 an aquatic herb Aponogeton prolifer Endangered 100 0.19 None Eucryphia wilkiei Vulnerable 100 0.13 Cardwell Midge Orchid Genoplesium tectum Endangered 100 0.21 None Plectranthus gratus Vulnerable 100 0.34 a fern Lastreopsis walleri Vulnerable 100 2.51 None Ristantia gouldii Vulnerable 100 2.31 None Xanthostemon formosus Endangered 100 0.14 None Fimbristylis adjuncta Endangered 100 0.06 None Diplazium cordifolium Vulnerable 100 1.30 None Asplenium pellucidum Vulnerable 100 0.39 Myola Palm, Myola Archontophoenix Archontophoenix myolensis Endangered 100 0.69 Square Tassel Fern Phlegmariurus tetrastichoides Vulnerable 99.99 3.46 None Gardenia actinocarpa Endangered 99.99 0.18 None Tomophyllum walleri Vulnerable 99.98 2.44 None Phlegmariurus lockyeri Vulnerable 99.94 1.84 None Eremochloa muricata Endangered 99.92 0.01 None Chingia australis Endangered 99.83 5.70 Red Silky Oak, Alloxylon flammeum Vulnerable 99.8 2.61 Queensland Waratah, Tree Waratah

25 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests Threatened flora % of total % of Common Name Scientific name Status distribution* zone** Rat’s Tail Tassel-fern Phlegmariurus filiformis Endangered 99.77 5.76 None Asplenium wildii Vulnerable 99.73 0.66 None Polyscias bellendenkerensis Vulnerable 98.89 5.16 None Aponogeton bullosus Endangered 98.82 2.05 None Sauropus macranthus Vulnerable 98.8 2.85 None Tylophora rupicola Endangered 97.17 0.91 Thin Feather Orchid Tropilis callitrophilis Vulnerable 95.74 11.44 Ant Plant Myrmecodia beccarii Vulnerable 95.35 2.74 None Diplazium pallidum Endangered 93.9 1.71 None Zieria obovata Vulnerable 91.58 0.24 an orchid Durabaculum mirbelianum Endangered 86.02 3.53 Yellowjacket Corymbia leptoloma Vulnerable 81.32 0.38 Water Tassel-fern Phlegmariurus marsupiiformis Vulnerable 75.04 5.58 Velvet Jewel Orchid Zeuxine polygonoides Vulnerable 69.07 10.94 Critically None Prostanthera clotteniana 65.79 0.60 Endangered * % of total distribution describes the proportion of the total national distribution of the threatened species that is found within the zone. ** % of zone describes the proportion of the zone that the threatened species is likely or known to occur in. The % of zone indicates how rare, or difficult the species may be to find within the zone. The above species are listed under The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act), the Australian Government’s principal environmental legislation. Please note that the list of threatened flora species is not comprehensive. The flora listed here have a significant proportion of their total national distribution within the zone. For more information please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/species or the Species Profiles and Threats Database http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/sprat.pl

26 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests EPBC Act (1999) migratory species

Migratory birds Migratory birds Common name Scientific name Common name Scientific name Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica Little Tern Sterna albifrons Marsh Sandpiper, Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica Tringa stagnatilis Little Greenshank Black-faced Monarch Monarcha melanopsis Masked Booby Sula dactylatra Black-naped Tern Sterna sumatrana Coracina tenuirostris Melville Cicadabird Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa melvillensis Oriental Plover, Bridled Tern Sterna anaethetus Charadrius veredus Oriental Dotterel Broad-billed Sandpiper Limicola falcinellus Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis fulva Brown Booby Sula leucogaster Rostratula benghalensis Painted Snipe Caspian Tern Sterna caspia (sensu lato) Cattle Egret Ardea ibis Rainbow Bee-eater Merops ornatus Common Noddy Anous stolidus Red Knot, Knot Calidris canutus Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos Red-necked Stint Calidris ruficollis Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea Roseate Tern Sterna dougallii Double-banded Plover Charadrius bicinctus Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres Eastern Curlew Numenius madagascariensis Rufous Fantail Rhipidura rufifrons Fork-tailed Swift Apus pacificus Sanderling Calidris alba Great Egret, Sarus Crane Grus antigone Ardea alba White Egret Satin Flycatcher Myiagra cyanoleuca Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Calidris acuminata Greater Sand Plover, Charadrius leschenaultii Large Sand Plover Spectacled Monarch Monarcha trivirgatus Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola Streaked Shearwater Calonectris leucomelas Grey-tailed Tattler Heteroscelus brevipes Streaked Shearwater Puffinus leucomelas Latham’s Snipe, Xenus cinereus Gallinago hardwickii Terek Sandpiper Japanese Snipe Wedge-tailed Puffinus pacificus Lesser Crested Tern Sterna bengalensis Shearwater Lesser Sand Plover, Numenius phaeopus Charadrius mongolus Whimbrel Mongolian Plover White-bellied Little Curlew, Haliaeetus leucogaster Numenius minutus Sea-Eagle Little Whimbrel White-throated Hirundapus caudacutus Needletail

