Delineation of Lithological Formation in Bukit Merah, Semanggol, Perak Using Groundwater Modeling

Journal of Agricultural and Food Engineering 1 (2021) 0031 Journal homepage: www.myjafe.com DOI: http://doi.org/10.37865/jafe.2021.0031 e-ISSN: 2716-6236 Research Article

Delineation of lithological formation in Bukit Merah, Semanggol, Perak using groundwater modeling

Norfaezah Makzin, Mohamed Azwan Mohamed Zawawi*, Aimrun Wayayok

Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.

ARTICLE HISTORY Abstract

Received: 1 February 2021 The knowledge of lithological formation is important to determine the potential aquifer for Received in revised form: 24 May water resources management. This study aims to delineate the lithological formation of Bukit 2021 Merah, Semanggol using geological data. The preparation of lithological formation in the study Accepted: 27 May 2021 was based on several factors such as electrical resistivity survey data, available well Available Online: 4 June 2021 lithologies, geological map, and geological-related studies in the study area. The Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) profile produced from the resistivity survey was interpreted Keywords based on previous studies to determine the subsurface materials on the location. The Lithological formation estimation of soil lithology for the remaining wells was done to generate the overall subsoil Bukit Merah Semanggol pattern in the study area. A total of 15 types of soil were classified to represent the actual Groundwater model lithology in the study area. The simplification of the actual lithology was carried out based on Resistivity survey rocks and soils group. The elevation of the ground surface and each soil layer were imported Visual MODFLOW into Visual MODFLOW software, then the interpolation of elevation points was done. Two interpolators; Kriging and Natural Neighbouring were used to generate ground surface and model layers similar to the topography in the study area. As a result, it has been identified that the study areas consist of 4 main layers of lithological formation which are unconsolidated deposit, sedimentary, metamorphic, and granite. The upper layer is dominated by unconsolidated with a maximum thickness of about 150 m in the coastal area. Hence, it is concluded that the unconsolidated deposit layer in Bukit Merah is highly potential with groundwater resources in the alluvium aquifer at the upper layer which has the potential to be developed for purpose of irrigation in a paddy field in the Kerian area.

1.0 Introduction Selangor, groundwater use is more focused on industrial purposes only (Nazri et al., 2020; Mridha et al., 2019). The urbanization and industrialization in Malaysia were led In 2016, Malaysia experienced a strong El Niño to the high demand for freshwater to meet its domestic and phenomenon which resulted in water shortage problems at industrial requirements (Anang, 2019). According to the critical levels in most areas of Malaysia. Bukit Merah Dam is one Malaysian Environmental Quality Report in 2017, a total of 258 of the worst affected when El Niño occurs (Suruhanjaya (54 %) of the 477 supervised rivers were categorized as Perkhidmatan Air Negara, 2016). The Bukit Merah Dam is polluted rivers as a result of anthropogenic activities (Goi, important for providing water resources to rice granary areas in 2020). These polluted rivers involving a high cost of treatment the Kerian district. However, the dam has reached the lowest and have an adverse impact on the sustainability of water level during El Niño and caused the Department of Irrigation and resources. Hence, exploration and utilization of groundwater Drainage (DID) Perak to stop the release of water for can be an alternative way to replace the contaminated surface agricultural purposes. Consequently, farmers in the Kerian water. district have suffered losses in their crop yield due to water Globally, the agriculture sector is the single largest user of shortage (Asrin, 2016). In order to solve this problem, the study freshwater (Siebert et al., 2010). In the United States of America of groundwater as an alternative source for irrigation purposes (USA) and Europe, groundwater is well-established as a reliable is urgently needed. Intending to manage water resources, the source hence, the utilization of groundwater for irrigation lithological of the area needs to be developed in advance to purposes is on a large scale. Farmers have been practicing the identify the potential groundwater aquifer for sustainable use of groundwater due to lower cost compared to piped water groundwater extraction. supply, as well as ensuring adequate water supply for their Several studies have been conducted using different crops. methods to determine the lithological of an area to locate Until now, the use of groundwater as a source of irrigation groundwater aquifer. Azizan et al. (2015) created a 3D model is not widely practiced in most agricultural areas in Malaysia view of lithology to identify potential groundwater aquifer in because the country is still over-dependent on surface water Block C, Sawah Sempadan, Tanjung Karang using Electrical (Saimy & Raji, 2015). Since surface water resources are easily Resistivity Tomography (ERT). Zawawi et al. (2015) used a affected by extreme weather conditions, hence water combination of resistivity and induced polarization to identify availability becomes limited in quantity (Ying, 2014). The use of the groundwater potential in Ladang 2, Universiti Putra groundwater in Kelantan has long been implemented by the Malaysia. The finding shows that the lithological formation with people but they only use for domestic purposes while in a potential fractured aquifer was found at an electrical resistivity value from 100 to 2000 Ωm and overlapped with low-

