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Computer Fundamentals

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Computer Fundamentals 12/2/2020 Dr. Kajal Rai Dr. Kajal Rai 1 Computer Fundamentals A computer is an electronic data processing device, which accepts and stores data input, processes the data input, and generates the output in a required format. Dr. Kajal Rai 2 1 12/2/2020 Functionalities of a Computer If we look at it in a very broad sense, any digital computer carries out the following five functions: Step 1 - Takes data as input. Step 2 - Stores the data/instructions in its memory and uses them as required. Step 3 - Processes the data and converts it into useful information. Step 4 - Generates the output. Step 5 - Controls all the above four steps. Dr. Kajal Rai 3 Data Processing The activity of processing data using a computer is called data processing. Data is raw material used as input and information is processed data obtained as output of data processing. Dr. Kajal Rai 4 2 12/2/2020 Characteristics of Computers Automatic: Given a job, computer can work on it automatically without human interventions. Speed: Computer can perform data processing jobs very fast, usually measured in microseconds (10-6), nanoseconds (10-9), and picoseconds (10-12). Accuracy: Accuracy of a computer is consistently high and the degree of its accuracy depends upon its design. Computer errors caused due to incorrect input data or unreliable programs are often referred to as Garbage- In-Garbage-Out (GIGO) Dr. Kajal Rai 5 Characteristics of Computers Diligence: Computer is free from monotony, tiredness, and lack of concentration. It can continuously work for hours without creating any error and without grumbling. Versatility: Computer is capable of performing almost any task, if the task can be reduced to a finite series of logical steps. Power of Remembering: Computer can store and recall any amount of information because of its secondary storage capability. It forgets or looses certain information only when it is asked to do so. Dr. Kajal Rai 6 3 12/2/2020 Characteristics of Computers No I.Q.: A computer does only what it is programmed to do. It cannot take its own decision in this regard. No Feelings: Computers are devoid of emotions. Their judgment is based on the instructions given to them in the form of programs that are written by us (human beings). Dr. Kajal Rai 7 Evolution of Computers Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical adding machine in 1642 Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented the first calculator for multiplication in 1671 Keyboard machines originated in the United States around 1880 Around 1880, Herman Hollerith came up with the concept of punched cards that were extensively used as input media until late 1970s Dr. Kajal Rai 8 4 12/2/2020 Evolution of Computers Charles Babbage is considered to be the father of modern digital computers He designed “Difference Engine” in 1822 He designed a fully automatic analytical engine in 1842 for performing basic arithmetic functions His efforts established a number of principles that are fundamental to the design of any digital computer Dr. Kajal Rai 9 Some Well Known Early Computers The Mark I Computer (1937-44) The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (1939-42) The ENIAC (1943-46) The EDVAC (1946-52) The EDSAC (1947-49) Manchester Mark I (1948) The UNIVAC I (1951) Dr. Kajal Rai 10 5 12/2/2020 Computer Generations “Generation” in computer talk is a step in technology. It provides a framework for the growth of computer industry. Originally it was used to distinguish between various hardware technologies, but now it has been extended to include both hardware and software. Till today, there are five computer generations. Dr. Kajal Rai 11 Computer Generations Dr. Kajal Rai 12 6 12/2/2020 Computer Generations Dr. Kajal Rai 13 Computer Generations Dr. Kajal Rai 14 7 12/2/2020 Computer Generations Dr. Kajal Rai 15 Electronic Devices Used in Computers of Different Generations Dr. Kajal Rai 16 8 12/2/2020 Five Basic Operations of a Computer System Inputting: The process of entering data and instructions into the computer system. Storing: Saving data and instructions to make them readily available for initial or additional processing whenever required. Processing: Performing arithmetic operations (add, subtract, multiply, divide, etc.) or logical operations (comparisons like equal to, less than, greater than, etc.) on data to convert them into useful information. Dr. Kajal Rai 17 Five Basic Operations of a Computer System Outputting: The process of producing useful information or results for the user such as a printed report or visual display. Controlling: Directing the manner and sequence in which all of the above operations are performed. Dr. Kajal Rai 18 9 12/2/2020 Basic Organization of a Computer System Dr. Kajal Rai 19 Input Unit An input unit of a computer system performs the following functions: It accepts (or reads) instructions and data from outside world. It converts these