27 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests Other migratory species Common name Scientific name Blue Whale Balaenoptera musculus Bryde’s Whale Balaenoptera edeni Dugong Dugong dugon Flatback Turtle Natator depressus Green Turtle Chelonia mydas Hawksbill Turtle Eretmochelys imbricata Humpback Whale Megaptera novaeangliae Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin Sousa chinensis Irrawaddy Dolphin Orcaella brevirostris Killer Whale, Orca Orcinus orca Leatherback Turtle, Leathery Turtle, Luth Dermochelys coriacea Loggerhead Turtle Caretta caretta Olive Ridley Turtle, Pacific Ridley Turtle Lepidochelys olivacea Porbeagle, Mackerel Shark Lamna nasus Salt-water Crocodile, Estuarine Crocodile Crocodylus porosus Whale Shark Rhincodon typus

For more information please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/biodiversity/migratory-species

28 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests Threatened endemic species

Threatened endemic species Taxonomic group Scientific name Reservation status EPBC Act status IUCN status Crabs, Yabbies, Euastacus fleckeri Recorded in Reserve n/a Endangered Isopods and Allies Crabs, Yabbies, Critically Euastacus robertsi Recorded in Reserve n/a Isopods and Allies Endangered Dragonflies Austroaeschna forcipata Recorded in Reserve n/a Near Threatened Fish Cairnsichthys rhombosomoides Recorded in Reserve n/a Vulnerable Fish Melanotaenia eachamensis Recorded in Reserve Endangered Vulnerable Frogs Litoria andiirrmalin Recorded in Reserve n/a Vulnerable Mammals Antechinus godmani Recorded in Reserve n/a Near Threatened Critically Mammals Melomys rubicola Recorded in Reserve Endangered Endangered Molluscs Hedleya macleayi Recorded in Reserve n/a Vulnerable Molluscs Signepupina pfeifferi Recorded in Reserve n/a Near Threatened Molluscs Suavocallia splendens Recorded in Reserve n/a Vulnerable Molluscs Hedleyoconcha ailaketoae Recorded in Reserve n/a Vulnerable Molluscs Craterodiscus pricei Recorded in Reserve n/a Near Threatened Plants Aponogeton bullosus Recorded in Reserve Endangered n/a Plants Aponogeton prolifer Unreserved Endangered n/a Plants Archontophoenix myolensis Unreserved Endangered Vulnerable Conservation Plants Wodyetia bifurcata Recorded in Reserve Vulnerable Dependent Plants Calochilus psednus Recorded in Reserve Endangered n/a Plants Corunastylis tecta Recorded in Reserve Endangered n/a Plants Crepidium lawleri Recorded in Reserve Endangered n/a Plants Durabaculum nindii Recorded in Reserve Endangered n/a Plants Oberonia attenuata Unreserved Extinct n/a Plants Phaius pictus Recorded in Reserve Vulnerable n/a Plants Tropilis callitrophilis Recorded in Reserve Vulnerable n/a Plants Vrydagzynea grayi Recorded in Reserve Endangered n/a Plants Zeuxine polygonoides Recorded in Reserve Vulnerable n/a Plants Drosera prolifera Recorded in Reserve Vulnerable n/a Plants Drosera schizandra Recorded in Reserve Vulnerable n/a Plants Cycas candida Recorded in Reserve n/a Endangered Plants Acacia solenota Unreserved Vulnerable n/a Plants Dioclea hexandra Recorded in Reserve Vulnerable n/a