Makzin et al. / Journal of Agricultural and Food Engineering 1 (2021) 0031 value chargeability. Recent work by Hassan et al. (2020) applied area forms a high topographic. Alluvium sediment covers most the Induced Polarization (IP) method to identify the lithological of the coastal of Kerian up to Bukit Merah Lake. Meanwhile, formation in Selangor Basin. The study concluded that Selangor sedimentary rock lies between the granite and alluvium Basin lithological formation consists of alluvium, sedimentary, sediment in the geological map. and metamorphic rock. The main objective of this study is to delineate the 2.2 Wells Information lithological formation of the aquifer in Bukit Merah, Semanggol, Perak for groundwater abstraction. A 2D model view has been All wells located within the model region were identified built using Visual MODFLOW software based on geological data and the information of these wells was collected including the and topographic data to develop an acceptable geological well identification, coordinate, and elevation. Table 1 shows the framework of the groundwater model in the study area. information of seven wells distributed in the study area were collected from the Department of Mineral and Geoscience 2. Methodology reports. All of the seven observatory wells within the study area 2.1 Site Description were provided with limited lithological information, ranging from 5 to 25 meters only. However, the lithological over the Bukit Merah, Semanggol, Perak, Malaysia which is located in relatively deep depths is required to construct an accurate Kerian district, Perak was chosen as the study area. The study lithological formation of the model. According to Fiser-Nagy et area had a rice farming system called Kerian Irrigation Scheme, al. (2014), it is possible to extend spatially the lithological which is placed under the Integrated Agricultural Development information along certain geological sections to estimate the Area (IADA Kerian) with 28,488 hectares for rice cultivation lithological boundaries using neighbouring wells in the area. In (Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industries, 2021). The main this study, the available lithological information from water source was originally collected from the Bukit Merah neighbouring wells in Larut Matang and Selama were used to Reservoir basin with a daily average discharge requirement to provide information about geological structural that build-up the irrigation area of about 28 m³/s. which among the neighbouring wells might be in relation to the Based on the Geological Map of Kerian, Selama, and Larut structural geometry of the study area. The previous study from Matang District as shown in Figure 1, three different lithologies Hassan et al. (2020) also adapted the same method to their work underlie the study area namely granite rocks, sedimentary in order to determine lithological formation in Selangor Basin. rocks, and alluvium (Department of Mineral and Geoscience, The resistivity survey was conducted to correlate with 2010). The granite rock located in the eastern part of the study lithological information of wells in the study area.

Figure 1. Geological Map of Kerian, Selama, and Larut Matang District (Department of Mineral and Geoscience, 2010) e-ISSN: 2716-6236 2 © 2021 The Authors. Published by SixScientia Resources Makzin et al. / Journal of Agricultural and Food Engineering 1 (2021) 0031

Table 1. Wells information in the study area (Department of Mineral and Geoscience, 2010) Well Identification Location UTM Coordinate Elevation amsl (m) Easting (m) Northing (m) P1 Kg. Teluk Gerdu 552971 279600 5 P2 Kg. Sg Semang 560451 281485 11 P3 Kg. Batu 5 (a) 562876 299142 20 P4 Kg. Batu 5 (b) 563912 299489 23 P9 SK Tebuk Panchur 555092 295840 9 P10 Madrasah Batu 10 Kg. Jaya 548139 298523 18 P11 Kg. Batu 5, Lembah Beriah. 563949 299243 20

