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South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 1880-1920: Industrialization, Immigration and the Development of a Religious Landscape

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South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 1880-1920: Industrialization, Immigration and the Development of a Religious Landscape University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Theses (Historic Preservation) Graduate Program in Historic Preservation 2000 South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 1880-1920: Industrialization, Immigration and the Development of a Religious Landscape Woodward Christian Carson University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses Part of the Historic Preservation and Conservation Commons Carson, Woodward Christian, "South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 1880-1920: Industrialization, Immigration and the Development of a Religious Landscape" (2000). Theses (Historic Preservation). 343. https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/343 Copyright note: Penn School of Design permits distribution and display of this student work by University of Pennsylvania Libraries. Suggested Citation: Carson, Woodward Christian (2000). South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 1880-1920: Industrialization, Immigration and the Development of a Religious Landscape. (Masters Thesis). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/343 For more information, please contact [email protected]. South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 1880-1920: Industrialization, Immigration and the Development of a Religious Landscape Disciplines Historic Preservation and Conservation Comments Copyright note: Penn School of Design permits distribution and display of this student work by University of Pennsylvania Libraries. Suggested Citation: Carson, Woodward Christian (2000). South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 1880-1920: Industrialization, Immigration and the Development of a Religious Landscape. (Masters Thesis). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. This thesis or dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/343 ' M ?S. UNIVERSITY^ PENNSYIV^^NIA. UBKAR1E5 South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 1880-1920: Industrialization, Immigration and the Development of a Religious Landscape Woodward Christian Carson A THESIS in Historic Preservation Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfilhnent of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE 2000 Supervisor Reader Lecturer in Historic Preservation Lecturer in Historic Preservation Christa Wilmanns-Wells, Ph. D. George E. Thomas, Ph. D. Gradiike Group Chair Frank)^^. Matero Associate Professor of Architecture UNIVERSITY Or PEMXD/LV.^NIA U3F.AS1CO Dedication To my children. Faith and Summer. 11 Acknowledgments Many individuals deserve thanks for their efforts in the completion of this thesis. First and foremost, I would like to thank my wife, Krista, for her remarkable devotion and sacrifice. Krista shares equally in my accomplishment here for reasons incomprehensibly larger than the hours of listening to me develop my thoughts before committing them to text, the mundane tasks proofreading and editing, and the countless weekends of flying solo with the kids. Krista's unwavering patience and quiet faith are an immeasurable source of strength and inspiration to not only myself but also all that know her. My family and friends certainly deserve a great deal of credit. All those who share in this category are far too numerous to list individually but several must not go without mention. Naturally, my parents deserve praise. The investment, personal and otherwise, in raising a child and fostering its development again must be characterized as immeasurable. My mother Ida and my father Charles have answered the call to such an undertaking admirably. My brother, Schell and sister. Ginger, deserve thanks for their friendship, devotion and quality of understanding obtainable through siblings alone. The entire Fassl family, especially Joseph and Aletha (also mom and dad), deserve a gracious thank you for all the love and support given not only to myself but also most importantly to Krista and the girls. Without their generosity, none of this would have been possible. To my friends and fellow Penn alumni, Mamie, Kurt and Scott, I would like to thank for their camaraderie and the pleasant diversion their presence so often offered at just the right time. Last but truly not least, I must express heartfelt appreciation to my dear friend iii Jon Meythaler whose dedication through the years is a shining example of what friendship must be. Finally, I would like to thank the faculty and staff of the Preservation Program of the University of Pennsylvania many of whom have been greatly influential in my development over the preceding three years. Special thanks go to Dr. George E. Thomas for proving that academia can be fian and above all others Dr. Christa Wilmanns-Wells for re-igniting my love for the story behind the artifact and her untiring tutelage throughout the thesis process. IV Table of Contents List of Figures "vi List of Maps xii List of Charts xiii Introduction 1 Chapter 1: The Rise of Industry 6 Chapter 2: Immigrant South Bethlehem 17 Chapter 3: Overview of the Religious Landscape 1880-1920 41 Chapter 4: Markers of the Religious Landscape 94 Chapter 5; Builders of the Religious Landscape 150 Conclusion 177 Bibliography 183 Index 192 List of Figures Figure 1. Demolition of the Lehigh Division of the Bethlehem Steel Corporation's Bethlehem Plant. Fall 1998. Photograph by W. C. Carson. 