29 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests Threatened endemic species Taxonomic group Scientific name Reservation status EPBC Act status IUCN status Plants Endiandra cooperana Recorded in Reserve Endangered n/a Plants Huperzia filiformis Recorded in Reserve Endangered n/a Plants Huperzia lockyeri Recorded in Reserve Vulnerable n/a Plants Huperzia prolifera Recorded in Reserve Vulnerable n/a Plants Huperzia squarrosa Recorded in Reserve Endangered n/a Plants Actephila foetida Recorded in Reserve Vulnerable n/a Plants Sankowskya stipularis Recorded in Reserve Endangered n/a Plants Phaleria biflora Recorded in Reserve Vulnerable n/a Plants Ristantia gouldii Recorded in Reserve Vulnerable n/a Plants Triplarina nitchaga Recorded in Reserve Vulnerable n/a Plants Xanthostemon formosus Recorded in Reserve Endangered n/a Plants Ceratopetalum succirubrum Recorded in Reserve n/a Vulnerable Plants Eucryphia wilkiei Recorded in Reserve Vulnerable n/a Plants Agathis atropurpurea Recorded in Reserve n/a Near Threatened Conservation Plants Agathis microstachya Recorded in Reserve n/a Dependent Plants Podocarpus dispermus Recorded in Reserve n/a Near Threatened Conservation Plants Podocarpus smithii Recorded in Reserve n/a Dependent Plants Oreogrammitis reinwardtii Recorded in Reserve Vulnerable n/a Plants Tomophyllum walleri Recorded in Reserve Vulnerable n/a Plants Alloxylon flammeum Recorded in Reserve Vulnerable n/a Plants Carronia pedicellata Recorded in Reserve Endangered n/a Plants Aglaia australiensis Recorded in Reserve n/a Vulnerable Plants Aglaia meridionalis Recorded in Reserve n/a Near Threatened Plants Flindersia laevicarpa Recorded in Reserve n/a Vulnerable Plants Zieria obovata Recorded in Reserve Vulnerable n/a Plants Toechima pterocarpum Recorded in Reserve Endangered n/a

30 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests Concentrations of unreserved endemic species

0 50 100 200 Kilometres

Data Sources: - All biodiversity data have been derived from the Australian Natura l Concentration of endemics Heritage Assessment Tool, which includes species location records from Australian museums, Australian herbaria, Birds Australia, CSIRO, 1 state and territory governments and other sources. 2 - Weighted endemism / richness scores are calculated for all species within a specified group with the exception of vascular plants (includes Australian Natural Heritage 3 only 75 families) and vertebrates (does not include fish species). Assessment Tool For a full list of taxa included in ANHAT see 4 - 5 www.environment.gov.au/heritage/index.html North Eastern Australia 6 - 7 - Drainage and waterbodies have been derived from the Geoscience Tropical Rainforests CMZ Australia GEODATA TOPO 10M 2002 8 - 10 - Locality data have been derived from the Geoscience Australia GEODATA TOPO 10M 2002 data layer 11 - 12 Concentrations of unreserved Caveat: While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy and endemic species 13 - 81 completeness, no guarantee is given, nor responsibility taken by the Commonwealth for errors or omissions and the Commonwealth does North Eastern Australia tropical rainforests not accept responsibility in respect of any information or advice given in relation to, or as a consequence of, anything contained herein. CMZ Boundaries Produced by: The Department of the Environment. Parks and Reserves © Commonwealth of Australia 2008

The colour grids and numbers are an indication of the location and number of endemic species that have all their known range outside of the National Reserve System. Concentrations of unreserved endemic species may be useful focal areas for private land conservation efforts. Endemism analyses were provided by the Australian Government Department of Environment Australian Natural Heritage Assessment Tool (ANHAT). The ANHAT database has been compiled from specimens and site records held in state agency wildlife atlases, museum collections, and the work of individual researchers. For more information please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/publications-and-resources/australian-natural-heritage-assessment-tool