2.3 Resistivity Survey MODFLOW is the U.S. Geological Survey modular 3-D finite- difference flow model, which is a set of computer programs that The resistivity survey was conducted to determine the soil solve the groundwater flow equations (McDonald & Harbaugh, profile throughout the study area. The array configuration of 1988). This software package is widely used by hydro-geologists pole-dipole with 5-meter electrode spacing was applied as it is and modellers for various groundwater problem applications. In relatively good horizontal resolution and good data coverage. this work, Visual MODFLOW version 4.2 is utilized to delineate Two survey lines of resistivity survey were planned at existing the lithological formation in the study area. However, this wells located in Kg. Teluk Gerdu, Bagan Serai, and SK. Tebuk software was only capable of simulating with homogenous soil. Panchur, Bukit Merah. Therefore, the simplification process to the actual lithological The ABEM Terrameter LUND Imaging System developed by formation was necessary to develop the model layer. the Department of Engineering Geology, Lund University is used for measuring both resistivity and IP simultaneously. The basic 2.5 Specified Model Layer and Thickness component of the ABEM Terrameter LUND Imaging System consists of a standard resistivity meter (ABEM Terrameter In order to specify the model layer and thickness, the SAS4000), electrode selector and set of cables with electrodes, elevation data with high accuracy were required to represent and cable jumpers (ABEM instruction manual). The resistivity the natural terrain of the ground surface in the right form. survey data were collected and stored automatically in ABEM Horizontal lines were created on the satellite image of Google Terrameter SAS 4000. Earth and the coordinates with the elevation points for every 5 The data obtained from the field are apparent resistivity meters of distance were recorded to obtain the surface elevation values and must be converted to the true resistivity whose profile with accuracy ranging from 5 to 10 m in the study area varies in the subsurface. The conversion from apparent (El-Ashmawy, 2016). The site map of the model region was resistivity to true resistivity is made possible with the imported into the model, then two points on the image were geo- RES2DINV (Nero et al., 2016). The RES2DINV programs use the referenced with the real-world coordinate system as shown in smoothness-constrained Gauss Newton least-squares method Figure 2. A rectangular model grid was set up over the study inversion technique to produce a 2D subsurface model. The area to subdivide the region of interest horizontally and inversion algorithm of RES2DINV to process the data was vertically into 10000 number of grid cells. generated by the 2D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) Finally, the elevation of the ground surface and each layer profile as proposed by Loke (1996). Each ERT soil profile with respect to the coordinates (X, Y, Z) in Excel format was resulted in about 160 m of depth from the ground surface based imported into Visual MODFLOW software to create the on the pole-dipole array (Loke, 1999). lithological layers of the study area. The elevation data were Then, the soil profiles acquired from the resistivity survey interpolated using kriging and natural neighbouring were analysed into geological knowledge by using available interpolator to generate a surface that represents the real typical resistivity values for different types of subsurface lithological in the study area. materials. The interpretation of soil profiles was referred to the well lithology from well log schematic to guesstimate precisely. 3. Results and Discussions

2.4 Estimation of Subsurface Patterns 3.1 ERT Profile Interpretation of Resistivity Survey

The soil lithological information obtained through the well Resistivity 1 is referred to the ERT profile in Kg. Teluk log schematic diagram and the results of interpretation from Gerdu, Bagan Serai, while Resistivity 2 is referred to the ERT ERT profile provides a preliminary description of the dominant profile in SK. Tebuk Panchur, Bukit Merah. The ERT profiles with rock types underlain at a particular point. their details of interpretation for well P1 and P9 were referred Well log data including the soil type information and depth to the previous studies as shown in Figure 3. were transferred into Microsoft Excel files by redrawing the logs Based on Figure 3(a), the resistance values in the ERT into Excel file with different colours representing different types profile of Well P1 have a low resistance of less than 500 Ωm. This of soil. Then, all of the well logs were arranged horizontally may be related to the alluvium deposit material of the Beruas according to their respective coordinates started from west to Formation (Rosli et al., 2018). From the result in Figure 3(a), east across a horizontal line to determine the change of sandy clay with resistance values of 50-100 Ωm is existed at a subsurface pattern from coastal area to hill area. depth of 66-96 m due to the presence of sand that raised the Since soil lithological information was deficient at other values of resistivity in the study area. The green region with wells due to the limited number of resistivity surveys, the resistance values of 100-500 Ωm is interpreted as a sand layer. estimation of soil lithological was referred to the geological map This result is supported by a prior study from Nazri et al. (2012) of the study area and the past studies. In the early stages, which found that Bagan Serai is based on material that has low subsurface patterns produced a very complex model layer resistivity reaching a thickness of 120 m. representing the actual lithological formation in the study area.