instructions and data in computer acceptable form. It supplies the converted instructions and data to the computer system for further processing. Dr. Kajal Rai 20 10 12/2/2020 Output Unit An output unit of a computer system performs the following functions: It accepts the results produced by the computer, which are in coded form and hence, cannot be easily understood by us. It converts these coded results to human acceptable (readable) form. It supplies the converted results to outside world. Dr. Kajal Rai 21 Storage Unit The storage unit of a computer system holds (or stores) the following : Data and instructions required for processing (received from input devices). Intermediate results of processing. Final results of processing, before they are released to an output device. Dr. Kajal Rai 22 11 12/2/2020 Two Types of Storage Primary Storage Secondary Storage Dr. Kajal Rai 23 Primary Storage Used to hold running program instructions Used to hold data, intermediate results, and results of ongoing processing of job(s) Fast in operation Small Capacity Expensive Volatile (looses data on power dissipation) Dr. Kajal Rai 24 12 12/2/2020 Secondary Storage Used to hold stored program instructions Used to hold data and information of stored jobs Slower than primary storage Large Capacity Lot cheaper that primary storage Retains data even without power Dr. Kajal Rai 25 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Arithmetic Logic Unit of a computer system is the place where the actual executions of instructions takes place during processing operation. Dr. Kajal Rai 26 13 12/2/2020 Control Unit (CU) Control Unit of a computer system manages and coordinates the operations of all other components of the computer system. Dr. Kajal Rai 27 Central Processing Unit (CPU) It is the brain of a computer system It is responsible for controlling the operations of all other units of a computer system. Dr. Kajal Rai 28 14 12/2/2020 The System Concept A computer is a system as it comprises of integrated components (input unit, output unit, storage unit, and CPU) that work together to perform the steps called for in the executing program. Dr. Kajal Rai 29 Hardware The term hardware refers to mechanical device that makes up computer. Computer hardware consists of interconnected electronic devices that we can use to control computer’s operation, input and output. Examples of hardware are CPU, keyboard, mouse, hard disk, etc. Dr. Kajal Rai 30 15 12/2/2020 Hardware Components Computer hardware is a collection of several components working together. Some parts are essential and others are added advantages. Computer hardware is made up of CPU and peripherals as shown in image below. Dr. Kajal Rai 31 Software A set of instructions that drives computer to do stipulated tasks is called a program. Software instructions are programmed in a computer language, translated into machine language, and executed by computer. Software can be categorized into two types − System software Application software Dr. Kajal Rai 32 16 12/2/2020 System Software System software operates directly on hardware devices of computer. It provides a platform to run an application. It provides and supports user functionality. Examples of system software include operating systems such as Windows, Linux, Unix, etc. Dr. Kajal Rai 33 Application Software An application software is designed for benefit of users to perform one or more tasks. Examples of application software include Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Oracle, etc. Dr. Kajal Rai 34 17 12/2/2020 Differences between Software and Hardware Software Hardware It is a collection of programs to bring It includes physical components of computer hardware system into operation. computer system. It includes numbers, alphabets, It consists of electronic components like ICs, alphanumeric symbols, identifiers, diodes, registers, crystals, boards, insulators, keywords, etc. etc. Software products evolve by adding new Hardware design is based on architectural features to existing programs to support decisions to make it work over a range of hardware. environmental conditions and time. It will vary as per computer and its built-in It is mostly constructed for all types of functions and programming language. computer systems. It is designed and developed by experienced The hardware can understand only low-level programmers in high-level language. language or machine language. The software is categorized as operating The hardware consists of input devices, system, utilities, language processor, output devices, memory, etc. application software, etc. It is represented in any high-level language The hardware works only on binary codes 1’s such as BASIC, COBOL, C,Dr. C++, Kajal RaiJAVA, etc. and 0’s. 35 Computer Registers Registers are a type of computer memory used to quickly accept, store, and transfer data and instructions that are being used immediately by the CPU. The registers used by the CPU are often termed as Processor registers.
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