31 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests Invasive species

Invasive mammals Common name Scientific name % of total distribution* % of zone** Cat, House Cat, Domestic Cat Felis catus 0.39 99.54 Pig Sus scrofa 0.84 99.38 Black Rat, Ship Rat Rattus rattus 1.86 69.53 Domestic Dog Canis lupus familiaris 0.76 63.87 Rabbit, European Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 0.22 40.55 House Mouse Mus musculus 0.28 33.42 Domestic Cattle Bos taurus 0.58 33.06 Red Fox, Fox Vulpes vulpes 0.11 23.08 Brown Rat, Norway Rat Rattus norvegicus 1.4 8.95 Feral deer species in Australia Feral deer 0.69 8.83 Horse Equus caballus 0.11 5.71 Goat Capra hircus 0.03 1.96 Brown Hare Lepus capensis 0.01 0.36

Other invasive fauna Common name Scientific name % of total distribution* % of zone** Cane Toad Rhinella marina 1.54 99.69 House Sparrow Passer domesticus 0.9 89.12 Rock Pigeon, Rock Dove, Domestic Pigeon Columba livia 0.92 78.42 Nutmeg Mannikin Lonchura punctulata 8.36 74.49 Spotted Turtle-Dove Streptopelia chinensis 2.61 72.89 Common Myna, Indian Myna Acridotheres tristis 3.33 57.77 Common Starling Sturnus vulgaris 0.68 49.49 Asian House Gecko Hemidactylus frenatus 5.77 43.57 Mourning Gecko Lepidodactylus lugubris 31.55 19.87 Mallard Anas platyrhynchos 0.74 17.50 Flowerpot Blind Snake, Ramphotyphlops braminus 1.93 3.70 Brahminy Blind Snake, Cacing Besi Red Junglefowl, Domestic Fowl Gallus gallus 11.91 0.17 Indian Peafowl, Peacock Pavo cristatus 0.7 0.17

* % of the total national distribution of the invasive species found within the zone. ** % of the total zone area that the invasive species is likely or known to occur in.

32 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests Invasive flora Common name Scientific name % of total distribution* % of zone** Lantana, Common Lantana, Kamara Lantana, Large-leaf Lantana, Pink Flowered Lantana, Lantana camara 5.89 96.33 Red Flowered Lantana, Red-Flowered Sage, White Sage, Wild Sage Hymenachne, Olive Hymenachne, Water Stargrass, Hymenachne amplexicaulis 9.58 72.49 West Indian Grass, West Indian Marsh Grass Buffel-grass, Black Buffel-grass Cenchrus ciliaris 0.56 64.84 Salvinia, Giant Salvinia, Aquarium Salvinia molesta 6.04 62.77 Watermoss, Kariba Weed Pond Apple, Pond-apple Tree, Alligator Apple, Bullock’s Heart, Cherimoya, Annona glabra 51.2 60.41 Monkey Apple, Bobwood, Corkwood Parthenium Weed, Bitter Weed, Parthenium hysterophorus 2.77 57.02 Carrot Grass, False Ragweed Rubber Vine, Rubbervine, India Rubber Vine, India Rubbervine, Palay Rubbervine, Cryptostegia grandiflora 2 45.65 Purple Allamanda Cabomba, Fanwort, Carolina Watershield, Fish Grass, Washington Grass, Watershield, Cabomba caroliniana 8.53 29.33 Carolina Fanwort, Common Cabomba Gamba Grass Andropogon gayanus 6.85 21.29 Cotton-leaved Physic-Nut, Bellyache Bush, Cotton-leaf Physic Nut, Jatropha gossypifolia 1.41 18.99 Cotton-leaf Jatropha, Black Physic Nut Cat’s Claw Vine, Yellow Trumpet Vine, Dolichandra unguis-cati 5.81 11.07 Cat’s Claw Creeper, Funnel Creeper Madeira Vine, Jalap, Lamb’s-tail, Mignonette Vine, Anredera, Gulf Madeiravine, Anredera cordifolia 2.76 8.62 Heartleaf Madeiravine, Potato Vine Climbing Asparagus-fern Asparagus plumosus 6.41 6.99 Climbing Asparagus-fern, Ferny Asparagus Protasparagus plumosus 6.41 6.99 Delta Arrowhead, Arrowhead, Slender Arrowhead Sagittaria platyphylla 2.31 6.54 Water Hyacinth, Water Orchid, Nile Lily Eichhornia crassipes 1.94 6.11 Fireweed, Madagascar Ragwort, Senecio madagascariensis 1.05 5.17 Madagascar Groundsel Prickly Acacia Acacia nilotica subsp. indica 0.13 5.11 Prickly Pears Opuntia spp. 0.32 4.04 Asparagus Fern, Ground Asparagus, Basket Fern, Sprengi’s Fern, Asparagus aethiopicus 2.59 2.68 Bushy Asparagus, Emerald Asparagus Prickly Acacia, Blackthorn, Prickly Mimosa, Vachellia nilotica 0.02 0.36 Black Piquant, Babul Mesquite, Algaroba Prosopis spp. 0.02 0.36 Parkinsonia, Jerusalem Thorn, Parkinsonia aculeata 0.01 0.36 Jelly Bean Tree, Horse Bean * % of the total national distribution of the invasive species found within the zone. ** % of the total zone area that the invasive species is likely or known to occur in.