Figure 2. Model region of the study area

(a)

(b)

Figure 3. The interpretation of ERT profiles (a) Resistivity in Kg. Teluk Gerdu, Bagan Serai, (b) Resistivity in SK. Tebuk Panchur, Bukit Merah

From the result in Figure 3(b), the low resistivity values of m is linked to the shale layer with referencing to the nearby well 50-500 Ωm at a depth of 0-38 m indicate the presence of logs (Jasin & Harun, 2007; Ashraf et al., 2018). The conglomerate alluvium sediment in that area as recorded in available well rock with the resistivity values of 2000-5000 Ωm had formed at lithology and supported by the studies from Nazri et al. (2012), a depth of 51-85 m as mentioned by Jasin and Harun (2007). The Riwayat (2018), and Zawawi et al. (2011) which discovered the high resistivity zone in the purple region was due to the underlying sand at a depth of about 18-39 m in Bukit Merah. The presence of granite rock based on the pinnacle structure and zone with resistivity values of 500-2000 Ωm at depth of 38-51 high resistivity value of more than 5000 Ωm (Loke, 1999).

Figure 4. The initial subsoil pattern in the study area

Figure 5. The completed subsoil pattern based on the estimation by ERT

3.2 Subsurface Patterns of the actual lithological layer has been made to the model in the study area as proposed by Gao (2011). In MODFLOW, layers are The geological materials with the thickness acquired from set up to represent three-dimensional lattices of the earth based interpreted ERT profiles were used to complete the soil on soil, aquifer, and bedrock properties and dimensions (Nolan lithology of well P1 and well P9. All well logs data were arranged et al., 2014). Some stratigraphic elements in the geological horizontally and formed a subsoil pattern as shown in Figure 4. model can be discarded to simplify the problem and avoid Initially, the soils were classified into fifteen different types of further uncertainties about the distribution and extent of these soils. layers, even though it may represent the key data for the entire Based on the subsurface pattern, most of the top layers lithological layer (Bossi et al., 2014). In this study, several soil consist of sediment including clay, sand, and gravel. Clay was layers with similar characteristics were merged into a single found in most wells lithology that create a thickness to around hydraulic unit layer. This approach is critical for achieving high 58 m maximum depth from the ground surface. The sedimentary model accuracy and to avoid the dryness errors in MODFLOW rocks including shale, siltstone, sandstone, and claystone had (Brunner et al., 2010). Therefore, four layers of the model were underlain the sediments in the study area. The metamorphic considered to be Bukit Merah lithological unit as shown in rocks such as quartzite and schist were found at a depth from 27 Figure 5. m up to 110 m. Since granite rock is the only igneous rock that was found in the study area, then it was used as the bottom layer 3.3 Lithological Layer and Thickness of the model. The lithological estimation was implemented to the The cross-section A-A’, B-B’, C-C’, D-D’, and E-E’ as shown in uncertainty of wells lithology due to limited available data. The Figure 6 were created at different viewpoints to assist the estimation of lithology was made referring to the geological map identification of geological patterns, layer thickness, and types of the study area, past studies, and supported with the ERT of rocks. profiles of nearby wells. In reality, natural deposits are often Based on cross-section A-A’ and B-B’, Tanjong Piandang, nonhomogeneous and form complex lithology. A simplification Kuala Gula, Kuala Kurau, and Bagan Serai are dominated by e-ISSN: 2716-6236 6 © 2021 The Authors. Published by SixScientia Resources Makzin et al. / Journal of Agricultural and Food Engineering 1 (2021) 0031

(a)

(b)