5 Figure 2. View of Moravian, North Bethlehem, looking north from what would become the Borough of South Bethlehem. The junction of the Lehigh Valley Railroad and the North Pennsylvania Railroad is pictured in the foreground. This lithograph, produced circa 1860, captures a critical phase in the area's transition from an isolated religious realm dunng the 18"" and early 19* centuries to a worldly industrial power-center during the 19* and 20 centuries. Source: Martin, 81. 10 Figure 3. Postcard (circa 1895) of the Lehigh Zinc Company with the Durham-Readmg Hills (South Mountain) in the background. Source: South Bethlehem Historical Society. 12 Figure 4. Battleship turret with 18-'/2 inch armor plate during manufacture in South Bethlehem, PA (circa 1900). Source: Metz, 273. 18 Figure 5. View of the Bethlehem Steel Company (circa 1900) from the north side of the Lehigh ' River. Source: Yates, Bethlehem ofPennsylvania, \Sl. 18 Figure 6. Shmgle Style Fountain Hill residence at 507 Delaware Avenue (circa 1890). Photograph by W. C. Carson. 25 Figure 7. Typical South Bethlehem working class row houses (circa 1880) within the shadows of the steel mill. Photograph by W. C. Carson 26 Figure 8: Testing a "heat" of steel at the open-hearth furnace. Source: Yates, Bethlehem of Pennsylvania, 208. 30 Figure 9: New Immigrant laborers on their way home from a shift in the mill (circa 1900). Source: Fitch, 142. 32 Figure 10. Episcopal Church of the Nativity (circa 1865) designed by architect E. T. Potter. Source: Church of the Nativity, /*ara/7^«/7a/5. 16. 45 VI Figure 11. The second Holy Infancy Roman Catholic Church (circa 1883) in Ward 3; the religious citadel and community center of the Irish population in South Bethlehem during the 19"^ Century. E.F. Durang, architect. Source: Yates, Bethlehem ofPennsylvania, 139. 53 Figure 12. Packer Memorial Chapel (circa 1884), designed by architect Addison Hutton, on the campus of Lehigh University. The photograph, which dates to the early 1890's, was taken facing due east and reveals only limited development in the eastern portion of the borough. Source; Yates, Lehigh University, 64. 57 Figure 13. The second building of the First Reformed Church of South Bethlehem (circa 1896). A.W. Leh, architect. Source: Borough of South Bethlehem, Semi Centennial, n.p. 62 Figure 14. Eastern European immigrants from throughout the region attended services for the consecration of the Slovak Saints Cyril and Methodius Roman Catholic Church in May of 1891. The church was the first Slovak parish in the Archdiocese of Philadelphia. Source: Saints Cynl and Methodius Roman Catholic Church. "A Century of Faith: 1891- 1991," n.p. 66 Figure 15. The Italian, Church of the Holy Rosary (circa 1902) in Ward 5. The parish later assumed the title Our Lady of Pompeii. Source: Borough of South Bethlehem, Semi Centennial, n.p. 70 Figure 16. The Polish parish. Saint Stanislaus Roman Catholic Church (circa 1906), in Ward 5. Many of the streets in the "foreign" section of the town's east-end were still undeveloped around 1915, the approximate date of this photograph. Source: Borough of South Bethlehem, Semi Centennial, n.p. 72 Figure 17. The Saint Nicholas Brotherhood, the Russian beneficial society from which the drive to organize a Russian Orthodox Church emerged, is pictured in this photograph (circa 1915) on the future site of the church in Northampton Heights. Source: Saint Nicholas Russian Orthodox Church. "50 Aimiversary," n.p. 82 vu . Figure 18. Saint Josaphat's Ukrainian (Byzantine) Catholic Church. The onion dome was once a common element of the town's east-end landscape. Today only one remains, it is atop Saint Nicholas Russian Orthodox Church, which is no longer occupied by the congregation. The church pictured here was demolished for a plant expansion of the Bethlehem Steel Corporation in the 1960's. Source: Clippings Files of the Bethlehem Area Public Library. 85 Figure 19. Dedication Day ceremonies of Saint John's Windish Evangelical Lutheran Church in Ward 4(1916). The festive atmosphere that typically surrounded the dedication of immigrant churches is revealed in the photograph. Along with a clear ethnic emphasis, a show of patriotism to their adopted land through the prominent
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