It should be noted that the identification of any given invasive species above does not imply that the species is found uniformly across the Conservation Management Zone. The % of the zone area (**) indicates how common or rare the species may be within the zone. For more information on invasive species please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/biodiversity/invasive-species

33 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests Vegetation profiles and management recommendations

Vegetation extent information and species lists contained in the vegetation profiles are based on analysis from the National Vegetation Information System (NVIS), including analysis of Major Vegetation Subgroups and NVIS Level V descriptions. Please see http://www.environment.gov.au/node/18930 for more information.

The management recommendations have been drawn from EPBC Act Recovery Plans, EPBC Act Ecological Communities Listing Advice and other sources. The recommendations are indicative only. Systematic reviews of management literature, consultation processes and improved Natural Resource Management program monitoring and evaluation will support development of a comprehensive set of management recommendations over time.

34 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests Eucalyptus woodlands with a tussock grass understorey vegetation profile

Change in extent

32.8%

30.1%

91.87% Remaining

Commonly found species within this community Corymbia clarksoniana; Corymbia nesophila; Eucalyptus platyphylla; Eucalyptus leptophleba; Corymbia tessellaris;

Corymbia citriodora; Corymbia intermedia; Eucalyptus y

portuensis; Lophostemon suaveolens; Melaleuca nervosa; -1750 Pre

Planchonia careya; Flueggea virosa; Xanthorrhoea esent da johnsonii; Themeda triandra; Imperata cylindrica; Pr Heteropogon contortus; Panicum maximum; tussock grass.

Management recommendations

Protection Sustainable Rehabilitation Fire Wildlife Weed Feral Disease Agricultural Management Management Management Animal Management Practice Management

Encourage uptake Manage post-fire Implement Manage highly Maintain Dingo of conservation grazing pressure customary flammable invasive populations agreements from domestic Aboriginal pasture grass to suppress and covenants livestock. fire management species, especially populations of on private land. approaches. Gamba Grass vertebrate pests. Manage total and Buffel Grass. grazing pressure to Burn in early in dry maintain ground season to reduce risk Manage rubber Vine. cover at all times. of extensive late season wildfires.

Undertake mosaic burns, ideally at hectare scale (at most tens of hectares) and with fire-free intervals of at least 4–5 years.

Undertake fine rather than broad-scale burning to protect vulnerable habitats such as riparian corridors, rocky landscapes and monsoon rainforest patches.

35 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests Tropical or sub-tropical rainforest vegetation profile

Change in extent

21.9%

68.92% 15.1% Remaining

Commonly found species within this community Elaeocarpus grandis; Paraserianthes toona; Pleiogynium timorense; Acmena graveolens; Buchanania arborescens; Beilschmiedia obtusifolia;

Beilschmiedia bancroftii; Archontophoenix alexandrae; Blepharocarya y

involucrigera; Acacia mangium; Acacia polystachya; Ficus virens; -1750 Pre

Mimusops elengi; Argyrodendron polyandrum; Argyrodendron esent da peralatum; Canarium australianum; Terminalia sericocarpa; Alstonia Pr scholaris; Polyscias elegans; Calamus caryotoides; Adiantum hispidulum; Doodia caudata; fern; vine. Management recommendations