Figure 6. Description of lithological formation in the study area (a) Plan view of five cross-sections, (b) lithological pattern for different cross-sections unconsolidated deposits on the top layer due to the locations of by Sajid et al. (2020). Lastly, granite has been found as the the areas that are close to the coastal region. This may be bedrock layer of the model. associated with the alluvial of Gula Formation and Beruas Based on cross-section C-C’ and D-D’, the unconsolidated Formation that had been studied by Rosli et al. (2018). The deposit layer forms the first layer of the area along Selinsing, thickness of the sedimentary layer was increased in Bagan Serai Kuala Kurau, Parit Buntar, and Bagan Serai with a minimum and Semanggol due to the sedimentary rock of the Semanggol thickness of about 50 m. This may be associated with the alluvial Formation exposed in northern Perak (Jasin & Harun, 2007). geologic of the Gula Formation exposed as discussed by Rosli et The metamorphic layer is the third layer with a maximum al. (2018) and Dor et al. (2011). The cross-section of E-E’ shows thickness in Semanggol and Beriah areas that had been studied a slight difference when the unconsolidated deposit is minimal in Gunong Semanggol but the thickness was increased when

e-ISSN: 2716-6236 7 © 2021 The Authors. Published by SixScientia Resources Makzin et al. / Journal of Agricultural and Food Engineering 1 (2021) 0031 heading towards Bukit Merah. This is supported by the studies evaluation in sedimentary rock formation. Journal of from Nazri et al. (2012), Riwayat (2018), and Zawawi et al. Physics: Conference Series, 995(1), 1-9. (2011) which found that the geology of Bukit Merah is composed http://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/995/1/012106 of alluvial materials. The patterns of the sedimentary layer as Azizan, F. A., Mohamed Zawawi, M. A., & Abdullah, A. F. (2015). the second layer were similar for cross-section C-C’ and D-D’, Development of 3D model view of potential groundwater which were thicker in the Selinsing area (east) and the thickness aquifer for irrigation using geophysical technique. Jurnal decreased in the middle area and then thicker again when Teknologi, 76(15), 125-130. heading west. The sedimentary layer dominates Gunong http://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v76.5963 Semanggol area in cross-section E-E’ may be related to Bossi, G., Borgatti, L., Marcato, G., & Gottardi, G. (2014). sedimentary rocks of Semanggol Formation in Bukit Merah- Engineering Geology for Society and Territory-Volume Gunong Semanggol (Jasin & Harun, 2007). The metamorphic 2: Simplification of the Stratigraphic Profile in layer was the third layer which underlain the granite rock for Geotechnical Models of Landslides: An Analysis Through cross-sections C-C’, D-D’, and E-E’. a Stochastic Approach (pp. 1367-1370). Springer Latest studies by a few researchers such as Nazri et al. International Publishing Switzerland. (2012), Riwayat et al. (2018), Zawawi et al. (2011), Dor et al. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09057-3_241 (2011), and Nazri et al. (2016) also have strongly supported the Buckwalter, T. F., Schreffler, C. L., & Gleichsner, R. E. develop geological structure in this study. In unconsolidated (1996). Geohydrology and water quality of the deposits such as sand and gravel, groundwater is present in unconsolidated deposits in Erie County, Pennsylvania. US intergranular opening with a high potential of water Department of the Interior, US Geological Survey. (Buckwalter et al., 1996). Therefore, the targeted aquifer in this https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954165 study is the alluvium aquifer which well-known as the most Brunner, P., Simmons, C. T., Cook, P. G., & Therrien, R. (2010). productive aquifer in Malaysia and produces a high yield. Modeling surface water‐groundwater interaction with MODFLOW: some considerations, Groundwater, 48(2), 4.0 Conclusions 174-180. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-001-0182-4. Department of Mineral and Geoscience. (2010). Kajian The 2D model view of the lithology comprised of four model Hidrogeologi Daerah Kerian, Selama, dan Larut Matang, layers in the study area was successfully developed using Visual Perak. MODFLOW software. Developed model layers included Dor, N., Syafalni, S., Abustan, I., Rahman, M. T. A., Nazri, M. A. A., unconsolidated deposit layer, sedimentary layer, metamorphic Mostafa, R., & Mejus, L. (2011). Verification of surface- layer, and granite layer. From the result, an unconsolidated groundwater connectivity in an irrigation canal using deposit layer is found with a high layer thickness in the upper geophysical, water balance and stable isotope layer of the study area. This unconsolidated deposit layer approaches. Water Resources Management, 25(11), consists of an alluvium aquifer that exhibit a high potential of 2837-2853. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-011-9841-y groundwater resources. This groundwater can be another best El-Ashmawy, K. L. (2016). Investigation of the accuracy of option for irrigation supply in the paddy field of the Kerian area. Google Earth elevation data. 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