Protection Sustainable Rehabilitation Fire Wildlife Weed Feral Disease Agricultural Management Management Management Animal Management Practice Management

Purchase threatened Discourage selective Repair, expand and Protect the edges Minimise impacts of Monitor for, and Implement Implement hygiene ecological logging in order connect existing of remnants from roads and vehicles remove transformer actions to reduce measures to communities, to maintain the remnants through stubble fires in on wildlife through weeds and other dog attacks in prevent the spread such as Mabi ecological integrity appropriate adjoining paddocks. traffic management weeds, particularly tree-kangaroo of Myrtle Rust forest and littoral of remnant and rainforest and other measures. around margins habitat including and Phytophthora rainforest remnants regrowth fragments. rehabilitation Ensure margins and where regulations dieback. into reservation. methods and buffers Improve the canopy disturbance and incentives (see Goosem around remnants connectivity has occurred. to minimise and Tucker, 2005). Encourage uptake community are of remnants to the incidence of conservation Introduce epiphytic as weed free facilitate wildlife Avoid adverse of roaming dogs. agreements ferns characteristic as possible to movement, impacts from and covenants of Mabi Forest reduce fire risk. particularly for chemicals or other Control exotic on private land. during restoration species such mechanisms to pests including activities, focussing as Lumholtz’s manage weeds. pigs and feral deer Establish buffer on tree species tree kangaroo. (Rusa, Sambar zones around from the plant and Hog deer). remnants to reduce families Meliaceae Re-establish edge effects and Rutaceae. populations of Fence sites to (e.g incursion Collect key fruit-eating exclude deer by pest animals and store seeds. animals, such and other pests and weeds). Replant Mabi as the Southern where appropriate. forest species Cassowary (this Protect local and streambank facilitates successful Monitor for and hydrology and revegetation to restoration). eradicate Asian ensure no negative prevent erosion. Honey Bees impacts from run-off and invasive Maintain and and sedimentation. ants, especially monitor Yellow Crazy Ants rehabilitated remnants. and Electric Ants.

36 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests Warm Temperate Rainforest vegetation profile

Change in extent

10.7% 10.2%

94.72% Remaining

Commonly found species within this community Cryptocarya oblata; Corymbia torelliana; Balanops australiana; Argyrodendron polyandrum; Acacia celsa; Acacia polystachya;

Ceratopetalum virchowii; Cryptocarya cinnamomifolia; Syncarpia y

glomulifera; Beilschmiedia obtusifolia; Buchanania arborescens; -1750 Pre

Argyrodendron trifoliolatum; Ceratopetalum succirubrum; esent da Austromatthaea elegans; Blechnum patersonii; Acmena resa; Bolbitis Pr quoyana; Oenotrichia tripinnata; Blechnum sp; Calamus sp; fern; vine.

Management recommendations

Protection Sustainable Rehabilitation Fire Wildlife Weed Feral Disease Agricultural Management Management Management Animal Management Practice Management

Purchase remnants Repair, expand and Protect the edges Minimise impacts of Monitor for, and Control feral Implement hygiene into reservation. connect existing of remnants from roads and vehicles remove transformer pigs and deer measures to remnants through stubble fires in on wildlife through weeds and other (Rusa, Sambar prevent the spread Encourage uptake appropriate adjoining paddocks. traffic management weeds, particularly and Hog deer). of Myrtle Rust of conservation rainforest and other measures. around margins and Phytophthora agreements rehabilitation Ensure margins and where Fence sites to dieback. and covenants methods and buffers Improve the canopy disturbance exclude deer on private land. (see Goosem around remnants connectivity has occurred. and other pests and Tucker, 2005) community are of remnants where appropriate. Protect local as weed free to facilitate Avoid adverse hydrology and Maintain and as possible to wildlife movement. impacts from Monitor for and ensure no negative monitor reduce fire risk. chemicals or other eradicate Asian impacts from run-off rehabilitated mechanisms Honey Bees and sedimentation. remnants. to manage weeds. and invasive ants, especially Collect and Yellow Crazy Ants store seeds. and Electric Ants.

37 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests Eucalyptus open forests with a shrubby understorey

Change in extent

7.1%

5.6% 79.63% Remaining

Commonly found species within this community Corymbia intermedia; Eucalyptus pellita; Eucalyptus tereticornis; Eucalyptus portuensis; Eucalyptus drepanophylla; Acacia leptostachya; Argophyllum y

lejourdanii; Drynaria quercifolia; Xanthorrhoea -1750 Pre johnsonii; Themeda triandra; Panicum maximum; esent da Entolasia stricta; Panicum effusum; Imperata cylindrica; Pr tussock grass; grass tree.

Management recommendations

Protection Sustainable Rehabilitation Fire Wildlife Weed Feral Disease Agricultural Management Management Management Animal Management Practice Management

Encourage uptake Manage post-fire Implement Manage highly Maintain Dingo of conservation grazing pressure customary flammable invasive populations agreements from domestic Aboriginal pasture grass to suppress and covenants livestock. fire management species, especially populations of on private land. approaches. Gamba Grass vertebrate pests. Manage total and Buffel Grass. grazing pressure to Burn in early dry maintain ground season to reduce risk Manage rubber Vine. cover at all times. of extensive late season wildfires.

Undertake mosaic burns, ideally at hectare scale (at most tens of hectares) and with fire-free intervals of at least 4–5 years.

Undertake fine rather than broad-scale burning to protect vulnerable habitats such as riparian corridors, rocky landscapes and monsoon rainforest patches.

38 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests Melaleuca open forests and woodlands

Change in extent

4.6%

58.66% 2.7% Remaining

Commonly found species within this community Melaleuca quinquenervia; Melaleuca viridiflora; Melaleuca leucadendra; Melaleuca dealbata; Dillenia alata; Syzygium angophoroides; Eucalyptus platyphylla; Xanthostemon y

crenulatus; Lophostemon suaveolens; Corymbia tessellaris; -1750 Pre

Eucalyptus tereticornis; Dicranopteris linearis; Pandanus sp; esent da palm; Melastoma affine; Xanthorrhoea johnsonii; Lomandra sp; Pr Themeda triandra; Imperata cylindrica; Heteropogon contortus; tussock grass; fern; grass-tree; sedge. Management recommendations

Protection Sustainable Rehabilitation Fire Wildlife Weed Feral Disease Agricultural Management Management Management Animal Management Practice Management

Maintain a Do not place Seek advice from Protect from illegal Avoid soil Control invasive Develop and 40 metre minimum artificial watering your local NRM wildlife harvesting disturbance animals such implement suitable buffer zone or feeding points organisation and from orchid and and increased as goats, pigs hygiene protocols around remnants. within remnants. fire service prior butterfly collectors. soil fertility. and feral horses. to protect sites from Purchase to undertaking potential outbreaks remnants of Manage grazing fire management. Epiphytes on Broad Manage snakeweed, Manage the coastal of myrtle rust broad leaf tea-tree practices and leaf tea-tree trunks rat’s tail, sensitive brown ant which (Uredo rangelii). (Melaleuca viridiflora) stocking rates to Fires that occur including the weed (Mimosa is displacing native woodlands ensure ground cover too frequently tea-tree orchid and pudica), urena burr, ants including into reservation. is maintained. impact on the button orchid are Chinese burr, spiny golden ants that Encourage uptake diverse ground targeted as well as sida, thatch grass, inhabit the ant plant Protect remnants of conservation layer, simplifying the ant plant which Guinea grass and and play a vital role from spray drift from agreements the structure. is also cut open in Sida rhombifolia. in survival of both and covenants adjacent paddocks. order to take the it and the Apollo on private land. Absence of fire is larvae of the Apollo Avoid adverse jewel butterfly. detrimental and jewel butterfly. impacts from Protect local leads to vegetation chemicals or other hydrology and becoming mechanisms ensure no negative dominated by to manage weeds. impacts from run- off, sedimentation, rainforest or Manage forestry salinity or pollution. shrubby species. practices (especially Protect from further Provide maps of pine) to minimise fragmentation known occurrences potential invasion (prevent to local and state of remnants from and educate about Rural Fire Services. neighbouring the damaging plantations. impacts of small-scale clearing).

39 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests Notes

40 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests Notes

41 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, North Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests ALC100.0915